GRADE & PURITYAnalytical standard?Analytical standard — certified-purity material for quantitative calibration. Use to prepare calibration standards and validate analytical methods.12.8μg/L
This compound belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as homogeneous transition metal compounds. These are inorganic compounds containing only metal atoms,with the largest atom being a transition metal atom.
External Descriptors
zinc group element atom
1. Djoumbou Feunang Y, Eisner R, Knox C, Chepelev L, Hastings J, Owen G, Fahy E, Steinbeck C, Subramanian S, Bolton E, Greiner R, and Wishart DS. ClassyFire: Automated Chemical Classification With A Comprehensive, Computable Taxonomy. Journal of Cheminformatics, 2016, 8:61.
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Application Protocols
The following are general, literature-based protocols for using a cadmium analytical standard; adapt to your method and consult the CoA for item-specific concentration and matrix.
Preparation of a working calibration set (example)
Verify stock concentration and matrix on the CoA.
Pre-condition Class A glassware with dilute matrix acid (same acid type/strength as the stock) and rinse with ultrapure water.
Prepare a series of standards spanning the expected sample range (e.g., 0 → mid/high). Use gravimetric dilutions to minimize uncertainty.
Mix gently and allow to equilibrate; store in acid-cleaned polypropylene or Teflon containers.
Matrix matching and QC
Match acid concentration and ionic strength to samples. Include a continuing calibration verification (CCV) and an independent check standard every 10–20 samples. Run procedural blanks to assess background.
Spike recovery (sample validation)
Spike aliquots of sample with known amounts of cadmium standard at low/medium/high levels relative to the native concentration.
Process spiked and unspiked samples identically.
Calculate percent recovery to assess matrix effects.
ICP methods: Tune for stability; consider collision gases for spectral interferences. Use appropriate internal standards.
Item-specific instructions (e.g., density, uncertainty, expiry) are Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Biological Roles
General biology of cadmium (literature)
Cadmium has no known beneficial biological function in humans and most organisms. It is a non-essential, toxic heavy metal that can displace Zn2+ and Ca2+ in metalloproteins and enzymes, perturbing their functions.
Cellular handling: Exposure induces expression of metallothioneins that bind Cd2+ with high affinity, sequestering it but also contributing to tissue accumulation.
Transport and mimicry: Cd2+ can enter cells via divalent metal transporters (e.g., ZIP/ZIP-like transporters) due to chemical similarity to Zn2+.
Biogeochemistry: In environmental systems, cadmium speciation is influenced by pH, redox state, sulfide, chloride, and organic ligands, affecting bioavailability and toxicity.
Relevance to this product
This product is for research use only (per Product Data). Its role in the lab is as a calibrated source of Cd2+ for analytical measurements in biological, environmental, geological, or materials samples. No medical or clinical use is intended or implied.
For biomatrices (serum, urine, tissues), match acid strengths and consider matrix modifiers (e.g., Pd/Mg for GF-AAS; literature) and appropriate dilution protocols to maintain protein solubility while stabilizing Cd2+.
Buffer Applications
This product is not a buffering agent and is not typically used to prepare biological buffers.
Practical note
If cadmium standards must be spiked into buffered samples for method validation, ensure compatibility: many buffers (e.g., phosphate, carbonate) can precipitate or complex Cd2+, altering free-ion activity. Adjust ionic strength and pH with dilute acid and consider using chelation-aware methods. Perform matrix matching and recovery studies to verify accuracy.
Item-specific buffer guidance
Buffer-related specifications (e.g., pH of the stock, compatibility) are Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Green Alternatives
Cadmium is inherently hazardous and persistent; the most impactful “green” choices involve minimizing its use, preventing releases, and substituting analytes or methods in non-critical scenarios.
Reduction and substitution strategies (general)
Method development: Use non-hazardous surrogates (e.g., zinc standards) for training/optimization, switching to cadmium only for final validation and reportable analyses.
Calibration strategy: Employ narrower calibration ranges centered on expected levels to reduce standard volumes consumed. Use single-use aliquots to limit waste from expired bulk solutions.
Waste management: Collect cadmium-containing waste separately for hazardous waste disposal and potential recovery.
Matrix/solvent considerations
Choose nitric acid matrices where feasible to reduce formation of chlorinated byproducts and complex polyatomic species in ICP-MS (method-dependent). Use high-purity reagents to avoid rework.
