Magnesium perchlorate - ≥83% , CAS No.10034-81-8

CAS: 10034-81-8 Cat. No.: A1529062 Formula: MgCl₂O₈ Molecular Weight: 223.21 EC Number: 233-108-3 PubChem CID: 24840

GRADE & PURITY ≥83%

Storage

Room temperature,Argon charged

Shipped In

Normal

Overview

Magnesium perchlorate (Mg(ClO4)2) is widely used as drying agent for gases. It can remove water from gases (with no organic contaminants) at the rate of 0.001mgwater/l.

Magnesium perchlorate (Mg(ClO4)2) may be employed as a catalyst in the following studies:

• Preparation of α-aminophosphonates.

• Enantioselective Diels-Alder reaction between cyclopentadiene and 3-acryloyl-1,3-oxazolin-2-one.

• Preparation of imines and phenylhydrazones.

• Protection of alcohols in the form of t-butyl ethers.

Magnesium perchlorate may be used as a catalyst in the synthesis of the following compounds:

• α-Aminophosphonates via three-component reaction between an amine, an aldehyde or a ketone and a di-/trialkyl phosphite.

• Imines and phenylhydrazones by the condensation of carbonyl compounds with amines and phenylhydrazine.

• Knoevenagel adducts via Knoevenagel condensation between β-diketones and aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes.

It may also be used to catalyze the protection of alcohols as t-butyl ethers.

Specifications

Specifications & Purity

≥83%

Storage

Room temperature,Argon charged

Shipped In

Normal

Purity

≥83%

Names and Identifiers

Canonical Smiles

[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O.[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O.[Mg+2]

IUPAC Name

magnesium;diperchlorate

InChIKey

MPCRDALPQLDDFX-UHFFFAOYSA-L

INCHI

1S/2ClHO4.Mg/c2*2-1(3,4)5;/h2*(H,2,3,4,5);/q;;+2/p-2

Isomeric SMILES

[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O.[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O.[Mg+2]

WGK Germany

1

RTECS

SC8925000

PubChem CID

24840

UN Number

1475

Packing Group

II

Molecular Weight

223.21

Taxonomic Classification

Taxonomy Tree

• Kingdom Inorganic compounds
  • Superclass Mixed metal/non-metal compounds
    • Class Alkaline earth metal oxoanionic compounds
      • Subclass Alkaline earth metal perchlorates

• Kingdom: Inorganic compounds
• Superclass: Mixed metal/non-metal compounds
• Class: Alkaline earth metal oxoanionic compounds
• Subclass: Alkaline earth metal perchlorates
• Intermediate Tree Nodes: Not available
• Direct Parent: Alkaline earth metal perchlorates
• Alternative Parents: Inorganic salts Inorganic oxides
• Molecular Framework: Not available
• Substituents: Alkaline earth metal perchlorate - Inorganic oxide - Inorganic salt
• Description: This compound belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as alkaline earth metal perchlorates. These are inorganic compounds in which the largest oxoanion is perchlorate, and in which the heaviest atom not in an oxoanion is an alkaline earth metal.
• External Descriptors: Not available

Data sources

1. Djoumbou Feunang Y, Eisner R, Knox C, Chepelev L, Hastings J, Owen G, Fahy E, Steinbeck C, Subramanian S, Bolton E, Greiner R, and Wishart DS. ClassyFire: Automated Chemical Classification With A Comprehensive, Computable Taxonomy. Journal of Cheminformatics, 2016, 8:61.

DOI: 10.1186/s13321-016-0174-y

Chemical and Physical Properties

• Solubility: Magnesium perchlorate is soluble in water, ethanol.
• Sensitivity: Moisture sensitive
• x_melt_point_char: 251°C
• Molecular Weight: 223.200 g/mol
• Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
• Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 8
• Rotatable Bond Count: 0
• Exact Mass: 221.882 Da
• Monoisotopic Mass: 221.882 Da
• Topological Polar Surface Area: 149.000 Ų
• Heavy Atom Count: 11
• Formal Charge: 0
• Complexity: 95.800
• Isotope Atom Count: 0
• Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
• Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
• Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
• Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
• The total count of all stereochemical bonds: 0
• Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 3

XLogP3

Application Protocols

No antibody- or assay-specific protocols apply to this inorganic salt. For its typical laboratory role as a desiccant:

• Gas/solvent drying column (general guidance)
  • Assemble a clean, dry glass column with glass wool plugs and a frit if available.
  • Add a pre-filter to capture particulates upstream.
  • Pack with magnesium perchlorate pellets/granules; tap gently to settle without compacting excessively.
  • Install an inline humidity indicator downstream. Operate at ambient temperature and moderate flow rate.
  • Replace material when breakthrough is detected. Dispose of spent oxidizer per hazardous-waste rules.

