SNX482, Gating inhibitor of Ca v2.3, CAS No.rp174996, Gating inhibitor of Ca v2.3

CAS: rp174996 Cat. No.: rp174996

GRADE & PURITY Moligand™

Specifications

Product Name

SNX482, Gating inhibitor of Ca v2.3, CAS No.rp174996

Synonymes

SNX-482;toxin SNX-482

Grade

Moligand™

Spécifications et pureté

Moligand™

Type d'action

GATING INHIBITOR

Mécanisme d'action

Gating inhibitor of Ca v2.3

CAS

rp174996

Type de molécule

Peptide

Product Line

Produits biologiques

Stockage et expédition

Conditions de stockage de stockage

Room temperature

Cibles associées (humaines)

CACNA1E Tchem Voltage-dependent R-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1E (0 Activities)

Discover Target: CACNA1E

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

Informations génétiques

• Alternate Names: SNX-482;toxin SNX-482
• Reference:
  • 1. Kinetics and inhibition of recombinant human cystathionine gamma-lyase. Toward the rational control of transsulfuration., The Journal of biological chemistry, Steegborn, C C and 7 more authors.
  • 2. Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Strausberg, Robert L RL and 83 more authors.
  • 3. Genomic basis of cystathioninuria (MIM 219500) revealed by multiple mutations in cystathionine gamma-lyase (CTH)., Human genetics, Wang, Jian J and Hegele, Robert A RA.
  • 4. Cloning and nucleotide sequence of human liver cDNA encoding for cystathionine gamma-lyase., Biochemical and biophysical research communications, Lu, Y Y, O'Dowd, B F BF, Orrego, H H and Israel, Y Y.
  • 5. Single nucleotide polymorphism in CTH associated with variation in plasma homocysteine concentration., Clinical genetics, Wang, J J, Huff, A M AM, Spence, J D JD and Hegele, R A RA.
  • 6. Cystathionine gamma-lyase overexpression inhibits cell proliferation via a H2S-dependent modulation of ERK1/2 phosphorylation and p21Cip/WAK-1., The Journal of biological chemistry, Yang, Guangdong G, Cao, Kun K, Wu, Lingyun L and Wang, Rui R.
  • 7. The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)., Genome research, Gerhard, Daniela S DS and 115 more authors.
  • 8. Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network., Nature, Rual, Jean-François JF and 37 more authors.
  • 9. The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1., Nature, Gregory, S G SG and 178 more authors.
  • 10. Polymorphisms in one-carbon metabolism and trans-sulfuration pathway genes and susceptibility to bladder cancer., International journal of cancer, Moore, Lee E LE and 14 more authors. more
  • 11. Toward a confocal subcellular atlas of the human proteome., Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP, Barbe, Laurent L and 10 more authors.
  • 12. Kinetic properties of polymorphic variants and pathogenic mutants in human cystathionine gamma-lyase., Biochemistry, Zhu, Weidong W, Lin, Alexander A and Banerjee, Ruma R.
  • 13. Pathway-based evaluation of 380 candidate genes and lung cancer susceptibility suggests the importance of the cell cycle pathway., Carcinogenesis, Hosgood, H Dean HD and 12 more authors.
  • 14. Relationship between cystathionine gamma-lyase gene polymorphism and essential hypertension in Northern Chinese Han population., Chinese medical journal, Li, Yun Y and 8 more authors.
  • 15. Active cystathionine beta-synthase can be expressed in heme-free systems in the presence of metal-substituted porphyrins or a chemical chaperone., The Journal of biological chemistry, Majtan, Tomas T, Singh, Laishram R LR, Wang, Liqun L, Kruger, Warren D WD and Kraus, Jan P JP.
  • 16. MALDI-TOF MS genotyping of polymorphisms related to 1-carbon metabolism using common and mass-modified terminators., Clinical chemistry, Meyer, Klaus K, Fredriksen, Ase A and Ueland, Per Magne PM.
  • 17. Structural basis for the inhibition mechanism of human cystathionine gamma-lyase, an enzyme responsible for the production of H(2)S., The Journal of biological chemistry, Sun, Qingxiang Q and 10 more authors.
  • 18. Oral facial clefts and gene polymorphisms in metabolism of folate/one-carbon and vitamin A: a pathway-wide association study., Genetic epidemiology, Boyles, Abee L AL and 16 more authors.
