CA inhibitor 2 , CAS No.C1438653

CAS: C1438653 Cat. No.: C1438653 Formule: C₇H₉N₇O₃S₃ Poids moléculaire: 335.39

Storage

Store at -20°C

Shipped In

Ice chest + Ice pads

Vue d’ensemble

CA inhibitor 2 (Compound 4H) is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor ( IC 50 : 0.033 μM).

Specifications

Conditions de stockage de stockage

Store at -20°C

Expédié en

Ice chest + Ice pads

Ce produit nécessite l'expédition en chaîne froide. Les services terrestres et autres services économiques ne sont pas disponibles.

Type d'action

INHIBITOR

Noms et identifiants

Poids moléculaire

335.39

Application Protocols

No validated, item-specific application protocols are provided in the product data. The following outlines general workflows for using small-molecule CA inhibitors in research settings (not item-specific):

• Enzyme inhibition IC50 determination:
  1. Prepare DMSO stock and serial dilutions in assay buffer keeping DMSO constant. 2) Preincubate inhibitor with enzyme (5–30 min). 3) Initiate reaction with substrate (CO2 hydration assay or esterase surrogate). 4) Record initial rates and fit concentration–response to derive IC50.
• Ki estimation (Morrison/tight-binding):
  1. Perform progress curves at multiple inhibitor concentrations with enzyme concentration comparable to Ki. 2) Fit to appropriate tight-binding models.
• Selectivity panel:
  1. Execute standardized IC50/Ki assays across CA I/II/IX/XII. 2) Compare potency and calculate selectivity ratios.
• Thermal shift (DSF):
  1. Mix enzyme with dye and inhibitor across gradient concentrations. 2) Measure Tm shifts to assess binding; correlate with biochemical potency.

Notes:

• Include positive control inhibitor (e.g., acetazolamide) and vehicle controls.
• Validate absence of aggregation using nonionic detergent controls and light scattering when potency appears sub-micromolar.

For detailed, item-specific protocols, consult the product CoA or request the technical data sheet.

Biological Roles

Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of CO2 to bicarbonate and a proton. In mammals, multiple isoforms (e.g., CA I, II, IV, VII, IX, XII) are differentially expressed across tissues and cellular compartments, contributing to pH regulation, CO2/bicarbonate transport, electrolyte balance, and biosynthetic pathways.

General roles and research context (literature, not item-specific):

• pH homeostasis: Cytosolic isoforms (CA I/II/VII) buffer intracellular pH and support metabolic flux. Membrane-bound isoforms (CA IV, IX, XII) modulate extracellular pH microenvironments.
• Transport coupling: CAs functionally couple to bicarbonate transporters and ion exchangers, enhancing vectorial ion transport in epithelia.
• Metabolism: Mitochondrial isoforms aid anaplerosis and gluconeogenesis through bicarbonate-dependent carboxylation reactions.
• Pathophysiology research: Altered CA expression is studied in contexts such as hypoxia-driven microenvironment acidification and fluid secretion. Inhibitors serve as probes to dissect isoform contributions and to validate targets in cell-based assays.

Use of CA inhibitors in basic science:

• Map isoform-specific roles via genetic and pharmacologic perturbation.
• Differentiate on-target effects from off-targets using selectivity panels and rescue experiments (e.g., overexpression or Zn2+ supplementation controls where appropriate).

Note: The above describes biological function and research applications. No medical or clinical claims are made. Item-specific isoform selectivity and potency are not provided; consult CoA or primary literature if available.

Buffer Applications

This compound is not a buffering agent. However, robust buffer systems are essential for reliable carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibition assays because CA activity is highly pH-dependent.

