Pterinotoxin-1 - ≥98%

Cat. No.: P276493

GRADE & PURITY ≥98%

Storage

Store at -20°C,Desiccated

Shipped In

Ice chest + Ice pads

Overview

Store at -20°C. Store under desiccating conditions. The product can be stored for up to 12 months.

Specifications

Specifications & Purity

≥98%

Biochemical and Physiological Mechanisms

Inhibits voltage-gated rat Na V 1.3, Na V 1.7 and Na V 1.8 Na + channels. Isolated from the Pterinochilus murinus (Usambara) spider venom.

Storage

Store at -20°C,Desiccated

Shipped In

Ice chest + Ice pads

This product requires cold chain shipping. Ground and other economy services are not available.

Note

Wherever possible, you should prepare and use solutions on the same day. However, if you need to make up stock solutions in advance, we recommend that you store the solution as aliquots in tightly sealed vials at -20°C. Generally, these will be useable for up to one week. Before use, and prior to opening the vial we recommend that you allow your product to equilibrate to room temperature for at least 1 hour. Need more advice on solubility, usage and handling? Please visit our frequently asked questions (FAQ) page for more details.

Purity

≥98%

Chemical and Physical Properties

• Solubility: Soluble in ammonium acetate to 20 mM or in aqueous buffer above pH8

Application Protocols

Validated application protocols are not provided for this item.

• Tested applications (WB, IHC, IF, FC, ELISA), recommended dilutions, and positive controls: Not applicable; this is a small-molecule compound rather than an antibody or enzyme reagent.

General usage template for screening compounds (not item-specific)

• Stock solution: Prepare a 10–50 mM solution in DMSO. Filter (0.2 µm PTFE) if particulates remain.
• Working dilutions: Prepare serial dilutions in assay buffer to reach the desired final concentration range, keeping final DMSO ≤0.5–1% v/v unless the assay allows more.
• Controls: Include vehicle-only controls, a known active comparator where available, and plate controls for edge/evaporation effects in HTS formats.
• Stability: Use single-use aliquots; avoid repeated freeze–thaw. Discard solutions showing precipitation, discoloration, or shifted LC–MS profiles.

Refer to the CoA/Spec Sheet and your internal SOPs for any lot-specific handling nuances.

Biological Roles

No item-specific biological function, target, or pathway data are provided in the Product Data for Pterinotoxin-1.

General context for small-molecule library members (not item-specific)

• Such compounds are typically deployed as chemical probes or test articles in discovery biology to explore cellular phenotypes or biochemical target engagement. Any inferred “role” is experiment-dependent and requires empirical validation.
• If literature exists for this exact structure, roles could include enzyme modulation, ion channel interaction, receptor binding, or pathway perturbation; however, these possibilities are speculative until confirmed for the lot in hand.

Best practices

• Establish baseline cytotoxicity and solubility limits in the specific assay matrix before mechanistic studies.
• Use orthogonal assays (biochemical vs. cell-based) to corroborate any observed activity and rule out assay interference (aggregation, redox cycling, fluorescence quenching, etc.).
• Track and report vehicle concentration, exposure time, and temperature—these often confound biological readouts.

Documentation

• Biological roles, if known, should be cited with primary literature references and matched to the exact structure, salt form, and stereochemistry. Consult the CoA/Spec Sheet for structural details prior to literature mapping.

Note: This product is supplied strictly for research use only.

Buffer Applications

This product is a small-molecule screening compound and is not a buffering reagent. Therefore, classical buffer system guidance (pKa, buffering range, preparation recipes) does not apply.

Practical notes for assay buffers (general, not item-specific)

• Prepare compound stocks in an appropriate organic solvent (commonly DMSO), then dilute into the assay buffer while keeping the final organic content low (typically ≤0.5–1% v/v) to avoid effects on biomolecules.
• If precipitation occurs upon dilution, increase the organic fraction slightly, warm gently, or titrate pH if the compound is ionizable and the assay tolerates it.
• Filter buffers (0.2 µm) and degas when required by the assay to minimize bubbles and particulates that can affect optics or kinetics.

Item-specific buffer parameters (pKa, aqueous solubility limits, stability) are not available: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Green Alternatives

In the absence of item-specific solvent and process requirements, green chemistry considerations center on solvent choice and waste minimization during handling of small-molecule screening compounds.