  • 19. Large-scale proteomics and phosphoproteomics of urinary exosomes., Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN, Gonzales, Patricia A PA and 7 more authors.
  • 20. An association study of 45 folate-related genes in spina bifida: Involvement of cubilin (CUBN) and tRNA aspartic acid methyltransferase 1 (TRDMT1)., Birth defects research. Part A, Clinical and molecular teratology, Franke, Barbara B and 7 more authors.
  • 21. Polymorphisms in innate immunity genes and lung cancer risk in Xuanwei, China., Environmental and molecular mutagenesis, Shen, Min M and 12 more authors.
  • 22. H2S biogenesis by human cystathionine gamma-lyase leads to the novel sulfur metabolites lanthionine and homolanthionine and is responsive to the grade of hyperhomocysteinemia., The Journal of biological chemistry, Chiku, Taurai T and 5 more authors.
  • 23. Variations in folate pathway genes are associated with unexplained female infertility., Fertility and sterility, Altmäe, Signe S and 7 more authors.
  • 24. Bile-acid-activated farnesoid X receptor regulates hydrogen sulfide production and hepatic microcirculation., World journal of gastroenterology, Renga, Barbara B, Mencarelli, Andrea A, Migliorati, Marco M, Distrutti, Eleonora E and Fiorucci, Stefano S.
  • 25. Cystathionine gamma-lyase: Clinical, metabolic, genetic, and structural studies., Molecular genetics and metabolism, Kraus, Jan P JP and 14 more authors.
  • 26. Relative contributions of cystathionine beta-synthase and gamma-cystathionase to H2S biogenesis via alternative trans-sulfuration reactions., The Journal of biological chemistry, Singh, Sangita S, Padovani, Dominique D, Leslie, Rachel A RA, Chiku, Taurai T and Banerjee, Ruma R.
  • 27. PTEN identified as important risk factor of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease., Respiratory medicine, Hosgood, H Dean HD, Menashe, Idan I, He, Xingzhou X, Chanock, Stephen S and Lan, Qing Q.
  • 28. Genetic susceptibility to distinct bladder cancer subphenotypes., European urology, Guey, Lin T LT and 18 more authors.
  • 29. Gene-centric association signals for lipids and apolipoproteins identified via the HumanCVD BeadChip., American journal of human genetics, Talmud, Philippa J PJ and 38 more authors.
  • 30. Integrative predictive model of coronary artery calcification in atherosclerosis., Circulation, McGeachie, Michael M and 13 more authors.
  • 31. Cystathionine beta-synthase 844Ins68 polymorphism is not associated with the levels of homocysteine and cysteine in an Indian population., Biomarkers : biochemical indicators of exposure, response, and susceptibility to chemicals, Kumar, Jitender J, Garg, Gaurav G, Karthikeyan, Ganesan G and Sengupta, Shantanu S.
  • 32. The expression and activity of cystathionine-γ-lyase and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase in human neoplastic cell lines., Amino acids, Jurkowska, Halina H, Placha, Wojciech W, Nagahara, Noriuki N and Wróbel, Maria M.
  • 33. Ancient origin of the CTH alelle carrying the c.200C>T (p.T67I) variant in patients with cystathioninuria., Clinical genetics, Espinós, C C and 8 more authors.
  • 34. Variation at the NFATC2 locus increases the risk of thiazolidinedione-induced edema in the Diabetes REduction Assessment with ramipril and rosiglitazone Medication (DREAM) study., Diabetes care, Bailey, Swneke D SD and 11 more authors.
  • 35. Maternal genes and facial clefts in offspring: a comprehensive search for genetic associations in two population-based cleft studies from Scandinavia., PloS one, Jugessur, Astanand A and 12 more authors.
  • 36. [Expression of cystathionine-γ-lyase/hydrogen sulfide pathway in CVB3-induced myocarditis in mice]., Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics, Hua, Wang W and 6 more authors.
  • 37. Folate-metabolizing gene variants and pregnancy outcome of IVF., Reproductive biomedicine online, Laanpere, M M and 5 more authors.
  • 38. Specificity protein-1 as a critical regulator of human cystathionine gamma-lyase in smooth muscle cells., The Journal of biological chemistry, Yang, Guangdong G, Pei, Yanxi Y, Teng, Huajian H, Cao, Qiuhui Q and Wang, Rui R.
