Determine the necessary mass, volume, or concentration for preparing a solution.
≥98% for sensitive chromatographic and analytical workflows requiring minimal baseline interference.
Protected from light,Argon charged,Room temperature Ships Normal Check lot-specific COA for exact specifications.
SDS, COA, datasheet, and spec sheet available for download. Lot-specific COA accessible via lot number lookup.
Cited in 43 peer-reviewed publications across chromatography, organic synthesis, and cross-coupling reactions.
Usually used as mobile phase for LC-MS analysis of highly polar sulfonium pseudo-sugar constituents neosalacinol and neokotalanol, potential α-glucosidase inhibitors isolated from ayurvedic traditional medicine Salacia species.
| Canonical Smiles | C(=O)(C(C(C(C(C(F)(F)F)(F)F)(F)F)(F)F)(F)F)O |
|---|---|
| IUPAC Name | 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-undecafluorohexanoic acid |
| InChIKey | PXUULQAPEKKVAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| INCHI | 1S/C6HF11O2/c7-2(8,1(18)19)3(9,10)4(11,12)5(13,14)6(15,16)17/h(H,18,19) |
| Isomeric SMILES | C(=O)(C(C(C(C(C(F)(F)F)(F)F)(F)F)(F)F)(F)F)O |
| WGK Germany | 3 |
| PubChem CID | 67542 |
| UN Number | 3265 |
| Molecular Weight | 314.05 |
| Beilstein | 1805852 |
| Reaxy-Rn | 1805852 |
Comprehensive hazard, handling, storage, and regulatory compliance document.
Download SDS →Lot-specific quality data. Enter your lot number to retrieve the exact COA.
Look up COA →Full quality attributes and acceptance criteria for this grade.
View spec sheet →Taxonomy Tree
| Kingdom | Organic compounds |
|---|---|
| Superclass | Organohalogen compounds |
| Class | Alkyl halides |
| Subclass | Alkyl fluorides |
| Intermediate Tree Nodes | Not available |
| Direct Parent | Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid and derivatives |
| Alternative Parents | Medium-chain fatty acids Halogenated fatty acids Alpha-halocarboxylic acids Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives Carboxylic acids Organofluorides Organic oxides Hydrocarbon derivatives Carbonyl compounds |
| Molecular Framework | Aliphatic acyclic compounds |
| Substituents | Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid or derivatives - Medium-chain fatty acid - Halogenated fatty acid - Fatty acyl - Fatty acid - Alpha-halocarboxylic acid - Alpha-halocarboxylic acid or derivatives - Carboxylic acid derivative - Carboxylic acid - Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives - Hydrocarbon derivative - Organic oxygen compound - Carbonyl group - Organic oxide - Organofluoride - Organooxygen compound - Aliphatic acyclic compound |
| Description | This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid and derivatives. These are organic compounds containing an alkyl chain attached to the C-alpha of a carboxylic acid group (or a derivative thereof), where all hydrogens of the alkyl chain are replaced by fluorine atoms. |
| External Descriptors | fluoroalkanoic acid |
Find and download the COA for your product by matching the lot number on the packaging.
| Lot Number | Certificate Type | Date | Item |
|---|---|---|---|
| Certificate of Analysis | Jun 11, 2026 | U101149 | |
| Certificate of Analysis | Jun 11, 2026 | U101149 | |
| Certificate of Analysis | Jun 11, 2026 | U101149 | |
| Certificate of Analysis | Jun 11, 2026 | U101149 | |
| Certificate of Analysis | Jun 11, 2026 | U101149 | |
| Certificate of Analysis | May 11, 2026 | U101149 | |
| Certificate of Analysis | May 11, 2026 | U101149 | |
| Certificate of Analysis | May 11, 2026 | U101149 | |
| Certificate of Analysis | May 11, 2026 | U101149 | |
| Certificate of Analysis | May 11, 2026 | U101149 | |
| Certificate of Analysis | Apr 08, 2026 | U101149 | |
| Certificate of Analysis | Apr 08, 2026 | U101149 | |
| Certificate of Analysis | Apr 08, 2026 | U101149 | |
| Certificate of Analysis | Apr 08, 2026 | U101149 | |
| Certificate of Analysis | Apr 07, 2026 | U101149 | |
| Certificate of Analysis | Apr 07, 2026 | U101149 | |
| Certificate of Analysis | Apr 07, 2026 | U101149 | |
| Certificate of Analysis | Feb 05, 2026 | U101149 | |
| Certificate of Analysis | Jan 20, 2026 | U101149 | |
