Apramycin-dacetate , CAS No.A1454334

CAS: A1454334 Cat. No.: A1454334 Formule: C₂₁H₃₄D₇N₅O₁₁.xC₂H₄O₂

Storage

Store at 2-8°C,Desiccated

Shipped In

Wet ice

Vue d’ensemble

Apramycin-d 7 (acetate) (Nebramycin II-d 7 (acetate)) is a deuterium labeled compound.

Specifications

Conditions de stockage de stockage

Store at 2-8°C,Desiccated

Expédié en

Wet ice

Ce produit nécessite l'expédition en chaîne froide. Les services terrestres et autres services économiques ne sont pas disponibles.

Application Protocols

No item-specific, validated protocols are provided in the Product Data for SKU A1454334.

General note

• For microbiology selection or biochemical assays using aminoglycosides, follow organism- and vector-specific protocols from peer-reviewed sources or institutional SOPs. Concentrations, media composition, and incubation conditions are highly system-dependent.
• Always verify compatibility with your host system and consult your Institutional Biosafety Committee (IBC) for antimicrobial use and waste inactivation requirements.

Biological Roles

General (literature; no clinical claims)

• Class: aminoglycoside. These compounds are polycationic sugar–aminocyclitol conjugates that interact with the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit A-site, perturbing decoding fidelity and inhibiting protein synthesis.
• Binding mode: electrostatic and hydrogen-bonding interactions with rRNA; activity can be modulated by specific ring substitutions and overall charge distribution.
• Resistance mechanisms studied in research: enzymatic modification (acetyl-, adenyl-, or phosphotransferases), target modification (rRNA methylation), efflux, and reduced uptake. Apramycin is frequently used to probe structure–activity relationships that circumvent typical resistance pathways.
• Selectivity rationale: polycationic nature promotes uptake in prokaryotes via self-promoted uptake pathways; eukaryotic membranes and ribosomes differ, informing selectivity trends observed in basic research settings.

Experimental utilities

• Genetic selection marker in bacteria and certain model organisms when paired with compatible resistance genes; facilitates maintenance of plasmids or genomic integrations.
• Tool compound in ribosome biochemistry to study translational fidelity, miscoding, and stop-codon readthrough in cell-free systems.

Notes

• Use is strictly for research; adhere to biosafety and antimicrobial stewardship policies. Avoid environmental discharge; decontaminate wastes per EHS guidance.

Buffer Applications

Not a buffering agent. However, as an acetate salt of a highly polar polyamine, Apramycin-dacetate is routinely prepared in aqueous media for biological assays.

General guidance (informational; not item-specific specifications)

• Typical solvents: ultrapure water or neutral, low-salt buffers (e.g., 10–50 mM sodium phosphate or acetate, pH ~6–7). Avoid strong base or prolonged exposure to pH >9.
• Sterility: when sterility is required, dissolve and 0.22 μm filter into sterile containers. Validate sterility for critical applications.
• Compatibility: multivalent cations and strongly anionic excipients can influence binding/adsorption; use simple buffers for reproducibility.

Preparation tips

• Accurately record mass under desiccated conditions to minimize weighing error due to hygroscopicity.
• Use glass or high-quality polypropylene; avoid strongly anionic resins that may bind cationic analytes.

For precise formulation details and concentration ranges, consult method-specific references; this product’s CoA/Spec Sheet should be used for any item-specific instructions.

Green Alternatives

Context: Apramycin-dacetate is a specialized research reagent rather than a commodity solvent/reactant; “green alternatives” are typically considered in relation to selection agents or analytical methods rather than substitution within a reaction.