  • 39. Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium., Briefings in bioinformatics, Gaudet, Pascale P, Livstone, Michael S MS, Lewis, Suzanna E SE and Thomas, Paul D PD.
  • 40. Expression of cystathionine β-synthase and cystathionine γ-lyase in human pregnant myometrium and their roles in the control of uterine contractility., PloS one, You, Xing-Ji XJ and 8 more authors.
  • 41. MicroRNA-21 represses human cystathionine gamma-lyase expression by targeting at specificity protein-1 in smooth muscle cells., Journal of cellular physiology, Yang, Guangdong G, Pei, Yanxi Y, Cao, Qiuhui Q and Wang, Rui R.
  • 42. H2S-Induced sulfhydration of the phosphatase PTP1B and its role in the endoplasmic reticulum stress response., Science signaling, Krishnan, Navasona N, Fu, Cexiong C, Pappin, Darryl J DJ and Tonks, Nicholas K NK.
  • 43. Characterization of hydrogen sulfide and its synthases, cystathionine β-synthase and cystathionine γ-lyase, in human prostatic tissue and cells., Urology, Guo, Hui H and 5 more authors.
  • 44. Sp1 is involved in regulation of cystathionine γ-lyase gene expression and biological function by PI3K/Akt pathway in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines., Cellular signalling, Yin, Peng P and 12 more authors.
  • 45. H₂S protects against pressure overload-induced heart failure via upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase., Circulation, Kondo, Kazuhisa K and 14 more authors.
  • 46. Reduced cystathionine γ-lyase and increased miR-21 expression are associated with increased vascular resistance in growth-restricted pregnancies: hydrogen sulfide as a placental vasodilator., The American journal of pathology, Cindrova-Davies, Tereza T and 5 more authors.
  • 47. Dysregulation of hydrogen sulfide producing enzyme cystathionine γ-lyase contributes to maternal hypertension and placental abnormalities in preeclampsia., Circulation, Wang, Keqing K and 14 more authors.
  • 48. Regulation of cystathionine γ-lyase in mammalian cells by hypoxia., Biochemical genetics, Wang, Maoxian M, Guo, Zhanyun Z and Wang, Shilong S.
  • 49. A genome-wide association study of chemotherapy-induced alopecia in breast cancer patients., Breast cancer research : BCR, Chung, Suyoun S and 6 more authors.
  • 50. [Cystathionine γ-lyase]., Postepy higieny i medycyny doswiadczalnej (Online), Jurkowska, Halina H, Kaczor-Kamińska, Marta M, Bronowicka-Adamska, Patrycja P and Wróbel, Maria M.
  • 51. Decreased cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) activity in livers of type 1 diabetic rats and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of type 1 diabetic patients., The Journal of biological chemistry, Manna, Prasenjit P, Gungor, Neslihan N, McVie, Robert R and Jain, Sushil K SK.
  • 52. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)/cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) pathway contributes to the proliferation of hepatoma cells., Mutation research, Pan, Yan Y and 5 more authors.
  • 53. The cystathionine γ-lyase/hydrogen sulfide system maintains cellular glutathione status., The Biochemical journal, Lee, Zheng-Wei ZW, Low, Yi-Lian YL, Huang, Shufen S, Wang, Tianxiao T and Deng, Lih-Wen LW.
  • 54. The binding site for the transcription factor, NF-κB, on the cystathionine γ-lyase promoter is critical for LPS-induced cystathionine γ-lyase expression., International journal of molecular medicine, Wang, Maoxian M, Guo, Zhanyun Z and Wang, Shilong S.
  • 55. Regulation of cystathionine gamma-lyase/H₂S system and its pathological implication., Frontiers in bioscience (Landmark edition), Zhao, Kexin K, Li, Hongzhu H, Li, Shuangshuang S and Yang, Guangdong G.
  • 56. Dysregulation of hydrogen sulphide metabolism impairs oviductal transport of embryos., Nature communications, Ning, Nannan N and 5 more authors.
  • 57. Wnt/β-catenin signaling induces the transcription of cystathionine-γ-lyase, a stimulator of tumor in colon cancer., Cellular signalling, Fan, Kun K and 7 more authors.
  • 58. miRNA-30 family inhibition protects against cardiac ischemic injury by regulating cystathionine-γ-lyase expression., Antioxidants & redox signaling, Shen, Yaqi Y and 7 more authors.