General buffer guidance for CA assays (literature, not item-specific):

• pH control: Work near physiological pH (7.2–7.8) or as required for specific isoforms. Use Good’s buffers with minimal metal chelation and low temperature/pKa sensitivity.
• Common choices: HEPES (pKa 7.55, 20–50 mM), MOPS (pKa 7.2), or Tris (pKa 8.1; note temperature dependence). Avoid phosphate in some readouts due to potential interactions with pH indicators or metal ions.
• Ionic strength: 100–150 mM NaCl often stabilizes proteins and reduces nonspecific binding. Add mild detergent (e.g., 0.01% Tween-20) to mitigate colloidal aggregation artifacts.
• CO2/bicarbonate considerations: For hydration assays, equilibrate buffers with defined CO2 or add bicarbonate; maintain consistent gas exchange.
• Metal sensitivity: Because CA is a Zn2+ enzyme, avoid strong chelators (EDTA/EGTA) unless required experimentally, as they can reduce activity.

Practical tips:

• Keep DMSO ≤1% v/v in final wells. Pre-dissolve inhibitor stocks in DMSO, then serially dilute into buffer to minimize precipitation. Verify pH after adding concentrated stocks.

All buffer compositions should be optimized experimentally for the chosen isoform and assay platform.

Green Alternatives

As a biochemical inhibitor, the main “green” considerations relate to solvent selection, assay design, and waste minimization rather than replacing the molecule itself.

Greener practices (general, not item-specific):

• Prefer aqueous buffers with minimal organic cosolvent. Keep DMSO ≤0.5–1% v/v in final assays when possible.
• If feasible, use ethanol or PEG-400/water as co-solvents in place of DMF or high DMSO, provided enzyme activity is unaffected.
• Miniaturize assays (384-/1536-well formats) to reduce solvent usage and chemical waste. Employ acoustic dispensing to minimize DMSO volumes.
• Use peroxide-tested, inhibitor-stable solvents and minimize light exposure to extend stock longevity, reducing re-preparation cycles.

Illustrative comparison (general):

• DMSO vs Ethanol: DMSO offers broader solubility but is less benign; ethanol is greener but may limit solubility and can perturb enzyme kinetics at modest percentages.
• DMF/Acetonitrile: reserve for analytical/sample prep; avoid in routine bioassays when aqueous systems suffice.

Waste handling:

• Collect DMSO- and DMF-containing waste separately; do not sewer-dispose. Rinse plasticware judiciously and consolidate waste streams according to institutional guidance.

Note: No item-specific green alternative to the compound itself is implied; these recommendations target the surrounding workflow.

Pharmaceutical Uses

No therapeutic or clinical claims are made for this product. Item-specific pharmacopeial status, excipient roles, or formulation grade are not provided.

Research and development context (general, not item-specific):

• Tool compounds like CA inhibitors are frequently used in preclinical discovery workflows, including target validation, structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies, and isoform selectivity profiling.
• Formulation screening for in vivo exploratory studies (if applicable under institutional approvals) often examines salt forms, co-solvents (e.g., PEG-400, ethanol/saline), and pH adjustments to enhance solubility and exposure; such use requires additional safety review and is beyond this listing.
• In vitro ADME profiling (solubility, permeability, metabolic stability, plasma protein binding) may be performed to contextualize assay outcomes and guide medicinal chemistry.

Regulatory and quality notes:

• Grade/Purity: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet. This product is for research use only and not intended for human or veterinary use, diagnostic procedures, or as a drug substance/excipient.
• If comparison to compendial standards (USP/EP/JP) is required, obtain appropriate grade or perform qualification testing; this listing does not claim compliance.

For formulation or process development work, confirm identity, purity, residual solvents, and solid form (polymorph/salt) on the CoA prior to use.

Physical Properties

Item-specific physicochemical properties were not provided.

• Appearance: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Molecular weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Molecular formula: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Melting point: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Boiling point: Not applicable/rarely reported for solid medicinal chemistry tools; Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Density: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Solubility: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• logP/logD: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• pKa: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Refractive index: Not applicable for solids; Not specified for this item.

General expectations for CA inhibitors (literature, not item-specific):

• Many CA inhibitors are crystalline organics of moderate molecular mass (200–500 Da), with limited aqueous solubility at neutral pH if lipophilic substituents are present. Sulfonamide-containing inhibitors often have an acidic NH (pKa ~9–10 for primary aryl sulfonamides; literature) and can be more soluble at basic pH due to deprotonation.
• Stock solutions for screening are commonly prepared in DMSO (e.g., 10–50 mM; literature practice) and diluted into assay buffer to sub-1% DMSO final concentration to minimize solvent effects on enzyme kinetics.