Considerations (general)

• Selection agents: If the experimental goal is genetic selection, choose an antibiotic that minimizes environmental persistence and offers effective selection at the lowest feasible concentration. Proper waste segregation and deactivation (e.g., chemical or thermal inactivation validated by your biosafety office) are more impactful than substituting the molecule itself.
• Analytical methods: Favor aqueous HILIC or ion-pair–free methods using volatile buffers to reduce non-volatile waste. Miniaturize assays to cut solvent consumption.
• Process greening: Use ready-to-use sterile stock solutions (if available in your lab) to reduce repeat dissolution/filtration steps and consumables.

Waste management

• Collect antibiotic-containing waste separately. Validate inactivation procedures per institutional EHS guidance. Prevent release to drains unless explicitly permitted after deactivation.

Bottom line

• For this class of life-science reagent, greener practice focuses on minimizing use, preventing environmental release, and optimizing aqueous, low-solvent workflows rather than finding a drop-in molecular substitute.

Pharmaceutical Uses

Formulation/analytical context only (no therapeutic claims)

• Role in research manufacturing: used as a reference standard or system-suitability compound for analytical methods quantifying aminoglycosides in complex matrices (e.g., fermentation broths, environmental samples). Its high polarity makes it a candidate for HILIC-MS calibration.
• Excipient status: not applicable; this is an active aminoglycoside salt used as a research reagent, not as a formulation excipient.
• Compendial status: Any pharmacopeial monograph applicability would pertain to apramycin or specific salts; none are specified for this catalog item. Verify against current pharmacopeias if regulatory alignment is required.
• Bioprocessing: in development laboratories, aminoglycosides may be used transiently to maintain plasmids in microbial production strains; usage must be evaluated for downstream clearance and regulatory acceptability in GMP settings. This item is designated For research use only (per Product Data) and is not for use in humans or diagnostics.

Physical Properties

Item-specific specs

• Appearance: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Exact MP/BP, density, refractive index, UV cutoff, residual solvents, water/peroxide/metal levels: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General/literature characteristics for apramycin salts (informational, not item-specific)

• Physical state: typically a hygroscopic, off-white to white solid for common aminoglycoside salts.
• Solubility: highly soluble in water; limited solubility in alcohols; essentially insoluble in nonpolar solvents due to high polarity and charge density.
• Ionization: polycationic under neutral and acidic conditions; pKa values span multiple amine centers (no single value captures behavior; overall strong base behavior).
• Partitioning: very low logP (highly polar); expected negligible partitioning into hydrophobic phases.
• Hygroscopicity: salts can absorb moisture; desiccated storage is advisable (matches Product Data).

Practical notes

• Prepare solutions with high-purity water (18 MΩ·cm) to minimize adventitious ions.
• Filter sterilization (0.22 μm) is commonly used for microbiology workflows when sterility is required (general practice).

Quality and Grades

Item-specific grade/purity

• Grade/Purity: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

How to interpret grade for this class of product (general guidance)

• Research grade aminoglycoside salts are typically assessed for identity (NMR/HRMS or equivalent), potency/assay, residual solvents, moisture content (KF), and bioburden/endotoxin where sterility is relevant. HPLC/UPLC profiles often characterize related substances.
• If labeled as “cell culture” or “microbiology” grade (not specified here), additional controls may include sterility, endotoxin limits, and biocompatible counterion content.

Stabilizer/impurity considerations

• Stabilizers are usually not required for solid aminoglycoside salts; absence/presence of stabilizers should be verified on the CoA.
• Moisture content can influence mass-by-weight dosing; desiccated handling helps maintain consistency.

What is specific to this item

• Storage at 2–8°C, desiccated; shipped on wet ice (per Product Data). For any further specifications (assay, impurities, residual solvents), consult the CoA/Spec Sheet for SKU A1454334.

Reaction and Applications

This product is a complex bioactive small molecule salt intended for life-science research rather than as a general-purpose synthetic reagent. Classical organic transformations (e.g., Grignard, cross-coupling) are not relevant to its routine use.