  • 59. Role of the cystathionine γ lyase/hydrogen sulfide pathway in human melanoma progression., Pigment cell & melanoma research, Panza, Elisabetta E and 11 more authors.
  • 60. A proteome-scale map of the human interactome network., Cell, Rolland, Thomas T and 69 more authors.
  • 61. Neurodegeneration in Huntington's disease involves loss of cystathionine γ-lyase., Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.), Paul, Bindu D BD and Snyder, Solomon H SH.
  • 62. The importance of MTHFR, MTR, MTRR and CSE expression levels in Caucasian women with preeclampsia., European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology, Seremak-Mrozikiewicz, Agnieszka A and 6 more authors.
  • 63. The importance of rs1021737 and rs482843 polymorphisms of cystathionine gamma-lyase in the etiology of preeclampsia in the Caucasian population., Ginekologia polska, Mrozikiewicz, Przemysław M PM and 8 more authors.
  • 64. Cystathionine γ-lyase, a H2S-generating enzyme, is a GPBAR1-regulated gene and contributes to vasodilation caused by secondary bile acids., American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology, Renga, Barbara B and 9 more authors.
  • 65. Correlation between the cystathionine-γ-lyase (CES) and the severity of peptic ulcer disease., African health sciences, Chen, Xiong X, Wan, Ying-Chun YC, Guo, Tao T, Xu, Can-Xia CX and Wang, Fen F.
  • 66. MPST but not CSE is the primary regulator of hydrogen sulfide production and function in the coronary artery., American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology, Kuo, Maggie M MM and 10 more authors.
  • 67. Transcriptional Regulation of Cystathionine-γ-Lyase in Endothelial Cells by NADPH Oxidase 4-Dependent Signaling., The Journal of biological chemistry, Mistry, Rajesh K RK and 8 more authors.
  • 68. LPS Up-Regulates Cystathionine γ -Lyase Gene Expression in Primary Human Macrophages via NF-κB/ERK Pathway., Inflammation & allergy drug targets, Badiei, Alireza A, Gieseg, Steven S, Davies, Sian S, Izani Othman, Mohd M and Bhatia, Madhav M.
  • 69. Radiation Exposure Promotes Hepatocarcinoma Cell Invasion through Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition Mediated by H2S/CSE Pathway., Radiation research, Pan, Yan Y, Zhou, Cuiping C, Yuan, Dexiao D, Zhang, Jianghong J and Shao, Chunlin C.
  • 70. Cystathionine γ-lyase(CSE)/hydrogen sulfide system is regulated by miR-216a and influences cholesterol efflux in macrophages via the PI3K/AKT/ABCA1 pathway., Biochemical and biophysical research communications, Gong, Duo D and 15 more authors.
  • 71. MicroRNA-186 promotes macrophage lipid accumulation and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by targeting cystathionine γ-lyase in THP-1 macrophages., Atherosclerosis, Yao, Yan Y and 9 more authors.
  • 72. Cystathionine γ-lyase is expressed in human atherosclerotic plaque microvessels and is involved in micro-angiogenesis., Scientific reports, van den Born, J C JC and 5 more authors.
  • 73. Dichotomous effects of isomeric secondary amines containing an aromatic nitrile and nitro group on human aortic smooth muscle cells via inhibition of cystathionine-γ-lyase., Biochimie, Ji, Yajing Y and 6 more authors.
  • 74. Distinctive expression pattern of cystathionine-β-synthase and cystathionine-γ-lyase identifies mesenchymal stromal cells transition to mineralizing osteoblasts., Journal of cellular physiology, Gambari, Laura L and 6 more authors.
  • 75. Age-Dependent Allergic Asthma Development and Cystathionine Gamma-Lyase Deficiency., Antioxidants & redox signaling, Wang, Peipei P and 6 more authors.
  • 76. Augmented H2S production via cystathionine-beta-synthase upregulation plays a role in pregnancy-associated uterine vasodilation., Biology of reproduction, Sheibani, Lili L and 7 more authors.
  • 77. Total sulfane sulfur bioavailability reflects ethnic and gender disparities in cardiovascular disease., Redox biology, Rajpal, Saurabh S and 12 more authors.
  • 78. Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides., Gene, Maruyama, K K and Sugano, S S.

