Modified Phosphate Buffer - BioReagent

Cat. No.: M1528563

グレード＆純度 BioReagent

Storage

Store at 2-8°C

Shipped In

Wet ice

概要

For enrichment of Yersinia enterocolitica

仕様

仕様と純度

BioReagent

保管条件

Store at 2-8°C

入荷

Wet ice

この製品は冷冷この冷このこの製品の運送が必要です。地上およびその他の経済サービスは利用できません。

等級

BioReagent

Product Line

生物製品

Application Protocols

Item-specific, validated protocols or recommended dilutions: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet or the product page if provided.

General procedural guidance for phosphate-buffer-based workflows (literature/general):

• Sample dilution/wash buffer (e.g., PBS-like):
  • If using a concentrate, dilute to working strength with high-purity water. Confirm pH after dilution. Optionally add 0.01–0.1% Tween-20 for immunoassay washes if compatible.
• Protein storage:
  • Combine buffer with stabilizers as needed (e.g., 5–10% glycerol, 0.1–1 mM DTT/TECP for reduced proteins) if validated for your protein. Filter-sterilize (0.22 µm) to minimize bioburden.
• Nucleic acid handling:
  • Use buffer as a carrier for spectrophotometric measurements (A260/A280). Ensure no components absorb in the measurement range.
• Column chromatography:
  • Equilibrate with buffer at desired ionic strength. For elution, employ salt gradients or pH shifts as appropriate for the resin and target.

Quality controls before use:

• Inspect visually for clarity and absence of precipitate/particulates.
• Verify pH and conductivity/osmolality at working temperature.
• For sterile applications, aseptically dispense and minimize open-vessel exposure.

Note: The presence of salts, detergents, chelators, preservatives, Ca2+/Mg2+, or other modifiers in this “Modified” formulation is unknown based on current data. Confirm on the CoA prior to use in sensitive assays.

Biological Roles

General biological context for phosphate (literature/general; not item-specific):

• Central metabolite: Phosphate is integral to ATP/ADP/AMP, nucleic acid backbones, and phosphorylation signaling. Cellular energy transfer and many enzymes depend on phosphate-containing intermediates.
• Physiological buffering: The H2PO4 −/HPO4 2− pair buffers intracellular and extracellular fluids near neutral pH, complementing bicarbonate/CO2 systems.
• Mineralization: In organisms, phosphate combines with calcium to form hydroxyapatite in bone/teeth. This informs laboratory cautions about Ca2+ precipitation in phosphate-rich media.
• Enzyme interactions: Phosphate can act as an inhibitor or competitor in enzymes that bind phosphoryl groups (e.g., phosphatases, kinases), and can weakly coordinate metal centers, modulating activity.
• Osmoregulation and ionic strength: In solutions, phosphate and accompanying counterions (Na+, K+, Cl−) influence osmotic balance, macromolecular stability, and colloidal behavior.

Implications for laboratory use:

• Choose phosphate buffers to emulate physiological pH in protein and nucleic acid workflows.
• Avoid phosphate in assays explicitly measuring phosphatase/kinase activity unless validated, as phosphate may alter equilibria.

Item-specific statement:

• The exact composition and any biological additives (e.g., Ca2+, Mg2+, NaCl, preservatives) for SKU M1528563 are Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet to ensure compatibility with your biological system.

Buffer Applications

Item-specific formulation details (pH, molarity, salts, surfactants): Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General laboratory applications and guidance (literature/general):

• Common uses: Sample dilution, column equilibration, washing steps (e.g., immunoassays and blotting), protein storage near neutral pH, and nucleic acid handling/quantitation.
• Preparing phosphate buffers: Select target pH within 6.0–8.0. Mix appropriate ratios of monobasic and dibasic phosphate salts (NaH2PO4/Na2HPO4 or KH2PO4/K2HPO4). Adjust ionic strength with NaCl if isotonicity is desired.
• Example recipes (for reference only; not this item’s specification):
  • 10 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.4 (literature): combine Na2HPO4 and NaH2PO4 to pH 7.4; optional 137 mM NaCl + 2.7 mM KCl for PBS.
  • 50 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.0 (literature): adjust ratios accordingly; frequently used for protein chromatography.
• Compatibility notes:
  • Ca2+/Mg2+: May precipitate; use Ca/Mg-free variants for cell rinsing where detachment is a concern, or include defined levels intentionally for adhesion assays.
  • Enzymes and labeling: Avoid phosphate in EDC/NHS carboxyl coupling (MES preferred), and in alkaline phosphatase reactions; validate for kinase assays.
  • Detergents/preservatives: If your workflow requires Tween-20, Triton X-100, or sodium azide, verify whether this modified buffer already contains them (Not specified for this item).
• Practical QC: Check pH at working temperature, verify clarity, and measure conductivity/osmolality when protocols require tight control.