Research applications (general, literature)

• Microbiology/molecular biology: commonly employed as a selection agent in systems engineered with compatible resistance determinants (e.g., aminoglycoside N-acetyltransferase variants). Concentrations and protocols vary by organism and vector; consult organism-specific references and your IBC guidelines.
• Mechanistic studies: probe of aminoglycoside–ribosome interactions, decoding fidelity, and error-prone translation; suitable for binding studies, footprinting, or ribosomal mutant panels.
• Analytical reference: standard for method development/validation (HILIC/HPLC with MS detection) in complex matrices due to high polarity and multiple protonation sites.

Practical tips (general)

• Prepare fresh aqueous solutions or store aliquots frozen to limit hydrolytic degradation over time.
• Use plastic labware compatible with cationic polysaccharides and minimize contact with strongly anionic resins that could adsorb the drug.
• For MS quantitation, volatile buffers (e.g., ammonium formate/acetate) at low ionic strength aid desolvation; avoid non-volatile salts.

Reaction Conditions

Classical reaction-condition guidance is not applicable because Apramycin-dacetate is not used as a reagent in chemical transformations.

Experimental handling conditions (general)

• Dissolution: readily dissolves in water; gentle mixing at room temperature. Avoid strong alkaline conditions and elevated temperatures over extended periods to limit potential degradation of glycosidic linkages.
• Sterile preparation: if sterility is needed, dissolve in sterile water or buffer and filter through a 0.22 μm membrane into sterile vials.
• Storage of solutions: short-term at 2–8°C; longer-term as frozen aliquots (e.g., −20°C) is common practice in research labs to preserve activity; verify compatibility with your assay. Item-specific storage of the solid is 2–8°C, desiccated (see Storage & Reconstitution).

Analytical method conditions (illustrative, literature)

• LC–MS: HILIC columns with volatile ammonium formate/acetate (pH ~3.5–5.5) and acetonitrile-rich eluents are widely used for aminoglycosides; ESI+ detection leveraging multiple protonation sites.
• CE: capillary electrophoresis with acidic buffers can separate aminoglycoside congeners due to charge differences.

Safety and Handling

Authoritative safety data are provided in the SDS; consult the SDS before use.

Item-specific hazard data

• Signal Word: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
• H-Statements: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
• GHS Classification/Pictograms: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.

General laboratory precautions (informational)

• PPE: wear lab coat, nitrile gloves, and safety glasses. Use a fume hood or biosafety cabinet when handling powders or preparing solutions, especially for microbiology work.
• Avoid inhalation of dust/aerosols; minimize skin and eye contact. Wash thoroughly after handling.
• Incompatibilities: strong oxidizers can degrade amine-rich organics; avoid mixing with strong bases/acids without risk assessment.
• Spill/cleanup: gently cover solids with damp disposable towels; avoid dust generation. For solutions, contain and absorb with inert material. Dispose per institutional and local regulations.
• First aid overview: eye/skin contact—rinse with water for several minutes; inhalation—move to fresh air; ingestion—rinse mouth. Seek medical attention as needed. Defer to SDS for specifics.

Special risks and stability

• Aminoglycoside salts are generally non-volatile but can be irritating; handle as potentially harmful.
• Protect from moisture to maintain accurate mass and potency; product is specified for desiccated storage (see Storage & Reconstitution).

Solvent Selection

Applicability: As a highly polar polycationic aminoglycoside salt (acetate form), Apramycin-dacetate is formulated for aqueous media.

General solvent behavior (literature)

• Primary solvent: water (excellent solubility). Aqueous buffers at pH 5–7 are typically compatible; avoid strong base which may promote degradation of glycosidic linkages over time.
• Alcohols: solubility drops markedly in lower alcohols; methanol can dissolve small amounts; ethanol is less effective.
• Nonpolar/weakly polar solvents (ethers, hydrocarbons, chlorinated solvents): negligible solubility.