Application Protocols

• Item-specific tested applications and dilutions: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Example workflows (literature/general; adapt to your system)
  • Whole-cell patch clamp on Cav2.3-expressing HEK293 cells
    1. Prepare external solution (e.g., 10 mM HEPES, 140 mM TEA-Cl/NaCl mix, 2 mM CaCl2, pH 7.3). Internal solution with Cs-based salts and EGTA/BAPTA.
    2. Establish baseline I–V curves. Apply SNX-482 by bath at 50–200 nM. Record time course until steady inhibition (several minutes). Wash and assess reversibility.
    3. Fit concentration–response to estimate IC50 and Hill slope.
  • Neuronal calcium imaging
    1. Load cells with Ca2+ indicator (e.g., Fluo-4 AM). Acquire baseline responses to depolarization (KCl or field stimulation).
    2. Preincubate with SNX-482 at 50–500 nM for 10–20 minutes.
    3. Compare ΔF/F0 to determine R-type contribution; combine with blockers for N-, P/Q-, and L-type channels for subtype parsing.
  • Binding/biochemical assays
    1. Coat membranes/cells expressing Cav2.3; incubate with labeled SNX-482 analog or indirect detection format.
    2. Include nonspecific binding controls and perform competition with unlabeled peptide.
• Notes
  • Use low-bind labware and carrier proteins to minimize adsorption. Keep vehicle controls matched and document temperature and voltage protocols.

Biological Roles

• Nature and origin (literature/general)
  • SNX-482 is a spider-venom peptide toxin in the inhibitory cystine-knot (knottin) family. Such peptides evolved for rapid, high-affinity modulation of ion channels in prey nervous systems.
• Molecular target (literature/general)
  • Predominant pharmacological target: Cav2.3 (α1E) voltage-gated calcium channels, mediating R-type Ca2+ currents. SNX-482 typically produces potent inhibition of Cav2.3-mediated currents with nanomolar to low-micromolar functional potencies depending on system and conditions.
  • Off-target considerations: at elevated concentrations, partial effects on other Cav subtypes or certain Kv channels have been reported; specificity depends on channel composition and membrane potential (literature).
• Functional consequences in cells (literature/general)
  • Reduces R-type calcium influx, thereby modulating neuronal firing, dendritic Ca2+ signaling, and synaptic transmission where Cav2.3 is expressed (cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, certain endocrine cells).
  • Useful as a tool to assign the proportion of R-type current in mixed Cav currents and to interrogate physiological roles of Cav2.3 in excitability and plasticity.
• Experimental notes (literature/general)
  • Onset and reversibility can be slow and state-dependent; consistent holding potentials and adequate incubation improve reproducibility.
  • Combine with genetic tools (e.g., Cav2.3 knockout/knockdown) for orthogonal validation of specificity.

Buffer Applications

• Applicability
  • SNX-482 does not serve as a buffering agent. This section addresses buffer preparation for its use in biological assays.
• General buffer systems (literature/general)
  • Electrophysiology: HEPES-buffered saline (e.g., 10 mM HEPES, 140 mM NaCl, 2–5 mM KCl, 1–2 mM CaCl2/MgCl2, pH 7.3–7.4) with glucose; internal pipette solutions with EGTA/BAPTA as needed.
  • Calcium imaging: HEPES- or bicarbonate-buffered physiological saline; maintain consistent osmolarity and pH. Include 0.1% BSA to reduce adsorption of peptide at nM levels.
  • Biochemical binding assays: phosphate- or HEPES-based buffers at pH 7.2–7.5 with 0.01–0.05% nonionic surfactant to mitigate nonspecific binding.
• Practical tips (literature/general)
  • Prepare concentrated SNX-482 stock in water or DMSO; dilute into final buffer immediately before use. Keep vehicle controls matched.
  • Avoid strong reducing agents (e.g., DTT at high mM) and high pH, which can disrupt disulfide bonds or promote deamidation.
  • Use low-bind tubes and precoated reservoirs to minimize peptide loss. For perfusion, pre-flush lines with peptide-containing buffer to saturate surfaces.