Always consult the CoA for this SKU before use in regulated or quantitative experiments.

Green Alternatives

Context: Phosphate buffers are generally considered benign, inexpensive, and low-toxicity aqueous systems, aligning well with green chemistry principles. Still, buffer choice can be optimized for performance, waste reduction, and hazard minimization.

Comparison of common buffer systems (literature/general):

• Phosphate buffer (this product class)
  • Pros: Inorganic, low toxicity, minimal odor/volatility, excellent capacity near pH 7, widely available and inexpensive.
  • Cons: Can precipitate with Ca2+/Mg2+; may inhibit phosphate-sensitive enzymes; limited buffering range outside pH ~6–8.
• HEPES/MOPS/MES (Good’s buffers)
  • Pros: Minimal metal binding and biological interference; stable over broader ranges; low UV absorbance.
  • Cons: Higher cost; some have aquatic toxicity concerns at scale; not always trivial to dispose compared to inorganic salts.
• Tris buffer
  • Pros: Broad usability around neutral pH; low cost.
  • Cons: Significant temperature-dependent pKa; can interfere with some enzymatic and biochemical reactions; amine reactivity can affect labeling chemistries.

Greener practice tips:

• Right-first-time design: Select a buffer that avoids repeated preparations and pH adjustments, reducing waste.
• Concentrate and dilute: Use concentrates to minimize packaging and shipping mass; prepare only what you need.
• Aqueous-only workflows: Favor water-rich systems and avoid unnecessary organic cosolvents.
• End-of-life: Neutralize and dispose according to local regulations. Inorganic phosphate solutions are often easier to treat than organic buffer wastes.

Note: The precise “modified” formulation may include salts or preservatives; verify components to assess environmental profile.

Pharmaceutical Uses

Scope and limitations:

• This product is designated For research use only. Not for human or veterinary use in drugs, diagnostics, or clinical procedures.

General formulation context for phosphate buffers (literature/general):

• Role as excipients: Phosphate buffers are widely used to control pH in parenteral, oral, and ophthalmic formulations due to buffering near neutrality and generally good tolerability. They can help maintain drug solubility and stability.
• Isotonic systems: Combination with sodium chloride or other salts allows tuning of osmolality toward physiological levels. Excessive phosphate can, however, risk precipitation with calcium in certain matrices.
• Pharmacopeia status: Sodium phosphate monobasic/dibasic and phosphate buffer systems are described in major pharmacopeias (e.g., USP, EP) with defined quality attributes (literature). This does not imply compliance of this specific item with pharmacopeial monographs; verify documentation.
• Manufacturing and process uses: Cleaning validation, equipment rinses, and in-process controls where stable neutral pH is required.

Item-specific statement:

• Sterility/endotoxin, preservative content, osmolality, and pharmacopeial conformity for SKU M1528563 are Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet. For any use approaching GMP or regulated environments, source appropriate documentation or select a grade explicitly qualified for those applications.

Physical Properties

Item-specific physical data (this product):

• Appearance: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Concentration, pH, osmolality, conductivity: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Refractive index, density: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General/literature values for phosphate buffer systems (for reference only):

• Useful buffering range: ~pH 5.8–8.0 centered on the second dissociation (pKa2 ≈ 7.21 at 25°C; literature). Effective near physiological pH.
• Typical working concentrations: 5–200 mM for research buffers; PBS commonly ~10 mM phosphate with ~137 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl (literature examples).
• Temperature dependence: pKa2 decreases slightly with increasing temperature (≈ −0.0028 pH/°C; literature). Buffer capacity and pH shift accordingly.
• Solubility: Sodium and potassium phosphate salts are highly water soluble; solubility decreases in alcohols and aprotic solvents (literature).
• Ionic strength: Determined by total phosphate and any added salts (e.g., NaCl); impacts protein stability and enzyme activity (literature).