Always verify item-specific properties on the Certificate of Analysis prior to experimental planning.

Quality and Grades

• Grade/Purity: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Stabilizers/Additives: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Interpretation and implications (general guidance):

• Screening/HTS-grade small molecules are typically supplied with LC or UPLC purity data (e.g., area% by UV at multiple wavelengths) and identity confirmation (MS, NMR) on the CoA. Inhibitors intended for biochemical assays benefit from low levels of residual solvents and well-resolved chromatograms to avoid assay interference.
• If UV transparency is relevant (e.g., spectrophotometric CA assays using pH indicators), low UV-absorbing impurities are desirable; HPLC-grade solvents should be used in assay prep.
• For SAR or isoform-selectivity studies, ensure batch-to-batch consistency via CoA. If elemental impurities or water content are critical for your protocol, request Karl Fischer/ICP data as needed; otherwise assume “Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.”
• If a salt form or solvate is provided, note how this affects molecular weight and solubility; confirm exact form on the label/CoA.

Recommendation: Verify purity, identity, and counterion on receipt. If your use case is sensitive (e.g., calorimetry, tight-binding kinetics), consider additional in-house QC (drying, counterion exchange, or repurification) as appropriate.

Reaction and Applications

This product is supplied as a biochemical tool compound for carbonic anhydrase research, not primarily as a synthetic reagent. Consequently, it is typically used in enzyme inhibition studies rather than chemical transformations.

Biochemical application modes (general, not item-specific):

• Enzyme inhibition assays: Determine IC50, Ki, or kinact/Ki (if covalent) against CA isoforms I–XV (human isoforms: CA I, II, IV, IX, XII, etc.). Choose assay readouts such as stopped-flow CO2 hydration, esterase surrogate assays, or pH indicator methods.
• Selectivity profiling: Compare activity across cytosolic (CA I/II), membrane-associated (CA IV), and tumor-associated (e.g., CA IX/XII) isoforms to characterize isoform preference.
• Mechanistic studies: Classical sulfonamides act as zinc-binding inhibitors (ZBIs); non-classical chemotypes may function as entrance/exit channel binders. Use competition experiments with acetazolamide or ethoxzolamide to probe binding mode.
• Structural biology: Co-crystallization or cryo-EM soaking experiments can map binding interactions in the active site; use appropriate concentrations and cryo conditions.

Practical tips:

• Maintain consistent DMSO content across wells. Pre-equilibrate enzyme with inhibitor for sufficient time if slow-binding behavior is suspected.
• Include detergent (e.g., 0.01% Triton X-100 or Tween-20) to minimize colloidal aggregation artifacts; verify with detergent sensitivity and dynamic light scattering when needed.

Not a substitute for substrates, catalysts, or reagents in organic synthesis.

Reaction Conditions

Conventional organic reaction conditions are not applicable because this item is intended as a biochemical inhibitor, not a reagent. Below are general conditions for enzyme inhibition assays with carbonic anhydrase (literature guidance, not item-specific):

• Stock preparation: Dissolve in DMSO to a convenient concentration (e.g., 10–50 mM; general practice). Filter if necessary through 0.22 µm PTFE. Store aliquots at −20°C to minimize freeze–thaw.
• Assay buffer: 20–50 mM HEPES or Tris, 100–150 mM NaCl, pH 7.4–8.0; 0.01% Tween-20 to reduce aggregation.
• Enzyme concentration: Adjust to yield initial rates in the linear range for your detection method (stopped-flow, indicator, esterase surrogate). Typical nM–low µM enzyme.
• Inhibitor range: Serial dilutions bracketing the expected potency (e.g., 0.1 nM–100 µM). Keep final DMSO ≤1% v/v and constant across wells.
• Temperature: 20–25°C for kinetic assays unless isoform-specific requirements dictate otherwise.
• Preincubation: 5–30 min preincubation may be used to reach steady-state binding; longer for slow-binding inhibitors.
• Controls: Include reference inhibitor (e.g., acetazolamide) and vehicle controls. Use detergent/thermal shift and dynamic light scattering to rule out colloidal aggregation.
• Data analysis: Fit to appropriate inhibition models (competitive, noncompetitive, tight-binding) or Morrison equation for high-affinity binders.