Green Alternatives

• Context
  • Green chemistry considerations are not typically applied to peptide ligands used at nanomolar to micromolar levels in biological assays. Nevertheless, solvent and consumable choices can reduce environmental impact.
• Greener handling options (literature/general)
  • Prefer aqueous buffers over organic co-solvents whenever assay-compatible.
  • Minimize DMSO usage by preparing the most concentrated practical stock and executing accurate micro-dilutions. Capture and segregate DMSO waste for appropriate disposal.
  • Use reusable glass reservoirs for perfusion systems where feasible, or certified low-bind plastics to prevent excessive overage.
• Comparison (general)
  • DMSO vs aqueous buffer: DMSO enables higher stock concentrations but increases solvent waste and potential assay vehicle effects; aqueous buffers are more benign but may require carrier proteins.
• Packaging/waste
  • Consolidate aliquoting to reduce repeated thawing and minimize discarded residuals. Implement institutional programs for solvent recycling and sharps minimization.
• Trade-offs
  • Extremely low working concentrations can increase adsorption losses; adding minimal carrier proteins improves recovery but introduces biological waste streams—balance recovery versus waste burden per assay need.

Pharmaceutical Uses

• This product is designated For research use only and is not intended for human or veterinary use.
• No pharmacopeial monograph or excipient designation is provided for this item.
• Typical pharmaceutical formulation roles are not applicable to SNX-482; it is used as a research ligand/toxin tool rather than a manufacturing excipient.
• If formulation-like handling is required for in vivo research models (preclinical), investigators typically evaluate stability, vehicle compatibility, and adsorption independently; such activities fall outside the scope of this catalog entry and must comply with institutional policies and regulations.

Physical Properties

• Item-specific values
  • Appearance: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
  • Molecular weight (exact), elemental analysis, water content, residual solvents: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Literature/general properties for peptide toxins like SNX-482 (for context only; not specifications for this lot)
  • Physical state: typically supplied as lyophilized solid or film; readily forms clear solutions upon reconstitution in water, dilute acid, or DMSO depending on sequence and counter-ions.
  • Solubility: peptides of this class are commonly soluble in aqueous buffers (pH 3–7) and in polar aprotic solvents (DMSO) at stock concentrations ranging from 0.1–5 mM (literature). Final working dilutions are usually made into physiological buffers (e.g., HEPES- or phosphate-buffered saline with carrier protein) to minimize adsorption.
  • pI/logP: not meaningful in the classic small-molecule sense; amphipathic surface with net charge dependent on sequence and pH.
  • Stability: ICK/knottin peptides exhibit notable thermal and protease resistance due to the disulfide-knot topology; however, prolonged exposure to high pH, reducing agents, or repeated freeze–thaw can degrade activity (literature).
  • Hygroscopicity/adsorption: small peptides may adsorb to plastics at low nM–µM levels; loss can be mitigated by low-binding plastics and carrier proteins (literature).

Quality and Grades

• Item-specific grade
  • Grade/Purity: Moligand™ (as listed). No additional purity metrics, additives, or formulation details are provided for this SKU.
• Interpretation and implications (general)
  • Moligand™ is typically used to denote materials prepared/selected for ligand-screening and molecular pharmacology workflows. In practice, this often emphasizes identity authentication and performance in binding/functional assays rather than chromatographic purity benchmarks associated with small-molecule solvents or bulk reagents. Exact acceptance criteria are vendor-defined.
• What is and is not specified for this item
  • Purity percentage, counter-ions, residual solvent/volatile content, sequence verification method, peptide content, and endotoxin/bioburden: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
  • Stabilizers, carrier proteins, or formulation excipients: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Recommended user actions
  • Request and review the lot-specific CoA/SDS for sequence/identity confirmation (e.g., MS, HPLC traces), residual solvent, water content, and any stabilizers.
  • If using for quantitative pharmacology, independently verify concentration by amino acid analysis or UV absorbance where applicable, and functionally qualify in a known assay (positive control channel/cell line).