For any solution-phase use, develop process-specific SOPs that address oxidizer handling, concentration limits, temperature control, and spill response. Always defer to the SDS and institutional safety manuals.

Biological Roles

This product is intended for research use only; no biological or clinical claims are made for the catalog item.

• General context (literature)

  • Magnesium is an essential biological cation involved in ATP binding, nucleic acid stabilization, and enzyme catalysis. However, in magnesium perchlorate, the anion is perchlorate (ClO4−), which is not a physiological anion and is considered an environmental contaminant.
  • Perchlorate is widely recognized as a chaotropic, generally non-coordinating anion. In biological systems, perchlorate can interfere with iodide uptake in the thyroid of higher organisms at sufficient exposures; such effects are outside the scope of laboratory reagent use and are regulated in environmental contexts.

• Laboratory relevance

  • In biochemical experiments, perchlorate salts may be used to modulate ionic strength or as chaotropic agents in certain protein or nucleic acid protocols; nevertheless, sodium or guanidinium perchlorate are more typical than magnesium perchlorate.
  • Because Mg2+ has specific biological roles, using Mg(ClO4)2 could confound studies sensitive to free magnesium; chelation or buffering may be needed if ionic strength effects are intended without altering Mg2+ concentrations.

• Disposal/environmental note

  • Perchlorate-containing aqueous waste should be managed as hazardous, following institutional guidance, due to persistence and potential ecological impact.

For any use intersecting biology, verify compatibility and safety in the specific experimental system and follow the SDS.

Buffer Applications

Magnesium perchlorate is not a buffering reagent and does not establish a defined pH range. It may be used to adjust ionic strength or provide Mg2+ in non-complexing anion form, but this is uncommon relative to standard buffering salts.

• If ionic strength adjustment is needed (literature/general)
  • Consider using perchlorate salts cautiously due to oxidizer properties and environmental concerns; alternative anions (chloride, sulfate) are far more typical in buffer systems.
  • If used, prepare dilute solutions in water or compatible polar solvents under controlled conditions and confirm that no redox-sensitive components are present.

For pH control and buffering capacity, select appropriate buffer systems (e.g., phosphate, HEPES, Tris) rather than magnesium perchlorate.

Green Alternatives

While magnesium perchlorate is an exceptionally strong desiccant, it is a powerful oxidizer and presents safety and environmental concerns associated with perchlorate. Greener/safer alternatives can often achieve adequate drying with less hazard.

• Comparison (literature/general)

  • Molecular sieves (3Å/4Å): Regenerable, non-oxidizing aluminosilicate pellets effective for drying organic solvents and gases. Require high-temperature activation but are reusable many cycles. Slower kinetics than Mg(ClO4)2 for very wet streams but far safer.
  • Calcium sulfate (Drierite): Non-oxidizing, single-use or regenerable at moderate temperatures; good for drying gases and some solvents; lower capacity than Mg(ClO4)2 but stable and easy to handle.
  • Magnesium sulfate/calcium chloride: Inexpensive bulk desiccants for batch drying of organic phases; not suited for gas streams; can introduce ions/particulates.
  • Phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5): Very strong dehydrating agent but corrosive and reacts vigorously; still generally presents fewer combustion risks than perchlorate in organic settings, yet requires strict handling.

• Trade-offs

  • Capacity vs safety: Mg(ClO4)2 offers very high capacity and fast uptake but at the cost of oxidizer hazards and perchlorate persistence in the environment. Molecular sieves provide an optimal balance for most organic-lab applications.
  • Regeneration energy: Sieves demand energy for activation (typically 250–350 C under vacuum/inert), while single-use desiccants create solid waste.

Recommendation: For routine solvent/gas drying in synthetic labs, consider 3Å/4Å molecular sieves or CaSO4 unless the unique capacity/kinetics of magnesium perchlorate are required and risk controls are in place.

Pharmaceutical Uses

No pharmaceutical or clinical uses are claimed for this product; it is supplied strictly for research and laboratory applications.

• General considerations (literature/general)
  • Magnesium perchlorate is a strong oxidizer and is not used as a pharmaceutical excipient. Perchlorate salts are generally avoided in medicinal formulations because of safety and environmental concerns.
  • In manufacturing or analytical contexts, perchlorate salts may occasionally serve roles in reference standards or specialized analytical methods, but such uses are highly controlled and application-specific.