Greener solvent hierarchy (general guidance)

• Prefer: water, ethanol, isopropanol, ethyl acetate, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF), dimethyl carbonate—when chemically compatible.
• Use with care: acetonitrile, methanol, acetone—widely used and manageable but with safety/environmental trade-offs.
• Minimize/avoid when possible: DMF, NMP, DCM, chloroform—due to toxicity or regulatory pressure.

Comparison snapshot (general, not item-specific)

• Water/EtOH: lowest EHS burden; may require pH adjustment or co-solvent for hydrophobic analytes.
• 2-MeTHF vs THF: similar solvency; 2-MeTHF is partially bio-based, lower peroxide tendency, and easier phase separation, but different miscibility may affect assays.
• Ethyl acetate vs DCM: EtOAc offers lower toxicity and favorable life-cycle metrics; volatility is somewhat lower than DCM, impacting evaporation times.

Operational tips

• Right-size dilutions and aliquots to reduce solvent usage and waste.
• Use microscale dissolution (≤1 mL) and microplates for screening workflows.
• Capture solvent use in your green metrics (PMI, E-factor) and substitute to greener options during method development when analyte stability allows.

Always confirm that substitute solvents do not compromise compound stability or assay performance.

Pharmaceutical Uses

No pharmacopeial status, excipient role, or manufacturing use is provided for this item.

• Regulatory/compendial listing: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Excipient or processing-aid roles: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Context (general, not item-specific)

• As a research-use-only small molecule, this material is not intended for human or veterinary use, clinical diagnostics, or as an active ingredient or excipient in commercial formulations.
• In early discovery, such compounds may be used to benchmark analytical methods (e.g., LC–MS/MS), pre-formulation screens, or as internal controls in laboratory workflows—strictly within non-clinical research environments.

If translation to regulated contexts is contemplated, new material would need to be sourced or manufactured under appropriate quality systems (e.g., GMP) with full impurity profiling, stability programs (ICH), and validated analytical methods. Those requirements are outside the scope of this research-grade listing.

Physical Properties

Item-specific physicochemical data have not been provided for this catalog entry.

• Appearance: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Melting point: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Boiling point: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Density: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Refractive index: Not applicable for solids; otherwise not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Solubility profile: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• logP/logD, pKa: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• UV–Vis characteristics (e.g., ε, λmax): Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General guidance (literature/practice, not item-specific)

• For small-molecule screening compounds of unknown solubility, start with a DMSO primary stock (e.g., 10–50 mM) and, if needed, co-solvent cosolubilization (MeOH, ACN) before aqueous dilution.
• If the material is a free base/acid, solubility can often be improved by forming a salt in situ (e.g., HCl for amines, NaOH for acids) for assay buffer preparation, while maintaining assay-compatible ionic strength and pH.
• For UV-based quantification, perform a quick scan (200–400 nm) in the intended solvent to identify suitable analytical wavelengths; avoid assuming a universal ε.
• Particle size and polymorphism may influence dissolution rate for solids; brief sonication and warming to 25–37°C can help achieve clear solutions when compatible with stability.

Quality and Grades

Grade/purity details are not listed in the Product Data for this lot.

• Grade/Purity: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General guidance on grades (context, not item-specific)

• Research grade screening compounds are typically supplied with LC–MS purity data (often ≥95% by area) and identity confirmation (NMR/HRMS). Exact thresholds, solvents, and detection wavelengths vary; verify on the CoA.
• If “HPLC grade” is mentioned for solvents or “≥99% (trace metals basis)” for catalysts in other contexts, those descriptors are not applicable here unless stated on the Spec Sheet.

What to check on the CoA/Spec Sheet

• Analytical method(s): LC conditions (column, gradient, detection λ), MS adducts, and purity calculation basis.
• Residual solvent(s) and water content (e.g., KF): Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Counterion/stoichiometry for salts/solvates: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Stabilizers or antioxidants, if any: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Best practices

• Archive the lot-specific CoA with your ELN record. Confirm identity/purity after major storage events (power loss, temperature excursions) or before critical studies.
• For bioassays, prepare fresh dilutions and consider orthogonal purity checks (qNMR, orthogonal HPLC) if unexplained assay variability occurs.

Reaction and Applications

Manufacturer application notes are not provided for this entry, and no specific reactivity profile is available from the Product Data.