| Certificate of Analysis | Jan 20, 2026 | U101149 | |
| Certificate of Analysis | Oct 30, 2025 | U101149 | |
| Certificate of Analysis | Oct 30, 2025 | U101149 | |
| Certificate of Analysis | Oct 30, 2025 | U101149 | |
| Certificate of Analysis | Sep 09, 2025 | U101149 | |
| Certificate of Analysis | Sep 09, 2025 | U101149 | |
| Certificate of Analysis | Jul 14, 2025 | U101149 | |
| Certificate of Analysis | Mar 04, 2025 | U101149 | |
| Certificate of Analysis | Jan 15, 2025 | U101149 | |
| Certificate of Analysis | Jan 15, 2025 | U101149 | |
| Certificate of Analysis | Jan 15, 2025 | U101149 | |
| Certificate of Analysis | Sep 20, 2024 | U101149 | |
| Certificate of Analysis | Feb 26, 2024 | U101149 | |
| Certificate of Analysis | Feb 26, 2024 | U101149 | |
| Certificate of Analysis | Dec 22, 2023 | U101149 | |
| Certificate of Analysis | Dec 22, 2023 | U101149 | |
| Certificate of Analysis | Dec 22, 2023 | U101149 | |
| Certificate of Analysis | Nov 15, 2023 | U101149 | |
| Certificate of Analysis | Nov 15, 2023 | U101149 | |
| Certificate of Analysis | Sep 19, 2023 | U101149 | |
| Certificate of Analysis | Sep 19, 2023 | U101149 | |
| Certificate of Analysis | Mar 13, 2023 | U101149 | |
| Certificate of Analysis | Feb 13, 2023 | U101149 | |
| Certificate of Analysis | Aug 12, 2022 | U101149 | |
| Certificate of Analysis | Aug 12, 2022 | U101149 | |
| Certificate of Analysis | Aug 12, 2022 | U101149 | |
| Certificate of Analysis | Jun 21, 2022 | U101149 | |
| Certificate of Analysis | Mar 11, 2022 | U101149 | |
| Certificate of Analysis | Feb 21, 2022 | U101149 |
| Solubility | Insoluble in water |
|---|---|
| Sensitivity | Hygroscopic,Light sensitive. |
| Refractive Index | 1.301 |
| Boil Point(°C) | 157°C |
| Melt Point(°C) | 14°C |
| Molecular Weight | 314.050 g/mol |
| XLogP3 | 3.600 |
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count | 1 |
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count | 13 |
| Rotatable Bond Count | 4 |
| Exact Mass | 313.98 Da |
| Monoisotopic Mass | 313.98 Da |
| Topological Polar Surface Area | 37.300 Ų |
| Heavy Atom Count | 19 |
| Formal Charge | 0 |
| Complexity | 368.000 |
| Isotope Atom Count | 0 |
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Defined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| The total count of all stereochemical bonds | 0 |
| Covalently-Bonded Unit Count | 1 |
| 1. Fan Dong, Fan Ge, Xinting Zhao, Daming Sun, Suyu Ren, Yan Wang, Feng Tan. (2023) Measurement of perfluoroalkyl substances in drinking water sources by DGT sampler with a novel fluorinated graphite binding gel. SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, [PMID:38159764] [10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169658] |
| 2. Zhuoran Feng, Hangjia Zhao, Xiaoyue Ji, Xiangni Lu, Xueyan Li, Ying Zhao, Wei Wang, Jun Ma, Zhiqiang Sun. (2023) Comprehensively Evaluating the Effect of Ionic Strength on Interaction Behaviors Between PFASs and Carbon Nanoparticles in an Aquatic Environment. ACS ES&T Water, [PMID:] [10.1021/acsestwater.3c00486] |
| 3. Huina Zhang, Shaowei Wang, Ya Chen, Jingjing Li, Yingna Zhai, Yunbing Tang, Huitao Li, Jianmin Sang, Hong Wang, Jieqiang Lv, Ren-shan Ge. (2023) Carbon chain length of perfluoroalkylated carboxylic acids determines inhibitory strength on gonadal 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in humans, rats, and mice. TOXICOLOGY LETTERS, [PMID:37871704] [10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.10.011] |
| 4. Huimin Zhou, Zhiwei Qiu, Jin Zeng, Ruobin Dai, Zhiwei Wang. (2023) Ultra-permeable polyamide nanofiltration membrane modified by hydrophilic-hydrophobic alternated lignocellulosic nanofibrils for efficient water reuse. JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE, [PMID:] [10.1016/j.memsci.2023.122125] |
| 5. Yating Feng, Jiaxue Dai, Chuyun Wang, Hongyang Zhou, Jianhua Li, Gang Ni, Maofeng Zhang, Youju Huang. (2023) Ag Nanoparticle/Au@Ag Nanorod Sandwich Structures for SERS-Based Detection of Perfluoroalkyl Substances. ACS Applied Nano Materials, [PMID:] [10.1021/acsanm.3c01815] |