Comparison (general, literature)
Cadmium aqueous standards: Highest analytical reliability for Cd quantification; toxicity and environmental burden are high.
Instrumental alternatives: Anodic stripping voltammetry or XRF can reduce liquid waste but may entail other consumables and interferences.
Trade-offs: Substitution may lower hazard but can compromise traceability or detection limits. If cadmium measurement is required by method/regulation, focus on micro-scale handling, secondary containment, and rigorous waste control.
Pharmaceutical Uses
Scope and limitations
Cadmium solution (analytical standard) is not used as an excipient and has no role in pharmaceutical formulation for human or veterinary administration. It is strictly for research and analytical calibration (per Research Use Note: For research use only).
Relevant use in pharmaceutical QA/QC (general)
Elemental impurities testing: Cadmium is one of the ICH Q3D/USP <232>/<233> elements. Accredited cadmium standards are used to calibrate instruments for testing drug substances, excipients, and finished products for elemental impurities.
Instrumental platforms: ICP-MS, ICP-OES, and GF-AAS. Calibration standards are used to prepare working standards, system suitability solutions, and spike recoveries.
Documentation and traceability
For GMP environments, use lots with documented traceability, concentration uncertainty, and expiration. Maintain CoAs and instrument calibration records. Verify that diluents and container-closure systems are compliant (e.g., low-trace metal background).
Item-specific pharmacopeial status
Any compendial references or traceability statements are Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Physical Properties
Item-specific properties
Concentration, matrix/acid content, pH, density: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Appearance: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Cadmium (element) reference data (literature, not directly the solution)
Atomic weight: 112.414 g/mol
Physical form (pure element): Silvery-white metal
Melting point: ~321 °C (literature)
Boiling point: ~767 °C (literature)
Density (20 °C, metal): ~8.65 g/cm³ (literature)
Common oxidation state in solution: +2 (Cd2+)
Solution behavior (general guidance)
Solubility: Cd2+ is readily soluble in water when paired with common anions (nitrate, chloride, sulfate, acetate). Analytical standards are typically fully miscible with water and matrix-matched acids; exact miscibility for this item is not specified.
Complexation: Chloride increases complex formation (e.g., CdCl+, CdCl2(aq)), affecting activity coefficients and potentially nebulization/transport in ICP. Nitrate is weakly coordinating, favoring aquo complexes.
Volatility/odor: Aqueous standards are non-volatile; no characteristic odor expected. Cadmium metal/oxide fumes are hazardous but are not relevant to properly handled aqueous standards.
Note: Values labeled literature are typical for elemental cadmium and are provided for context only; they are not specifications of this solution.
Quality and Grades
Item-specific grade
Grade/Purity: Analytical standard (per Product Data). This denotes suitability for calibration/validation of analytical methods (e.g., AAS, ICP-OES, ICP-MS) where concentration accuracy, impurity control, and stability are critical. Exact concentration, uncertainty, and traceability (e.g., to NIST/SI) are Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
What “analytical standard” generally implies (general)
Concentration certified within a stated uncertainty, often with metrological traceability.
Low inter-element impurities to minimize spectral or matrix interferences.
Packaged in acid-cleaned containers; matrix typically an ultrapure acidified aqueous solution to ensure stability and minimize adsorption.
Label includes lot/batch number and expiration/retest date; solution often stabilized with 1–5% high-purity HNO3 or HCl (literature; not item-specific).
Practical considerations
Verify the certificate for: exact analyte concentration, matrix (acid type and %), density (for mass/mass vs mass/volume conversions), uncertainty budget, and shelf life.
For regulatory work, retain the CoA and ensure the lot is within validity. For internal QC, bracket calibrations with independent verification standards.
Appearance and stabilizers
Appearance and any stabilizer content are Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Reaction and Applications
As an analytical standard, this cadmium solution is primarily intended for calibration and quality control rather than for synthetic reactions.
Analytical applications (general)
Calibration curves for Cd by AAS (e.g., line at ~228.8 nm; literature), ICP-OES, and ICP-MS (isotopes such as 111Cd, 112Cd, 114Cd).
Instrument performance checks: sensitivity verification, drift monitoring, and daily tuning (especially for ICP-MS using low-level Cd spikes).