Research use context (general for small-molecule library items)

• Chemical biology screening: Use as a defined test article in phenotypic or target-based assays to probe biological responses, SAR, or pathway hypotheses. Maintain rigorous control compounds and vehicle controls.
• Analytical reference: Serve as a retention-time and mass reference in LC–MS method development, stability studies, or bioanalytical qualification, once identity/purity are verified.
• Stability assessments: Evaluate thermal, oxidative, and hydrolytic stability relevant to your experimental matrix (e.g., buffer, cell media) prior to long runs or HTS campaigns.

Practical considerations

• Prepare single-use aliquots of concentrated DMSO stock to minimize freeze–thaw and adsorption losses.
• Conduct compatibility checks with plastics vs. glass; some hydrophobic molecules adsorb to polypropylene.
• Light and oxygen sensitivity are unknown; protect from light and use inert atmosphere for long dissolutions as a conservative measure until stability is established.

Note: Without item-specific functional groups, no guidance is provided for use as a reagent in named organic reactions. If you intend to derivatize or conjugate the compound, first confirm the presence of suitable handles by consulting the CoA/Spec Sheet.

Reaction Conditions

No item-specific reaction conditions are applicable because Pterinotoxin-1 is supplied as a research compound, not as a reagent for a defined transformation.

General experimental considerations for handling in solution (not item-specific)

• Stock preparation: Dissolve in dry DMSO (typical 10–50 mM), optionally under inert gas if oxidation sensitivity is suspected. Sonication and mild warming (25–37°C) may assist dissolution.
• Compatibility checks: Before exposure to strong acids/bases, oxidants, or reducing agents, confirm structural stability by small-scale tests with LC–MS monitoring.
• Temperature: Keep within 0–37°C for most handling unless stability data permit higher temperatures; avoid prolonged heating without verification.
• Light/oxygen: If chromophoric or easily oxidized motifs are suspected, protect from light and limit oxygen exposure during long incubations or storage.

Expected yields, catalysts, or time profiles for specific reactions are not provided because no reaction is defined for this product.

Safety and Handling

Hazard classification details are not provided in the Product Data for this item. Always consult the product-specific SDS for authoritative safety information.

• GHS classification, pictograms, H/P statements: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
• Signal word: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.

General laboratory precautions (non-item-specific best practice)

• Handle in a fume hood with appropriate PPE: lab coat, nitrile gloves, and safety glasses. Avoid inhalation, ingestion, and skin/eye contact.
• Prevent dust/aerosol formation. Use tools for weighing and antistatic measures for finely divided solids.
• Incompatibilities should be assessed once functional groups are known; keep away from strong oxidizers/reductants and reactive bases/acids unless required by an approved protocol.
• First aid overview: In case of contact, rinse affected area with water for ≥15 min; remove contaminated clothing. If inhaled, move to fresh air. If ingested, rinse mouth and seek medical attention. Always follow SDS guidance.
• Spill response: For small spills, absorb with inert material (vermiculite/sand), collect in a chemically compatible waste container, and clean area with appropriate solvent while maintaining ventilation.
• Waste disposal: Dispose according to local regulations for organic chemical waste; segregate halogenated vs non-halogenated solvents.

Storage and shipping conditions

• Storage: Store at −20°C, desiccated (per Product Data). Keep tightly closed under dry, inert conditions when feasible.
• Shipping: Ice chest + ice pads (per Product Data). Allow package to equilibrate to room temperature in a dry environment before opening to minimize moisture condensation.

Solvent Selection

Item-specific solubility and polarity data are not provided. Selection should therefore begin with a small solubility screen.

Recommended staged approach (general, not item-specific)

• Primary stock solvent: DMSO is the default for diverse small molecules due to broad solvency and assay compatibility at low final v/v (≤0.5–1%).
• Secondary organic co-solvents (if needed): methanol, acetonitrile, or DMF for difficult cases. Warm gently (25–37°C) and sonicate to aid dissolution.
• Aqueous buffers: After obtaining a clear organic stock, dilute into buffered media while maintaining acceptable DMSO/organic percentage. Use surfactant (e.g., 0.01–0.05% Tween-20) only if compatible with the assay.
• pH adjustment: If the molecule is an acid/base, mild pH titration may improve aqueous solubility. Avoid extreme pH unless stability is confirmed.