Selection guidance

• For sterile solutions in microbiology workflows: dissolve in high-purity water or appropriate buffer, then 0.22 μm filter (general practice; verify sterility needs).
• For lyophilization studies: use volatile, aqueous-compatible buffers at low ionic strength to facilitate drying.
• Avoid DMSO unless necessary; while miscible with water, DMSO adds unnecessary cytotoxicity in bioassays and offers no solubility advantage versus water for this class.

Quick comparison (general)

• Water: maximal solubility, biocompatible.
• PBS/Tris: convenient buffering; check compatibility with downstream assays.
• Alcohols/organics: generally unsuitable for routine use with aminoglycoside salts.

Storage and Reconstitution

Item-specific storage and shipping

• Storage (solid): Store at 2–8°C, desiccated (per Product Data). Protect from moisture; keep tightly closed.
• Shipping: Shipped on wet ice (per Product Data).

Reconstitution (general guidance; not item-specific specs)

• Solvent: use ultrapure water or compatible aqueous buffer. Mix gently at room temperature until fully dissolved.
• Sterility: if sterile solutions are required, dissolve using sterile technique and filter through a 0.22 μm membrane.
• Aliquoting: prepare single-use aliquots to minimize freeze–thaw cycles and moisture uptake.
• Storage of solutions: for short-term use, refrigeration (2–8°C) is common; for longer-term storage, frozen aliquots (e.g., −20°C) are often used in research labs. Confirm stability for your application.

Handling tips

• Allow the container to equilibrate to room temperature before opening to prevent condensation.
• Record net mass promptly; hygroscopic materials can gain weight upon exposure to ambient humidity.

Note: For any item-specific concentration limits, pH ranges, or stability windows, consult the CoA/Spec Sheet for this lot.

Structure and Identity

Brief overview: Apramycin-dacetate is the acetate salt form of apramycin, a polycationic aminoglycoside with a 2-deoxystreptamine-like aminocyclitol core glycosylated by aminohexose units. As the “d‑acetate” salt, protonated amino groups are counterbalanced by acetate anions, enhancing aqueous solubility and stability.

Item-specific identifiers (from Product Data)

• CAS: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Molecular Formula: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Molecular Weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• SMILES: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• InChIKey: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Structural features (general, literature)

• Functional groups: multiple primary/secondary amines (polycationic at physiological pH), numerous hydroxyls, glycosidic linkages, aminocyclitol core.
• Salt form: acetate counterions associated with protonated amines; the exact stoichiometry can vary by degree of protonation.
• 2D description: a central cyclitol ring decorated with amino and hydroxy substituents, O-glycosidically linked to one or more amino sugars; overall compact, highly polar scaffold with several cationic centers under mildly acidic to neutral conditions.
• Stereochemistry: multiple defined stereocenters on the cyclitol and sugar rings (fixed configuration typical of aminoglycosides).

Synthetic Utility

Not typically used as a building block for routine organic synthesis due to its complexity, high functionality, and polycationic nature.

General synthetic considerations (informational)

• Derivatization: selective protection/deprotection strategies on amines and hydroxyls enable conjugation (e.g., formation of biotinylated or fluorescent derivatives) for biochemical studies. Common chemistries include NHS-ester coupling (after introducing suitable linkers) or reductive amination on selectively deprotected amines.
• Immobilization: attachment to solid supports via spacer arms can facilitate affinity chromatography for ribosomal RNA-binding studies.
• Analytical synthesis: isotopically labeled analogs can be prepared for internal standards in LC–MS quantification; labeling is typically performed on introduced linkers to avoid perturbing binding epitopes.

Retrosynthetic note

• The natural product-like scaffold renders de novo chemical synthesis impractical for routine labs; isolation, semi-synthesis, or fermentation/biotransformation routes are the domains for production in research contexts.

Target Specificity

This section is typically applicable to antibodies or targeted biologics. For Apramycin-dacetate (a small-molecule aminoglycoside salt), antigen/epitope/clone/isotype data do not apply.

• Target specificity details: Not applicable for this product type.