Reaction and Applications

• Applicability
  • SNX-482 is not used as a stoichiometric/synthetic reagent. Its primary value is as a pharmacological probe in ion-channel research.
• Research applications (literature/general)
  • Selective inhibition of Cav2.3 (R-type) voltage-gated calcium channels in heterologous expression systems (e.g., Cav2.3/β/α2δ triads in HEK293) and native neurons to dissect R-type current components.
  • Use in patch-clamp electrophysiology (whole-cell, perforated-patch) and calcium imaging to quantify R-type current contribution to neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission.
  • Pharmacological dissection: combined with other toxins/blockers (e.g., ω-conotoxin GVIA for N-type, ω-agatoxin IVA for P/Q-type, nifedipine for L-type) to parse Cav subtype mixtures (literature).
  • Structure–function studies: evaluating toxin–channel interaction surfaces, recovery from block, state-dependence, and on/off kinetics.
• Practical tips (literature/general)
  • Prepare concentrated stocks (e.g., 10–100 µM) and store aliquots to avoid repeated freeze–thaw if frozen; include carrier protein in working solutions to minimize adsorption.
  • Allow adequate equilibration time for channel block; washout may be slow or incomplete depending on membrane potential and channel state.
  • Verify expression of Cav2.3 splice variants; sensitivity can vary by auxiliary subunit composition and holding potential.
• Manufacturer Applications
  • None provided in the catalog entry beyond general categorization; see above for typical literature uses.

Reaction Conditions

• Not applicable to chemical synthesis. This section provides general experimental conditions for functional assays (literature/general), not product specifications.
• Electrophysiology conditions (typical literature practice)
  • Temperature: room temperature to physiological (22–35°C), controlled as needed.
  • Holding potentials: −70 to −90 mV for neuronal Cav currents; depolarizing steps to activate Cav2.3.
  • Toxin application: bath perfusion or local superfusion; allow several minutes for equilibration. Washout may be slow or incomplete.
  • Concentration ranges: commonly 10–500 nM for robust Cav2.3 inhibition; higher concentrations may increase off-target effects. Determine IC50 under your specific conditions.
• Calcium imaging/binding assays
  • Buffers: HEPES-/phosphate-buffered saline at pH 7.2–7.4.
  • Incubation: 5–30 minutes pre-treatment is typical to achieve steady-state block before stimulation.
• Controls
  • Include vehicle controls and orthogonal blockers for other Cav subtypes to confirm specificity. Validate with known Cav2.3-expressing cells or tissues.

Safety and Handling

• Item-specific hazard data
  • GHS classification, pictograms, signal word, and H-statements: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
• General safety considerations for peptide neurotoxins (literature/general)
  • Avoid inhalation of powders/aerosols and contact with skin/eyes. Handle in a chemical fume hood or biosafety cabinet appropriate for laboratory toxins.
  • Personal protective equipment (PPE): laboratory coat, nitrile gloves, and safety glasses. Change gloves frequently when handling concentrated stocks.
  • Prevent accidental exposure via sharps; use closed-tube manipulations where feasible. Decontaminate work surfaces with suitable detergents and dispose of waste following institutional toxin-handling procedures.
• Incompatibilities (general)
  • Avoid strong oxidants or reducing agents that can alter disulfide patterns; avoid high-pH solutions that promote deamidation/aggregation.
• First-aid overview (general; not a substitute for SDS)
  • Skin/eye contact: rinse with water for ≥15 minutes. Inhalation: move to fresh air. Ingestion/accidental exposure: seek medical attention immediately and provide SDS.
• Emergency preparedness
  • Maintain spill kits for solids and liquids. For small dry spills, gently dampen before collection to minimize dust. Dispose following local regulations.
• Always consult the current SDS for authoritative safety data and institutional approvals before use.

Solvent Selection

• Applicability
  • As a peptide ligand, SNX-482 is not a conventional solvent or solute for synthetic transformations; solvent selection pertains to reconstitution and assay preparation.
• General solvent guidance (literature/general)
  • Primary solvents: water, buffered aqueous solutions (e.g., HEPES, phosphate), or DMSO for preparing concentrated stocks. Many peptide toxins dissolve readily in slightly acidic aqueous media (pH 3–6) before dilution into physiological buffers.
  • Miscibility: DMSO stocks are fully miscible with aqueous buffers; keep final DMSO ≤0.1–0.5% v/v in sensitive electrophysiology/patch-clamp assays to minimize vehicle effects.
  • Adsorption mitigation: include carrier proteins (e.g., 0.1% BSA) or 0.05–0.1% nonionic surfactant for very low working concentrations to reduce loss to plastics and tubing (literature). Use low-bind polypropylene tubes.
• When to choose alternatives
  • If solubility is poor in pure buffer, briefly sonicate or first dissolve in minimal DMSO before aqueous dilution. Avoid high-pH buffers and strong reducing conditions that may compromise disulfides.
• Practical comparison (literature/general)
  • Water/buffer: physiologically relevant, minimal vehicle effects; may need carrier protein.
  • DMSO: high stock concentrations, excellent wetting; vehicle controls required.
  • Acidified water (e.g., 0.1% TFA or acetic acid): can enhance initial dissolution; ensure compatibility with downstream assays.