For any regulated-use assessments (e.g., GMP, pharmacopeial compliance), consult appropriate standards and avoid perchlorate salts unless explicitly justified and controlled.

Physical Properties

Item-specific numeric specifications are not provided for this catalog entry. The following are literature/general properties for anhydrous magnesium perchlorate; do not treat as product specifications.

• Physical state/appearance: Typically a white, highly hygroscopic crystalline solid (literature)
• Hygroscopicity: Strongly hygroscopic and often deliquescent; readily absorbs water from air (literature)
• Thermal behavior: No true boiling point (decomposes on strong heating). Reported to undergo dehydration/structural changes on heating; perchlorate salts may decompose exothermically at elevated temperatures (literature)
• Melting/decomposition: Various sources report onset of decomposition upon heating; exact values depend on hydration state and sample history (literature)
• Density: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet. (literature values vary with hydration and packing)
• Solubility (qualitative): Very soluble in water; also soluble to varying degrees in polar protic/ aprotic solvents (e.g., methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile); limited in nonpolar media (literature)
• pKa/logP: Not applicable to this inorganic salt; partition coefficients are not meaningful in the usual sense (literature)
• Refractive index/UV cutoff: Not applicable for a solid salt; solution properties depend on solvent (literature)

Important: Hydration state significantly alters mass fraction, density, and thermal behavior. Verify hydration and any numeric parameters for this specific lot on the CoA/Spec Sheet.

Quality and Grades

• Item-specific grade/purity: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

• Interpreting common grades for magnesium perchlorate (general guidance)

  • Desiccant grade: Optimized for water uptake capacity and particle size distribution (e.g., pellets, granules) rather than trace-metal or spectrophotometric purity. Often supplied pre-activated and packaged moisture-tight.
  • Reagent/ACS grade: Meets reagent chemical purity criteria; may include limits on chloride, sulfate, heavy metals, and loss on drying. Suitable where perchlorate anion purity is critical.
  • Electronic/electrolyte grade: Emphasizes very low water and organic impurities; may be relevant for nonaqueous electrochemistry, though other perchlorates (e.g., LiClO4) are more common.

• Stabilizers and additives

  • Typically none are added to oxidizing salts. The presence of any stabilizer or anti-caking agent would be item-specific and declared on the CoA/Spec Sheet. For this item: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

• What to check on receipt (practical tips)

  • Hydration state and loss on drying: Water content critically affects mass-based dosing and desiccant capacity.
  • Particle size/form: Pellets vs powder determine pressure drop and flow characteristics in drying columns.
  • Trace impurities: For sensitive oxidative processes or analytical work, review limits for chloride, nitrate, and metals on the CoA.

Note: Do not equate literature purity claims with this specific catalog item; always defer to the lot-specific CoA.

Reaction and Applications

• Primary laboratory application (literature/general)

  • Powerful desiccant (“Anhydrone”): Magnesium perchlorate exhibits very high water uptake and is used to dry gases (e.g., carrier gases in GC) and solvent vapors. Typical usage involves packing a drying tube/column with pellets or granules downstream of a moisture source and upstream of sensitive apparatus.

• Additional chemical roles (literature/general)

  • Non-coordinating anion source: In metathesis, Mg(ClO4)2 can provide perchlorate to form other perchlorate salts with weak coordination, useful in certain spectroscopic or electrochemical studies. However, LiClO4 and NaClO4 are more common.
  • Ionic strength modifier: In aqueous systems, perchlorate is often treated as a “non-complexing” anion, enabling studies of magnesium coordination without competing ligation (with appropriate safety/environmental controls).

• Practical tips for desiccant use

  • Column packing: Use inert glass columns with glass wool retainers. Avoid plastic components that could be embrittled/oxidized. Include a particulate pre-filter.
  • Flow control: Keep gas/solvent flow rates moderate to prevent channeling and dust entrainment. Monitor for breakthrough with an inline humidity indicator.
  • Replacement/regeneration: Many laboratories replace rather than regenerate due to safety considerations with oxidizers. If regeneration is contemplated, follow vendor-specific procedures under inert atmosphere; uncontrolled heating of spent oxidizer contaminated with organics is hazardous.

• Cautions

  • Do not mix with organic desiccants or reducing agents. Dispose of spent material as oxidizer-containing waste per institutional and regulatory requirements.