| 6. Wei Zhang, Qing Long, Guifeng Li, Zigong Ning, Lu Lu. (2023) Electrochemical oxidation coupled with hydrated electron reduction in ultraviolet (UV)-sulfite system for complete defluorination and mineralization of Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA). Journal of Water Process Engineering, [PMID:] [10.1016/j.jwpe.2023.103836] |
| 7. Xu-Qin Ran, Shu-Ting Xu, Hai-Long Qian, Xiu-Ping Yan. (2023) Irreversible fluorine covalent organic framework based probe nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry for direct and rapid determination of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS, [PMID:37167864] [10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131584] |
| 8. Congcong Zhao, Shaowei Wang, Yingna Zhai, Mengyun Wang, Yunbing Tang, Huitao Li, Young Jun Im, Ren-shan Ge. (2023) Direct inhibition of human and rat 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: Structure-activity relationship and in silico docking analysis. TOXICOLOGY, [PMID:36878351] [10.1016/j.tox.2023.153484] |
| 9. Xianjun Tan, Zhenying Jiang, Wenhui Ding, Mingkun Zhang, Yuxiong Huang. (2022) Multiple interactions steered high affinity toward PFAS on ultrathin layered rare-earth hydroxide nanosheets: Remediation performance and molecular-level insights. WATER RESEARCH, [PMID:36603309] [10.1016/j.watres.2022.119558] |
| 10. Mingkun Zhang, Xianjun Tan, Wenhui Ding, Zhenying Jiang, Kai He, Bo Zhao, Haruka Takeuchi, Yuxiong Huang. (2022) Aluminum-based electrocoagulation for residual fluoride removal during per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) wastewater treatment. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY, [PMID:] [10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122989] |
| 11. Hong Yin, Ruya Chen, Haibo Wang, Cory Schwarz, Haotian Hu, Baoyou Shi, Yili Wang. (2022) Co-occurrence of phthalate esters and perfluoroalkyl substances affected bacterial community and pathogenic bacteria growth in rural drinking water distribution systems. SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, [PMID:36155042] [10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158943] |
| 12. Shaowei Wang, Bingru Zhang, Yingna Zhai, Yunbing Tang, Yuzhen Lou, Yang Zhu, Yiyan Wang, Ren-shan Ge, Huitao Li. (2022) Structure-activity relationship analysis of perfluoroalkyl carbonic acids on human and rat placental 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. TOXICOLOGY, [PMID:36122607] [10.1016/j.tox.2022.153334] |
| 13. Juan Li, Boqiang Li, Huimei Pan, Yiya Wei, Yang Yang, Nan Xu, Baiyang Chen, Madjid Mohseni, Ehsan Banayan Esfahani. (2022) Total organic fluorine (TOF) analysis by completely converting TOF into fluoride with vacuum ultraviolet. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS, [PMID:35236042] [10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128389] |
| 14. Min Yang, Xiaolei Zhang, Yicheng Yang, Qiang Liu, Long D. Nghiem, Wenshan Guo, Huu Hao Ngo. (2021) Effective destruction of perfluorooctanoic acid by zero-valent iron laden biochar obtained from carbothermal reduction: Experimental and simulation study. SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, [PMID:34543795] [10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150326] |
| 15. Wenhui Ding, Xianjun Tan, Guanhan Chen, Jingyi Xu, Kuang Yu, Yuxiong Huang. (2021) Molecular-Level Insights on the Facet-Dependent Degradation of Perfluorooctanoic Acid. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, [PMID:34433258] [10.1021/acsami.1c10136] |
| 16. Jiaxin Zhu, Yihua Chen, Yurong Gu, Hang Ma, Mingyue Hu, Xinlei Gao, Tongzhou Liu. (2021) Feasibility study on the electrochemical reductive decomposition of PFOA by a Rh/Ni cathode. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS, [PMID:34449337] [10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126953] |
| 17. Guanhong Liu, Brittney Ashley Stewart, Kai Yuan, Siyuan Ling, Meng Zhang, Guangju Wang, Kuangfei Lin. (2021) Comprehensive adsorption behavior and mechanism of PFOA and PFCs in various subsurface systems in China. SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, [PMID:34198087] [10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148463] |