Matrix matching: Preparing standards in comparable acid content/ionic strength to the sample to minimize matrix effects.
Sample preparation workflows (general tips)
Use acid-cleaned Class A glassware or metal-free polymer labware to reduce adsorption/contamination. Rinse with dilute matrix acid before use.
Prepare serial dilutions gravimetrically when possible to minimize uncertainty; account for solution density if the CoA reports concentration on a mass/mass basis.
Employ internal standards (ICP-MS/OES) as per method to correct for transport and plasma variability; ensure internal standards are compatible with Cd and matrix.
Off-label chemical reactivity
This standard is not intended for stoichiometric reactions. If cadmium chemistry is required (e.g., organocadmium formation), dedicated reagent-grade cadmium salts are more appropriate. Use of calibration standards as synthetic reagents is discouraged due to unknown stabilizers and matrix effects.
Reaction Conditions
Because this is a calibration standard, “reaction conditions” translates to instrument method conditions for quantifying Cd. The following are literature-based general guidelines; they are not item-specific specifications.
AAS (flame/graphite furnace)
Primary resonance line: ~228.8 nm (literature).
Flame AAS: Calibrate with mg/L range standards; oxidizing air–acetylene flame. Matrix-matching with nitrate commonly used.
GF-AAS: Use lower µg/L to low mg/L ranges. Matrix modifiers (e.g., Pd/Mg or NH4H2PO4; literature) can improve thermal stability and reduce background. Optimize dry/pyrolysis/atomization steps empirically.
ICP-OES
Example emission lines: 214.44 nm, 228.80 nm, 226.50 nm (literature; selection depends on matrix and interferences). Calibrate over expected range with acid-matched standards.
ICP-MS
Abundant isotopes: 110Cd, 111Cd, 112Cd, 113Cd, 114Cd (literature). Choose isotopes to minimize isobaric/polyatomic interferences; collision/reaction cell gases (He/H2) may be used.
Typical calibration: sub-µg/L to tens of µg/L, depending on method and instrument sensitivity. Internal standards (e.g., In, Rh) commonly applied.
General preparation
Use Class A volumetrics, gravimetric dilutions when possible, and acid-cleaned containers. Rinse sample introduction systems with matrix-matched acid to condition before standards and samples.
Item-specific concentration, matrix, and density are Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Safety and Handling
Item-specific hazard data
GHS classification, signal word, pictograms, H-statements: Not specified for this item; refer to the product SDS for authoritative information.
Shipping: Shipped via FedEx DG Service (per Product Data), indicating regulated hazardous material.
General hazards for cadmium and cadmium solutions (literature/typical)
Toxicity: Cadmium and its soluble salts are highly toxic; target organs include kidneys and bones. Many cadmium compounds are classified as Carc. 1B and STOT RE 1; handle with stringent controls. Avoid inhalation, ingestion, and skin contact.
Environmental: Very toxic to aquatic life with long-lasting effects; prevent release to the environment.
PPE and engineering controls (best practice)
Use chemical-resistant gloves (e.g., nitrile), lab coat, splash goggles/face shield.
Work in a fume hood or well-ventilated area, especially during dilution/transfer and when preparing aerosols (ICP nebulization setup/maintenance).
Use secondary containment for bottles and waste.
Storage and incompatibilities (general)
Store tightly closed at room temperature (per Product Data). Segregate from food areas. Keep away from cyanides and strong bases (to avoid generation of soluble complexes), and from sulfide sources that may cause precipitates and contamination. Protect from metals that could corrode in acidic matrices.
First-aid overview (general)
Skin/eye contact: Rinse with water for ≥15 min; remove contaminated clothing; seek medical advice.
Ingestion/inhalation: Seek immediate medical attention; provide SDS to responders.
Always consult the SDS for definitive, item-specific safety and first-aid guidance.
Solvent Selection
This product is a prepared cadmium standard solution; solvent selection usually pertains to diluents or matrix-matching rather than changing the product’s solvent.
Matrix and diluent considerations (general)
Aqueous acidic matrices (e.g., HNO3 or HCl) minimize adsorption and precipitation and provide long-term stability for Cd2+ (literature). The specific matrix of this item is not specified; consult the CoA.
For ICP-MS/OES: Use the same acid type/strength for standards and samples to mitigate matrix effects. Ultrapure water (18 MΩ·cm) and high-purity acids are recommended.