Reaction Conditions

There are no item-specific, validated reaction conditions provided. The following general guidance reflects literature and common laboratory practice; adapt with appropriate risk assessment and consult primary sources.

• As a desiccant in gas/solvent drying

  • Packing: Load magnesium perchlorate pellets/granules into a clean glass column between glass wool plugs; optionally include an upstream particulate trap and a downstream humidity indicator.
  • Operating: Maintain moderate flow to avoid channeling and dust carryover. Use room temperature operation; avoid heating beds containing oxidizers, especially when organics are present.
  • Breakthrough monitoring: Replace when humidity rises or the indicator changes. Many labs opt for replacement rather than regeneration for safety.

• In solution (ionic strength or metathesis)

  • Solvents: Water, methanol, ethanol, or acetonitrile are typical media (literature). Ensure solutions are dilute, cool, and free of easily oxidized solutes. Avoid ethers and other oxidizable solvents unless justified by a risk assessment.
  • Temperatures: Ambient conditions are preferred; avoid heating concentrated perchlorate solutions with organic content.
  • Workup: Quench and dilute with copious water if safe to do so, then separate and dispose of perchlorate-containing phases per hazardous waste protocols.

• Expected outcomes

  • Desiccation provides drier streams/solvents enabling moisture-sensitive chemistries. In metathesis, perchlorate exchange proceeds with precipitation or crystallization of the counter-salt, but yields and rates are system-dependent.

Always consult the SDS and institutional safety procedures before employing oxidizing salts in any process.

Safety and Handling

• Authoritative reference: Always consult the item-specific SDS for definitive hazard, response, and disposal guidance.

• GHS information (literature/general for magnesium perchlorate; not item-specific)

  • Classification: Strong oxidizing solid; may intensify fire. Can cause severe eye/skin irritation or burns with sufficient exposure. Harmful if swallowed or inhaled.
  • Typical pictograms: Oxidizer (flame over circle), Corrosion, Exclamation mark (literature)
  • H/P statements: Often include H272 (may intensify fire; oxidizer) and corrosivity/irritancy statements; consult SDS for the supplied product.

• Key hazards and incompatibilities (general)

  • Powerful oxidizer: Avoid contact with combustible/organic materials, reducing agents, powdered metals, sulfur, phosphorus, and strong bases or acids that can promote hazardous reactions.
  • Thermal sensitivity: Perchlorate salts can decompose exothermically at elevated temperatures; avoid heating and friction/shock to dry salt, especially when contaminated with organics.
  • Moisture sensitivity: Highly hygroscopic/deliquescent; exposure to air moisture degrades performance as a desiccant and can cause clumping and heat release.

• Handling controls and PPE

  • Use in a dry, clean area away from organics and ignition sources. Wear lab coat, appropriate chemical-resistant gloves, and splash goggles/face shield. Use a dust mask/respirator if dust generation is possible (per SDS guidance).
  • Prevent contamination: Use dedicated, clean scoops; do not return unused material to the original container.

• First aid (overview; defer to SDS)

  • Skin/eye contact: Immediate decontamination with copious water for ≥15 minutes; remove contaminated clothing; seek medical attention.
  • Inhalation: Move to fresh air; monitor breathing; seek medical attention.
  • Ingestion: Rinse mouth; do not induce vomiting; seek medical attention.

• Fire/explosion

  • Not fuel itself but vigorously supports combustion. Use large quantities of water to extinguish fires involving oxidizers; avoid dry chemical or CO2 on large oxidizer fires. Trained responders only.

Solvent Selection

This product is an inorganic salt/desiccant, not a solvent. Solvent selection is relevant only insofar as magnesium perchlorate’s solubility and compatibility influence its use in solution.

• Polarity and ion pairing (literature/general)

  • In water: Highly soluble; fully dissociates to Mg2+ and ClO4−.
  • In polar protic solvents (methanol, ethanol): Good solubility; solutions are strongly ionic and conductive.
  • In polar aprotic solvents (acetonitrile, dimethylformamide): Variable to good solubility; perchlorate is a weakly coordinating anion useful where minimal anion coordination is desired.
  • In nonpolar solvents (hexanes, toluene): Essentially insoluble.

• When to prepare solutions vs use as a solid desiccant

  • Solid-phase drying: Prefer pellets/granules packed in gas/solvent drying columns; avoids dissolving the oxidizer in organic media.
  • Solution use: Prepare only in compatible, clean polar solvents when required for metathesis or ionic-strength control; avoid mixing concentrated solutions with easily oxidizable organics and always control temperature.