Notes for practitioners:

• If the modified formulation includes Ca2+/Mg2+, expect potential precipitation with carbonate, sulfate, or high phosphate. If Ca2+/Mg2+ are excluded, compatibility with EDTA and chelator-containing protocols improves (general guidance).
• Always verify this product’s exact pH, concentration, and composition on the CoA before use in quantitative assays.

Quality and Grades

Item-specific quality designation:

• Grade/Purity: BioReagent (as listed for this item)

What BioReagent typically signifies (general explanation):

• Intended for research and biochemical applications requiring consistent composition and low levels of impurities that could interfere with enzymatic assays, protein work, or molecular biology. While not equivalent to GMP or clinical-grade materials, BioReagent buffers are commonly filtered/clean and produced with rigorous QC suitable for routine lab research.

Key quality considerations for phosphate buffers (general):

• Composition and concentration: Defined ratios of mono-/dibasic phosphate and any salts (e.g., NaCl). Verify exact formulation on the CoA/Spec Sheet for this specific product, especially when reproducibility is critical.
• Bioburden/sterility: Some BioReagent buffers are sterile-filtered; others are not. Sterility, endotoxin levels, and presence/absence of preservatives are Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• UV absorbance/organic extractables: Low UV background is preferred for spectrophotometric assays; specific absorbance metrics are Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Conductivity/osmolality: Important for electrophoresis, chromatographic applications, or cell handling; Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Practical advice:

• Match buffer grade to application criticality. For enzyme kinetics, nuclease-sensitive workflows, or chromatography, confirm endotoxin, DNase/RNase, and metal content specifications. For this SKU, consult the CoA for definitive QC parameters.

Reaction and Applications

Item-specific applications provided by manufacturer: Not specified.

General research applications for phosphate-based buffers (literature/general):

• Protein handling: Dilution, dialysis, and storage of proteins and antibodies near neutral pH. Often used for column equilibration/washing in affinity or ion-exchange workflows when phosphate compatibility is confirmed.
• Nucleic acids: As a neutral carrier buffer in DNA/RNA handling and spectrophotometric quantitation due to low UV background.
• Immunoassays and blotting: Commonly used as wash or assay buffer (e.g., variants of PBS/Tween) where ionic strength supports specific binding while reducing nonspecific interactions. Verify surfactant content—Not specified for this item.
• Cell and tissue workflows: Rinsing or washing steps; calcium/magnesium content (if present) influences cell adhesion and enzyme detachment strategies. For trypsinization and calcium-dependent processes, composition matters—check CoA.
• Enzymology: Phosphate may inhibit enzymes that interact with phosphate groups (e.g., kinases, phosphatases), shift equilibria, or chelate metal cofactors weakly; alternative buffers (HEPES, Tris, MES) may be superior depending on the enzyme.

Practical tips:

• Degassing/filtration: For sensitive optical assays, degas to minimize microbubbles; 0.22–0.45 µm filtration reduces particulates and microbial load.
• Precipitation control: Avoid combining concentrated phosphate with high Ca2+/Mg2+ solutions; mix slowly and monitor clarity.
• Temperature effects: pH drifts with temperature; calibrate pH at working temperature for precise enzymology.

For this SKU, confirm exact pH, ionic strength, and any additives (e.g., NaCl, Tween, EDTA, preservatives) in the CoA before deploying in critical assays.