Always adapt to your enzyme isoform and detection method. Consult the SDS and CoA before preparing solutions.

Safety and Handling

GHS details for this specific item are not provided in the product data. Always consult the SDS for definitive hazard and response information.

• Signal word: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
• Hazard statements (H-codes): Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
• Pictograms/GHS classification: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.

General laboratory safety guidance for small-molecule research inhibitors (not item-specific):

• PPE: Wear lab coat, safety glasses, and appropriate chemically resistant gloves (e.g., nitrile). Avoid inhalation of dust and contact with skin/eyes. Handle powders in a fume hood or ventilated enclosure to control particulates.
• Storage incompatibilities: Keep away from strong oxidizers, strong acids/bases unless compatibility is known. Protect from moisture and light if the CoA/SDS indicates sensitivity.
• First aid (general): In case of skin or eye contact, rinse with water for at least 15 minutes and seek medical advice. If inhaled, move to fresh air. If ingested, rinse mouth; seek medical attention. Provide SDS to responders.
• Spill response: Avoid dust generation. Collect mechanically or with dampened absorbent. Dispose according to local regulations.
• Special risks: Some aromatic sulfonamides and heteroaromatics may cause irritation or sensitization. DMSO solutions can enhance dermal absorption—avoid skin contact. Do not pipette by mouth.

Defer to the SDS and institutional protocols for authoritative handling and emergency procedures.

Solvent Selection

Item-specific solubility is not provided. For small-molecule CA inhibitors, solvent selection typically balances solubility, assay compatibility, and compound stability.

Practical guidance (general, not item-specific):

• Stock solutions: DMSO is the default due to broad solvating power and biochemical compatibility at ≤1% v/v final. Alternative stocks include DMF or ethanol if DMSO is unsuitable.
• Aqueous buffers: Many inhibitors have limited solubility in water at neutral pH; brief sonication or co-solvent (0.1–1% DMSO) aids dissolution. For acidic/basic functional groups, adjust pH to favor ionization during pre-dilution, then back-dilute to assay pH.
• Avoid strong bases/acids unless stability is known. Monitor for precipitation upon dilution, particularly below Km-range concentrations in low-organic buffers.

Decision pointers:

• Need maximal bioassay fidelity: choose DMSO stock, dilute into HEPES or Tris buffer at pH 7.4–8.0 with ≤0.5–1.0% DMSO final.
• Photolabile compounds: use amber vials and minimize light exposure; select solvents with low peroxide content.
• LC-MS sample prep: methanol or acetonitrile are common, with 0.1% formic acid for positive-mode ionization if compatible.

Comparison (general):

• DMSO: highest solvating power; high boiling point; may affect membranes at >1%.
• Ethanol: greener, volatile; lower solvating power; may impact enzyme activity at ≥2–5%.
• DMF: strong solvent; less preferred in bioassays due to toxicity; useful for difficult solutes during synthetic workup.

Always confirm item-specific solubility and stability on the CoA.

Storage and Reconstitution

• Storage conditions (from product data): Store at −20°C.
• Shipping conditions (from product data): Shipped in ice chest with ice pads.

Item-specific details not provided:

• Physical form/appearance: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Stabilizers: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Reconstitution solvent and concentration: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General handling guidance for small-molecule CA inhibitors (not item-specific):

• Allow container to equilibrate to room temperature in a desiccator before opening to prevent moisture condensation.
• Prepare concentrated stock solutions in a suitable anhydrous solvent (commonly DMSO) using volumetric techniques; filter through 0.22 µm PTFE if particulates are present.
• Aliquot stocks to single-use vials to avoid repeated freeze–thaw; store at −20°C or per CoA guidance. Protect from light if chromophoric groups are suspected.
• Record preparation date, solvent, and concentration on label. Periodically assess integrity by LC-MS or HPLC, especially after prolonged storage.
• For aqueous working solutions, prepare fresh on the day of use. Verify that dilution into buffer does not cause precipitation; keep final organic co-solvent consistent across samples.