• Compatibility cautions (general)

  • Avoid solvating magnesium perchlorate in ethers or other oxidizable organic solvents unless process safety has been assessed; strongly oxidizing salts can present hazards in organic solutions, particularly on heating or concentration.

For solution preparation and solvent purity targets, consult the CoA and SDS for this specific item.

Storage and Reconstitution

• Item-specific storage (from Product Data)

  • Storage conditions: Room temperature, Argon charged.
  • Shipped in: Normal conditions.

• General storage guidance (literature/general)

  • Keep container tightly closed in a dry, well-ventilated place under inert gas to prevent moisture uptake and caking. Store away from heat sources, direct sunlight, and all combustible/organic materials, reducing agents, and acids/bases that could promote hazardous reactions.
  • Use dedicated, clean, non-metallic scoops; prevent cross-contamination with organics.

• Reconstitution/solution preparation

  • Not required for desiccant use. If solutions are needed, dissolve the solid in water or a compatible polar solvent at ambient temperature with gentle stirring. Prepare dilute solutions only, in clean glassware, and avoid heating. Do not prepare concentrated solutions in oxidizable organic solvents without a documented risk assessment.
  • Filter solutions (inert membrane) if particulate removal is needed. Label solutions clearly as “oxidizer” and store away from combustible materials.

• Stability considerations

  • Hygroscopic/deliquescent; prolonged air exposure will degrade performance. Use under argon or dry nitrogen; reseal promptly after each use.

• Shelf life

  • Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Always consult the SDS for spill response, incompatibilities, and disposal instructions.

Structure and Identity

Magnesium perchlorate is an inorganic salt composed of a divalent magnesium cation and two perchlorate anions.

• Item-specific identifiers (from Product Data)

  • SKU: A1529062
  • Product name: Magnesium perchlorate
  • CAS: 10034-81-8
  • PubChem CID: 24840
  • InChIKey: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
  • SMILES: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

• Core structural features (literature/general)

  • Empirical formula: Mg(ClO4)2 (literature)
  • Formula units: one Mg2+ coordinated ionically to two perchlorate anions, each perchlorate consisting of a tetrahedral Cl(VII) center bound to four terminal oxo ligands (ClO4−) (literature)
  • Formal charge distribution: Mg2+ and 2 × ClO4− (literature)
  • Molecular weight (anhydrous): ~223.21 g/mol (literature)

• 2D structure described in words (literature/general)

  • The magnesium center is not covalently bound but electrostatically associated with two discrete tetrahedral perchlorate anions. In the solid state, extended ionic lattices may feature coordination of Mg2+ by perchlorate oxygens; in solution, solvation disrupts lattice contacts, yielding solvated Mg2+ and non-coordinating ClO4− anions.

Note: Where exact identifiers (e.g., InChIKey/SMILES for the cataloged lot/form) are required, consult the CoA/Spec Sheet for this item.

Synthetic Utility

• Desiccant-driven facilitation (literature/general)

  • By removing trace water from gas streams and solvent vapors, magnesium perchlorate indirectly enhances moisture-sensitive transformations (e.g., Grignard reactions, organolithium chemistry, acyl chloride preparations) conducted downstream of a drying train. Its high capacity reduces breakthrough under high humidity or prolonged runs.

• Ionic/non-coordinating anion source

  • Perchlorate (ClO4−) is weakly coordinating; Mg(ClO4)2 can be used in salt metathesis to furnish perchlorate salts of organic cations (e.g., onium salts) or coordination complexes where minimal anion coordination is desired. Use caution due to the oxidizing nature of perchlorate salts of organic cations, which may be energetic.

• Electrochemical contexts

  • While LiClO4 and Et4NClO4 are preferred electrolytes, Mg(ClO4)2 solutions in polar aprotic solvents can serve in exploratory electrochemistry or ionic conductivity studies where divalent cations are of interest. Strict controls against moisture and heating are essential.

• Limitations and cautions

  • Direct use as an oxidant is generally avoided in synthetic organic chemistry due to hazard; other oxidants offer safer, selective alternatives. Organic perchlorate salts can be shock/heat sensitive.
  • Avoid contact with reducing agents, sulfides, phosphines, or finely divided metals; unintended redox can occur.

In retrosynthesis, treat Mg(ClO4)2 primarily as a process aid (drying/ionic medium control) rather than a reagent conferring specific functional group transformations.

Target Specificity

Not applicable. This product is an inorganic salt and not a biological targeting reagent. No antigen, epitope, clone, isotype, or species reactivity applies.