Reaction Conditions

Item-specific parameters (pH, concentration, additives): Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General conditions using phosphate buffers (literature/general):

• pH control: Utilize phosphate for reactions or assays requiring stable pH within 6.0–8.0, with optimal buffering around pH ≈7.2 (pKa2). Calibrate pH at the reaction temperature; expect a small negative temperature coefficient for pKa.
• Temperature: Many biochemical reactions proceed at 4–37°C in phosphate buffers. For thermal stability studies, monitor precipitation if divalent cations are present.
• Ionic strength: Adjust total phosphate and supplemental salts (e.g., NaCl 50–150 mM) to tune protein stability, solubility, and binding specificity. High ionic strength can reduce nonspecific interactions but may weaken electrostatic binding.
• Additives: Where allowed, include chelators (EDTA) to inhibit metalloproteases; add surfactants (e.g., 0.01–0.1% Tween-20) for reduced nonspecific binding in immunoassays. Verify whether this item already contains such components (Not specified for this item).
• Mixing/compatibility: Avoid direct mixing of concentrated phosphate solutions with high concentrations of Ca2+ or Mg2+. Add slowly with stirring and observe for cloudiness or precipitate.
• Typical durations: Enzyme assays and binding reactions commonly reach steady state within minutes to hours at room temperature or 37°C; kinetics are system-dependent and should be empirically determined.

Best practice: Pilot small-scale reactions to confirm that phosphate does not inhibit activity or cause precipitation; adjust buffer system accordingly if adverse effects are observed.

Safety and Handling

Item-specific safety data (this product):

• GHS Classification, Signal Word, H-Statements, Pictograms: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.

General safety guidance for phosphate buffer solutions (literature/general):

• Hazard profile: Typically low acute hazard; may cause eye or skin irritation upon direct contact, especially at non-physiological pH or high ionic strength.
• PPE: Wear lab coat, safety glasses, and appropriate gloves. Use in a clean environment to prevent microbial contamination. Handle sterile products aseptically if applicable.
• Incompatibilities: Avoid mixing concentrated phosphate buffers with solutions rich in divalent cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Ba2+, Sr2+) to prevent precipitation. Phosphate can also precipitate with some heavy metals. Strong acids/bases will disrupt pH and may release heat.
• Microbiological considerations: Aqueous buffers without preservatives can support microbial growth; use sterile technique and store cold. Discard if turbidity or precipitate appears unexpectedly.
• First aid (overview; consult SDS): Rinse eyes/skin with water for several minutes after exposure. If ingested in the lab, rinse mouth and seek medical attention per institutional policy. Move to fresh air if aerosol/mist inhalation occurs.
• Spills: Absorb with inert materials, collect for disposal; rinse area with water. Prevent discharge of large volumes to drains according to local regulations.

Always consult the official SDS for authoritative hazard classification, exposure controls, and disposal guidance for SKU M1528563.

Solvent Selection

Applicability to this product:

• This item is an aqueous inorganic buffer. Traditional organic “solvent selection” is not applicable. Instead, selection focuses on buffer system suitability relative to assay chemistry and biomolecule compatibility.

General guidance on choosing phosphate buffer vs alternatives (literature/general):

• Polarity and dielectric: Water with dissolved phosphate has high polarity and dielectric constant, supporting ionic and hydrogen-bonding interactions—ideal for most protein, DNA, and enzyme systems.
• Miscibility: Fully miscible with water; not miscible with most organic solvents. Small percentages of water-miscible organics (e.g., up to 10–20% v/v methanol, ethanol, glycerol) are often tolerated; verify stability/activity of your biomolecule.
• When to choose phosphate:
  • Stability near physiological pH (~6.8–7.6) with strong buffer capacity (pKa2 ≈ 7.2; literature).
  • Minimal absorbance in UV-Vis region above ~220 nm, suitable for A260/A280 and many chromogenic assays.
  • Inorganic, non-reactive toward many biomolecules; low volatility; economical.
• When to avoid or modify:
  • Systems sensitive to phosphate (e.g., assays involving alkaline phosphatase or phosphorylation equilibria).
  • Workflows requiring free divalent cations at millimolar levels (Ca2+, Mg2+), where phosphate may precipitate or sequester metals; consider HEPES, Tris, or MOPS.
  • Metal-catalyzed reactions (phosphate can coordinate/inhibit catalysts) or carbodiimide coupling (MES often preferred).

Tip: Confirm whether this “Modified” formulation contains or excludes NaCl, Ca2+/Mg2+, or preservatives to assure compatibility.