| 18. Mu Li, Feiyun Sun, Wentao Shang, Xiaolei Zhang, Wenyi Dong, Tongzhou Liu, Wen Pang. (2019) Theoretical studies of perfluorochemicals (PFCs) adsorption mechanism on the carbonaceous surface. CHEMOSPHERE, [PMID:31276873] [10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.191] |
| 19. Yurong Gu, Tongzhou Liu, Hongjie Wang, Huili Han, Wenyi Dong. (2017) Hydrated electron based decomposition of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in the VUV/sulfite system. SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, [PMID:28704677] [10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.197] |
| 20. Yurong Gu, Tongzhou Liu, Qian Zhang, Wenyi Dong. (2017) Efficient decomposition of perfluorooctanoic acid by a high photon flux UV/sulfite process: Kinetics and associated toxicity. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL, [PMID:] [10.1016/j.cej.2017.05.156] |
| 21. Sihua Chen, Aimin Li, Lizhi Zhang, Jingming Gong. (2015) Molecularly imprinted ultrathin graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets–Based electrochemiluminescence sensing probe for sensitive detection of perfluorooctanoic acid. ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA, [PMID:26481989] [10.1016/j.aca.2015.09.022] |
| 22. Jingming Gong, Tian Fang, Dinghua Peng, Aimin Li, Lizhi Zhang. (2015) A highly sensitive photoelectrochemical detection of perfluorooctanic acid with molecularly imprined polymer-functionalized nanoarchitectured hybrid of AgI–BiOI composite. BIOSENSORS & BIOELECTRONICS, [PMID:26092130] [10.1016/j.bios.2015.06.008] |
| 23. Luyue Zhao, Shu Li, Tong Wang, Sinan Wang, Jinhua Zhan, Jing Chen. (2025) Cost-effective magnetic Nylon 6 composites for extraction of perfluorinated compounds in water and bottled beverage followed with LC-MS/MS analysis. FOOD CHEMISTRY, [PMID:40138838] [10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.143944] |
| 24. Shi-Ya Peng, Ya-Di Yang, Rong Tian, Naihao Lu. (2024) Critical new insights into the interactions of hexafluoropropylene oxide-dimer acid (GenX or HFPO-DA) with albumin at molecular and cellular levels. Journal of Environmental Sciences, [PMID:39181681] [10.1016/j.jes.2024.02.011] |
| 25. Yi Hao, Xiaoyi Chen, Kaili Wang, Xingyan Wang, Long Zhang, Haiyan Jing, Ruixia Gao, Sicen Wang. (2025) Fabrication of tailored imprinted layer and cladded layer on magnetic nanomaterials with enhanced specificity for recognition of PFOS. ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA, [PMID:40074451] [10.1016/j.aca.2025.343799] |
| 26. Yihua Chen, Jiaxin Zhu, Hang Ma, Yurong Gu, Tongzhou Liu. (2024) Fe2+-NTA synergized UV254 photolytic defluorination of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS): Enhancing through intramolecular electron density perturbation via electron acquisition. WATER RESEARCH, [PMID:38461601] [10.1016/j.watres.2024.121421] |
| 27. Yang Zhao, Minyu Wang, Weihua Chu. (2024) Neurotoxicity and intestinal microbiota dysbiosis induced by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in crucian carp (Carassius auratus). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS, [PMID:39173387] [10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135611] |
| 28. Chao Wen, Huan Chen, Yunbing Tang, Hang Lin, Congcong Xu, Yingfen Ying, Yang Zhu, Xinjun Miao, Ren-shan Ge, Chao Chen, Shangqin Chen. (2024) Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances inhibit human and rat 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1: Quantitative structure-activity relationship and molecular docking analysis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY, [PMID:38452703] [10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116173] |
| 29. Chunlin Zhai, Kunpeng Zhang, Yanling Liu, Shengji Xia. (2025) Enhancing selectivity of nanofiltration membranes for mineral ions and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances via dual-component-assisted interfacial polymerization. WATER RESEARCH, [PMID:40749599] [10.1016/j.watres.2025.124315] |
| 30. Xinting Zhao, Qinghua Zhou, Jiaxing Xie, Xin He, Yan Wang, Feng Tan. (2025) Effects of soil aging on distribution and desorption kinetics of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances by diffusive gradients in thin films. Journal of Environmental Sciences, [PMID:] [10.1016/j.jes.2025.07.050] |