Always defer to the product’s CoA and SDS for definitive storage and reconstitution instructions.

Structure and Identity

This product is a small-molecule tool compound designated as a carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzyme inhibitor (internal identifier: CA inhibitor 2). Item-specific structural identifiers are not supplied in the product data.

• Chemical name: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• CAS: C1438653 (internal/placeholder CAS per listing; verify on CoA).
• Molecular formula: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Molecular weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• SMILES: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• InChIKey: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General structural context (literature, not item-specific):

• Many CA inhibitors are either zinc-binding sulfonamides (Ar–SO2NH2), sulfamates, or metal-binding heterocycles that coordinate to the active-site Zn2+ of CA isoforms. Others act as non-classical binders occupying hydrophobic pockets or the entrance/exit channel.
• Typical features can include heteroaromatic rings (e.g., benzenesulfonamides, triazoles, imidazoles), hydrogen-bond donors/acceptors, and substituents tuning isoform selectivity and lipophilicity.

2D structural description (general):

• Classical sulfonamide CA inhibitors present an anilide/heteroaryl core bearing a primary sulfonamide group positioned to engage Zn2+ through deprotonation; pendant substituents modulate pocket interactions. Non-sulfonamide chemotypes may use thiols, hydroxamates, or N-oxides to interact with Zn2+ or exploit the hydrophobic region.

Identity confirmation: In the absence of structural identifiers, confirm identity via CoA (NMR/HRMS/LC-MS/UPLC purity) before use.

Synthetic Utility

This product is supplied as a bioactive small molecule for enzyme inhibition studies and is not intended as a general synthetic building block.

Context (general, not item-specific):

• CA inhibitor chemotypes such as aryl sulfonamides, sulfamates, and heteroaryl zinc binders are typically end-point scaffolds. They are not routinely employed as reagents, catalysts, or protecting groups in synthesis.
• If derivatization is desired (e.g., for probe development, biotinylation, or fluorophore conjugation), modifications are commonly introduced at substituent positions distal from the zinc-binding motif to preserve potency. Such transformations require knowledge of the exact structure and reactive handles (e.g., amine, carboxyl, halide) not provided here.

Recommendations:

• For click-chemistry tagging or photoaffinity probe construction, select analogs with pre-installed handles (alkynes/azides) or plan a de novo synthesis route; do not assume this item contains a modifiable functional group.
• Without item-specific structure and purity details, no reaction conditions or synthetic sequences can be responsibly recommended for this compound.

In summary, treat this material as a finished tool compound rather than a synthetic intermediate unless structural information is confirmed via CoA.

Target Specificity

Item-specific target profile is not provided.

• Primary target: Carbonic anhydrase (CA) family enzymes (general class, not item-specific). Specific isoform selectivity data are not supplied for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet or supplier dossier if available.
• Off-targets: Not specified for this item; comprehensive profiling data are unavailable in the provided product data.

General considerations (literature):

• CA isoforms differ in active-site topology and access channels; potency against CA II does not guarantee activity against CA IX/XII or vice versa. Substituent patterns and zinc-binding motifs dictate selectivity.
• Verify specificity via cross-isoform panels, orthogonal assay formats (CO2 hydration vs esterase surrogate), and counter-screens against unrelated metalloenzymes to exclude promiscuous metal chelation effects.

Conclusion: To define target specificity for your application, obtain or generate isoform-wise inhibition data under standardized conditions.

Foire aux questions

How should this product be stored?

Store at ?20 °C. Freezer storage is required to maintain the specified shelf life.

How is this product shipped?

This product ships in an insulated container with ice pads. Unpack on arrival and transfer it to the storage condition stated above.

What are the CAS number, molecular formula and molecular weight?

The CAS Number is C1438653, the molecular formula is C7H9N7O3S3, and the molecular weight is 335.39 g/mol.

What documentation is provided?

Available product documentation, including Certificates of Analysis (COA), Safety Data Sheets (SDS), and specification sheets, is shown in the product document area. Document availability and access follow the current site policy.