Storage and Reconstitution

Item-specific conditions:

• Storage Conditions: Store at 2–8°C (as provided for this item).
• Shipped In: Wet ice (as provided for this item).
• Physical form (liquid vs powder), concentration, sterility, and preservatives: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General guidance (literature/general):

• Storage of aqueous buffers:
  • Keep tightly closed to prevent contamination and evaporation. For sterile buffers, maintain aseptic handling; consider aliquoting to reduce repeated opening.
  • Avoid prolonged storage at room temperature. Refrigeration slows microbial growth; if non-sterile and used over extended periods, consider sterile filtration prior to use.
  • Freezing: Many phosphate buffers can be frozen, but repeated freeze–thaw can shift pH slightly and may cause salt crystallization or component segregation, especially if additional salts (e.g., NaCl) are present. Verify clarity and pH after thawing.
• Reconstitution (if supplied as a concentrate or dry blend):
  • Use high-purity water (e.g., ASTM Type 1) to the indicated final volume; mix thoroughly until fully dissolved. Confirm final pH at working temperature and adjust minimally if required using small volumes of concentrated acid/base.
  • For concentrates, allow to equilibrate to room temperature before dilution to minimize pH drift, then cool to storage temperature.

Shelf life and QC:

• Observe for turbidity, precipitate, color change, or container swelling—signs of contamination or incompatibility. Discard if such changes occur.

For definitive shelf-life and reconstitution instructions for SKU M1528563, consult the product’s CoA/Spec Sheet.

Structure and Identity

Item-specific identifiers (this product):

• SKU: M1528563
• Product Name: Modified Phosphate Buffer
• CAS: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• InChIKey: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• SMILES: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Molecular Formula: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Molecular Weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General/literature context (for phosphate buffers):

• Typical components: mixtures of sodium/potassium phosphate salts (e.g., NaH2PO4/Na2HPO4 or KH2PO4/K2HPO4), optionally with saline (NaCl) and/or divalent cation modifiers. “Modified” commonly denotes adjustments to ionic strength, salt composition, or inclusion/exclusion of Ca2+/Mg2+ or preservatives. Exact composition for this item is not specified.
• Structural features: inorganic oxyanions PO4 3− in equilibrium between H2PO4 − and HPO4 2− across pH 6–8 (literature). No stereochemistry; polyatomic anions paired with alkali metal cations in aqueous solution.
• 2D description: tetrahedral phosphorus center double-bonded to one oxygen and single-bonded to three oxygens bearing variable protonation; counterions are usually Na+ or K+ in solution.

Important note: The above generalities are provided for context only. For definitive identification, composition, and concentration of this specific Modified Phosphate Buffer, please consult the product’s CoA/Specification Sheet.

Synthetic Utility

Applicability to chemical synthesis:

• As an aqueous buffer, this product functions primarily as a medium to control pH in chemo- and biocatalytic reactions rather than as a reactive reagent.

General/literature guidance:

• Biocatalysis: Phosphate buffers are widely used for enzyme-mediated transformations operating near neutral pH (e.g., hydrolases, oxidoreductases) when phosphate does not inhibit the enzyme or sequester essential cofactors. Confirm compatibility, particularly with phosphatases/kinases or metalloenzymes.
• Organometallics and catalysis: Phosphate can coordinate metal centers, potentially inhibiting catalytic activity. For metal-catalyzed aqueous reactions, alternative buffers (e.g., HEPES, carbonate, acetate, or borate depending on pH) may offer better performance.
• Carbodiimide couplings: EDC/NHS-mediated carboxyl-to-amine coupling is commonly performed in MES or other non-amine buffers; phosphate can reduce coupling efficiency due to competing interactions. Use phosphate for quenching or post-reaction washing as appropriate.
• Chromatography: Phosphate buffers are compatible with many ion-exchange and affinity systems but may precipitate upon mixing with high percentages of organic modifiers; for RP-HPLC, volatile buffers (ammonium formate/acetate) are often preferred.

Item-specific note:

• The exact composition of this Modified Phosphate Buffer (e.g., presence of NaCl, Ca2+/Mg2+, detergents, preservatives) is Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet to assess suitability for your synthetic or biocatalytic application.

Target Specificity

Not applicable to this product type. This item is a general laboratory buffer and is not a biological targeting reagent (e.g., antibody, ligand, or inhibitor).

Item-specific data such as antigen/epitope, clone, species reactivity, or isotype are not relevant and are not provided for SKU M1528563.