For GF-AAS: Moderate nitric acid content often improves signal stability; chloride matrices can cause volatilization/transport differences.
Miscibility and compatibility (general)
Typical cadmium standards in water/acid are fully miscible with water and other aqueous acidic solutions. Avoid mixing nitrate-based standards with high chloride diluents if you must control speciation consistently across standards/samples.
Organic solvents are generally avoided for routine ICP/AAS standards unless method-specific.
When to choose alternative matrices (general)
HNO3 matrix: Preferred for minimal complexation and cleaner plasma/graphite background.
HCl matrix: Useful for matrices where chloride is intrinsic; note potential polyatomic interferences in some ICP-MS methods (e.g., on certain isotopes) and complexation effects.
Storage and Reconstitution
Storage (item-specific and general)
Storage conditions: Room temperature (per Product Data). Keep tightly closed in original container. Store in a clean, well-ventilated area with secondary containment and away from incompatible materials.
Protect from contamination and evaporation. Avoid contact with reactive metals and bases that could alter the solution matrix.
Stability and shelf life
Expiration/retest date, stabilizer acid type/percent, and certified concentration are Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
For most cadmium standards (literature), stability is optimized in an acidified aqueous matrix. Minimize headspace exposure and temperature cycling.
Reconstitution and dilution
No reconstitution is typically required. For preparing working standards, use acid-matched diluents prepared with ultrapure water and high-purity acids. Perform gravimetric dilutions when feasible. Rinse transfer tools with matrix acid to minimize adsorption losses.
Handling practices
Mix by gentle inversion before use to ensure homogeneity; avoid vigorous shaking that could aerosolize contents.
After opening, record the open date and track usage. Prepare single-use aliquots if low-level work is performed to prevent contamination and extend practical shelf life.
Waste
Collect all cadmium-containing waste for hazardous disposal according to institutional and regulatory requirements.
Research use only (per Product Data).
Structure and Identity
Brief description: This product is a cadmium standard solution (analytical standard). The exact solvent/matrix and concentration are not specified; consult the CoA/Spec Sheet for item-specific details.
Common analytical forms: Cadmium is present in standard solutions as solvated Cd2+ in an acidic aqueous matrix (e.g., nitric or hydrochloric acid), or less commonly in organics; specific matrix for this item is not specified.
Structural features described in words (general)
In solution, cadmium exists predominantly as the divalent cation Cd2+, often coordinated by water and the conjugate base of the acid matrix (e.g., [Cd(H2O)6]2+; chloride/nitrate complexation possible). No stereochemistry applies to elemental ions.
Notes on speciation (general)
Chloride matrices can generate [CdCln]2−n species depending on [Cl−]; nitrate matrices generally yield aquated Cd2+ with weak nitrate coordination. Exact speciation for this product depends on the unspecified matrix and concentration.
Synthetic Utility
This product is intended as an analytical calibration solution and not as a synthetic reagent. Nevertheless, understanding cadmium’s chemical behavior can inform laboratory handling and compatibility.
Functional/coordination chemistry (general)
Cd2+ is a soft/borderline Lewis acid favoring coordination with soft donors (S, Se) and N/O ligands in various geometries (often octahedral or tetrahedral with thiolates). It forms insoluble sulfides and carbonates; hydroxide precipitates at elevated pH.
Historical synthetic chemistry (literature; not a use recommendation)
Organocadmium reagents (from CdX2 and organolithium/Grignard reagents) have been used for selective acylation to ketones with reduced reactivity toward esters/acid chlorides; however, due to toxicity and waste concerns, these have largely been supplanted by organocuprates and other nucleophiles.
Practical implication for this product
The presence of acid stabilizers and unknown matrix components (not specified for this item) makes this solution unsuitable for stoichiometric or catalytic synthesis. If cadmium-containing materials are needed synthetically (e.g., for CdSe quantum dots), dedicated reagents with specified composition should be used.
Contamination control
Avoid contact with glassware or media that could adsorb Cd2+ if accurate dosing is required; pre-condition with dilute matrix acid.
Target Specificity
Not applicable. This product is a chemical standard solution and not a biological affinity reagent (e.g., antibody, probe, or ligand). No antigen/epitope/clone/isotype information applies.
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