| 31. Jinni Zhang, Hang Su, Yanhui Zhong, Zian Lin, Zongwei Cai. (2025) Guanidine-based covalent organic frameworks for the highly efficient extraction of alternative per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances from environmental water samples. MICROCHEMICAL JOURNAL, [PMID:] [10.1016/j.microc.2025.114650] |
| 32. Wenhui Ding, Tianhao Tang, Xianjun Tan, Yuxiong Huang. (2025) Enhancing Photocatalytic Decarboxylation by Frustrated Lewis Acid–Base Pairs for Efficient Degradation of Perfluorooctanoic Acid. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, [PMID:40820404] [10.1021/acs.est.5c06300] |
| 33. Jing Li, Caiyun Zhang, Mingyuan Yin, Zhen Zhang, Yujie Chen, Qiliang Deng, Shuo Wang. (2019) Surfactant-Sensitized Covalent Organic Frameworks-Functionalized Lanthanide-Doped Nanocrystals: An Ultrasensitive Sensing Platform for Perfluorooctane Sulfonate. ACS Omega, [PMID:31592465] [10.1021/acsomega.9b01996] |
| 34. Mengbin Gu, Ge Yuxi, Gang Yu, Jun Huang. (2025) Degradation of novel PFOA alternatives in fluoropolymer production by UV activated persulfate: Efficiency, mechanism and structural effects. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS, [PMID:40220389] [10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.138121] |
| 35. Diwen Xiao, Wenyi Dong, Hongjie Wang, Jiahao Cao, Jie Liu, Yanhui Wang, Yang Wu, Fang Ma, Haifeng Yi. (2025) Drosera-inspired zirconium-based coagulant for simultaneous removal of F−, PFAS and heavy metals from wastewater. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL, [PMID:] [10.1016/j.cej.2025.164887] |
| 36. Binglu Teng, Zhenhua Zhao, Jiangxuan Wu, Liling Xia, Yuanchi Wang, Jiayuan Cheng, Wenqing Zhang, Hailong Wang. (2025) Study on PFAS removal by different forms of iron-modified biochar: Adsorption effects and catalytic activity. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 13 (6): (120333). [PMID:] [10.1016/j.jece.2025.120333] |
| 37. Min Chen, Zhiwei Liang, Mengyuan Sun, Zhen Chen, Chun Peng, Suliman Khan, Mubbashar Abbas, Dongmei Chen, Shuyu Xie. (2025) Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-induced activation of AIM2 inflammasome is mediated by MOMP and MPT: A vital therapeutic pathway for inflammation. Cell Reports, 44 (12): [PMID:41385364] [10.1016/j.celrep.2025.116673] |
| 38. Qinyu Wang, Zhonghao Chen, Xinrui Li, Kemeng Wang, Ke Wang, Yinjuan Chen, Zhugen Yang, Yanyan Zhang, Lei Wang. (2025) Scalable and Sustainable Cellulose Xerogels for High-Capacity Enrichment of Per- and polyfluoroalkyl Substances. WATER RESEARCH, [PMID:41455428] [10.1016/j.watres.2025.125258] |
| 39. Zhen Ren, Zimou Feng, Huaxing Liang, Zhiyang Zhu, Yi Yang, Xinglin Lu. (2026) In Situ Surfactant-Assisted Assembly for Efficient Removal of PFAS by Low-Pressure Ultrafiltration Membrane Process. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, [PMID:41489990] [10.1021/acs.est.5c13478] |
| 40. Saadullah Khattak, Salim Ullah, Muhammad Tufail Yousaf, Jianliang Shen, Xiaoqun Xu, Hong-Tao Xu. (2026) A vehicle-free immunomodulatory PFASs@Ga composite promotes the healing of infected wounds. Materials Today Bio, [PMID:41756524] [10.1016/j.mtbio.2026.102928] |
| 41. Diwen Xiao, Jiahao Cao, Hongjie Wang, Wenyi Dong, Fang Ma. (2026) Trimetal-organic framework composite-modified sponge for efficient removal of F− and PFAS from wastewater. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL, [PMID:] [10.1016/j.cej.2026.174010] |
| 42. Lijuan Chang, Xianli Wang, Chengbin Liu, Hang Wen, Zhijie Zhang, Chunxia Yao. (2026) Efficient PFOA degradation using UiO-66-NH2 photocatalytic coupled persulfate activation: synergistic effect of surface radicals and photogenerated holes. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY, [PMID:] [10.1016/j.seppur.2026.137778] |
| 43. Dizhi Wu, Fan Tang, Zhu Ning, Qingyan Wang, Yu Mei, Dzmitry Hrynsphan, Tatsiana Savitskaya, Jun Chen. (2026) Efficient adsorption of perfluorooctanoic acid by aminosilanized biochar: Optimization, mechanism, and performance in real dyeing effluent. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY, [PMID:] [10.1016/j.seppur.2026.138054] |