Quick comparison (general guidance)

• DMSO: highest likelihood of success; can affect some enzyme kinetics at >1% v/v.
• MeOH/ACN: good for UV/LC work; higher volatility for rapid drying.
• DMF: strong solvent for challenging cases; consider toxicity and removal difficulty.

Quality tips

• Filter 0.2 µm for analytical work to remove particulates.
• Record exact solvent lots, final solvent composition, and temperature for reproducibility.
• If precipitation occurs upon aqueous dilution, increase organic fraction slightly or prepare a more dilute intermediate before final dilution.

Storage and Reconstitution

Storage conditions and shipping are specified for this item; no reconstitution solvent is prescribed.

• Storage (as supplied): Store at −20°C, desiccated (per Product Data). Keep container tightly closed. If feasible, blanket with inert gas after opening to limit moisture/oxygen exposure.
• Shipping: Ice chest + Ice pads (per Product Data). Inspect upon receipt; if warm or condensation is present, allow to dry and equilibrate to room temperature in a desiccator before opening.

Reconstitution guidance (general, not item-specific)

• Primary solvent: DMSO is recommended as a first-line solvent for small molecules of uncertain solubility. Start at 10–50 mM.
• Technique: Bring vial to room temperature in a dry environment. Add solvent gradually with vortexing/sonication until fully dissolved. If insoluble, test alternative solvents (MeOH, ACN, DMF) or gentle warming (25–37°C).
• Aliquoting: Dispense single-use aliquots into amber vials or low-bind tubes to minimize adsorption and freeze–thaw.
• Short-term storage of solutions: DMSO stocks are commonly stable at −20°C for weeks to months when protected from moisture and light; verify stability by LC–MS before critical use.

Item-specific parameters

• Water content, residual solvents, stabilizers, and exact solubility: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Research Use Note: For research use only.

Structure and Identity

Pterinotoxin-1 (SKU: P276493) is supplied as a research-grade small-molecule screening compound in Aladdin’s small-molecule/compound library portfolio.

• Preferred name: Pterinotoxin-1
• Synonyms: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• CAS: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Molecular formula: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Molecular weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• SMILES: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• InChI / InChIKey: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Structural features

• Functional groups, ring systems, and stereochemistry: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Descriptive identity guidance (general)

• For compound library items, identity is commonly supported by orthogonal analytical data. Typical datasets include: 1H/13C NMR, HRMS (ESI), and LC–MS purity. Where relevant, IR, optical rotation, or chiral HPLC may be included.
• Recommended confirmatory checks on receipt (general best practice):
  • LC–MS retention time and exact mass match to vendor CoA.
  • If a reference spectrum is provided on the CoA/Spec Sheet, overlay 1H NMR to confirm diagnostic resonances and integration.
  • Assess lot-specific appearance and solubility against the Spec Sheet.

Synthetic Utility

No functional-group data or reactivity profile is provided for this item, and it is not presented as a synthetic reagent or building block.

General guidance (not item-specific)

• If derivatization or conjugation is desired (e.g., for biotinylation, photoaffinity tagging, or fluorophore coupling), first confirm the presence and accessibility of suitable reactive handles (amines, acids, alcohols, halides) from the CoA/Spec Sheet or by in-house characterization.
• Stability under common transformation conditions (oxidation/reduction, acylation/alkylation, metal-catalyzed cross-couplings) must be established experimentally; begin with microscale reactions and analytical monitoring (LC–MS, TLC, 1H NMR).
• Protecting-group strategies and chemoselectivity should be tailored only after the exact structure and stereochemistry are verified.

Use as a standard

• The compound can serve as an analytical standard in synthetic campaigns for retention-time and mass calibration once identity is authenticated.

Note: Without item-specific structure, further synthetic planning guidance would be speculative and is not provided here.

Target Specificity

No biological target or specificity information is provided in the Product Data for this item.

• Known target(s), Kd/IC50, selectivity panel data: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Assay-validated pathways or organism specificity: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Guidance (general, not item-specific)

• If using in target-based assays, determine on-target versus off-target activity through orthogonal assays and counterscreens (e.g., aggregators, redox, PAINS filters), and confirm integrity with fresh stocks.
• Report lot number, solvent percentage, and exposure conditions alongside potency metrics for reproducibility.

This product is supplied strictly for research use only.