Storage and Reconstitution

• Item-specific conditions
  • Storage Conditions: Room temperature (as listed). No additional details on formulation, lyophilization state, or container are provided.
  • Shipped In: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Reconstitution (not specified for this item; general guidance only—verify with CoA/SDS before use)
  • Initial dissolution: use sterile water or assay buffer; if needed, dissolve first in minimal DMSO then dilute into buffer. Target high-concentration stocks (e.g., 10–100 µM) to minimize freeze–thaw.
  • Adsorption mitigation: prepare aliquots in low-bind tubes; include 0.1% BSA or suitable carrier for working solutions at nM concentrations when assay-compatible.
  • Avoid high pH and strong reducing agents that may disrupt disulfide bonds.
• Handling and stability (general)
  • Protect from repeated temperature cycling and light where possible. If long-term storage is required post-reconstitution, many labs store aliquots at −20 to −80°C and avoid multiple freeze–thaw cycles (literature best practice).
• Always defer to the lot-specific CoA and SDS for definitive storage, shipping, and reconstitution instructions.

Structure and Identity

• Item-specific identifiers
  • SKU: rp174996
  • Product Name: SNX482 (also written SNX-482)
  • CAS: rp174996 (catalog placeholder)
  • Molecular formula: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
  • Molecular weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
  • SMILES / InChI / InChIKey: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Structural features (literature/general)
  • SNX-482 is a disulfide-rich peptide toxin isolated from tarantula venom (Hysterocrates gigas). It belongs to the inhibitory cystine-knot (ICK/knottin) family typical of many spider toxins.
  • Typical architecture: ~40–45 amino acids forming a compact, β-sheet–stabilized core with three disulfide bridges that confer high thermal and proteolytic stability (literature).
  • Functional motif: surface-exposed residues mediate high-affinity binding to voltage-gated calcium channels (Cav), particularly Cav2.3 (R-type) (literature).
• 2D description in words (literature/general)
  • A single-chain polypeptide with multiple cysteines forming an interlaced disulfide knot. Side chains include several basic and hydrophobic residues distributed over a rigid scaffold, creating a pharmacophore patch that interacts with extracellular channel loops.
• Stereochemistry (literature/general)
  • As a ribosomally encoded peptide, amino acids are L-configured; multiple chiral centers are present at each residue’s α-carbon. Disulfide connectivity defines the tertiary fold (literature).

Synthetic Utility

• Not a synthetic building block or reagent. SNX-482 is a biologically active peptide used as a functional probe in ion-channel research.
• For completeness (literature/general)
  • Chemical synthesis: Solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) with directed oxidative folding is used in research to prepare knottin peptides. Disulfide connectivity control and folding conditions (redox buffers, air oxidation) are critical to obtain the active ICK topology.
  • Bioconjugation: When modified, peptides of this class can be site-specifically labeled (e.g., with fluorophores or biotin) via Lys, N-terminus, or engineered tags for binding/trafficking studies; such derivatives are distinct products and outside this listing.
• Retrosynthetic value: Not applicable for routine small-molecule retrosynthesis.

Target Specificity

• Item-specific target data: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Literature/general specificity profile
  • Primary target: Cav2.3 (α1E) voltage-gated calcium channels mediating R-type currents.
  • Selectivity: SNX-482 shows high functional potency against Cav2.3; at elevated concentrations and/or under certain voltage protocols, partial effects on other Cav subtypes or some Kv channels have been observed. Specificity depends on channel auxiliary subunits (β, α2δ), splice variants, and membrane potential.
  • Mechanism: extracellular peptide–channel interaction leading to inhibition of current; block can be state- and use-dependent with variable reversibility (literature).
• Recommendation
  • Confirm target expression and assess concentration–response in your system. Employ orthogonal pharmacology/genetics to substantiate target attribution.