AR-42 - 10mM in DMSO , CAS No.935881-37-1

CAS: 935881-37-1 Cat. No.: A408722 Formula: C₁₈H₂₀N₂O₃ Peso molecolare: 312.36 Numero EC: 802-219-4

QUALITÀ & PUREZZA 10mM in DMSO

Synonyms

HDAC-42 | (S)-N-hydroxy-4-(3-methyl-2-phenylbutanamido)benzamide

Storage

Store at -80°C

Shipped In

Dry ice packs + Cold packs

Panoramica

Information

AR-42 AR-42 (HDAC-42) is an HDAC inhibitor with IC50 of 30 nM. Phase 1.
In vitro

AR-42 treatment induces histone hyperacetylation and p21^WAF/CIP1 overexpression, and inhibits the growth of DU-145 cells with IC50 of 0.11 μM. HDAC42 is potent in suppressing the proliferation of U87MG and PC-3 cells, in part, because of its ability to down-regulate Akt signaling. AR-42 inhibits the growth of PC-3 and LNCaP cells with IC50 of 0.48 μM and 0.3 μM, respectively. Compared to SAHA, AR-42 exhibits distinctly superior apoptogenic potency, and causes markedly greater decreases in phospho-Akt, Bcl-xL, and survivin in PC-3 cells. AR-42 treatment induces growth inhibition, cell- cycle arrest, apoptosis, and activation of caspases-3/7 in malignant mast cell lines. AR-42 treatment induces down-regulation of Kit via inhibition of Kit transcription, disassociation between Kit and heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), and up-regulation of HSP70. AR-42 treatment down-regulates the expression of p-Akt, total Akt, phosphorylated STAT3/5 (pSTAT3/5), and total STAT3/5. AR-42 potently inhibits the growth of JeKo-1, Raji, and 697 cells with IC50 of <0.61 μM. AR-42 also sensitizes CLL cells to TNF-Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand (TRAIL), potentially through reduction of c-FLIP. AR-42 treatment also induces autophagy through downregulation of Akt/mTOR signaling and inducing ER stress in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells.

In vivo

The growth of PC-3 tumor xenografts is suppressed by 52% and 67% after treatment with AR-42 at 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg, respectively, whereas SAHA at 50 mg/kg suppresses growth by 31%. In contrast to mice treated with SAHA, intratumoral levels of phospho-Akt and Bcl-xL are markedly reduced in AR-42 treated mice. In the transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) model, administration of AR-42 not only decreases the severity of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and completely prevents its progression to poorly differentiated carcinoma, but also shifts tumorigenesis to a more differentiated phenotype, suppressing absolute and relative urogenital tract weights by 86% and 85%, respectively. AR-42 significantly reduces leukocyte counts, and prolongs survival in three separate mouse models of B-cell malignancy without evidence of toxicity.
Cell Data

cell lines：Differentiated HL60 (dHL60) cells

Concentrations：Dissolved in DMSO, final concentrations ~2.5 μM

Incubation Time：96 hours

Powder Purity:≥99%

Specifiche

Sinonimi

HDAC-42 | (S)-N-hydroxy-4-(3-methyl-2-phenylbutanamido)benzamide

Specifiche e purezza

10mM in DMSO

Meccanismi biochimici e fisiologici

AR-42 (HDAC-42) is an HDAC inhibitor with IC50 of 30 nM. Phase 1.

Condizioni di conservazione di stoccaggio

Store at -80°C

Spedito in

Dry ice packs + Cold packs

Questo prodotto richiede spedizione a catena fredda. I servizi di terra e altri servizi economici non sono disponibili.

Nomi e identificatori

Isomeri SMILES

CC(C)[C@@H](C1=CC=CC=C1)C(=O)NC2=CC=C(C=C2)C(=O)NO

Peso molecolare

312.36

Reaxy-Rn

15600115

Reaxys-RN_link_address

https://www.reaxys.com/reaxys/secured/hopinto.do?context=S&query=IDE.XRN=15600115&ln=

Obiettivi associati (umani)

HDAC6 Tclin Histone deacetylase 6 (1 Activities)

Discover Target: HDAC6

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

HDAC1 Tclin Histone deacetylase 1 (1 Activities)

Discover Target: HDAC1

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

HDAC7 Tclin Histone deacetylase 7 (1 Activities)

Discover Target: HDAC7

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

HDAC8 Tclin Histone deacetylase 8 (1 Activities)

Discover Target: HDAC8

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

Proprietà chimiche e fisiche

• Solubilità: Solubility (25°C) In vitro DMSO: 100 mg/mL (64.48 mM); Water: 100 mg/mL (64.48 mM); Ethanol: 50 mg/mL (32.24 mM)

Application Protocols

Item-specific, validated application protocols are not provided in the Product Data. The following are general, literature-informed procedures for using HDAC inhibitor tool compounds in research.

Cell-based assay (general)

• Stock: Dissolve at 10–50 mM in anhydrous DMSO. Aliquot and store at −80°C.
• Dosing: Prepare serial dilutions in media; maintain final DMSO ≤0.1–0.5% v/v for sensitive cells. Treat cells 1–24 h depending on endpoint.
• Readouts: Western blot for Ac-H3 (Lys9/14) and Ac-α-tubulin; qPCR or RNA-seq for transcriptional changes; viability or apoptosis markers as appropriate for phenotypic studies.

Biochemical HDAC inhibition assay (general)

• Use a fluorogenic or mass-spec-based substrate. Incubate with recombinant HDAC isoforms across a concentration range. Include SAHA or TSA as positive control.
• Data analysis: Fit dose–response (four-parameter logistic) to derive IC50. Confirm at least in duplicate runs.

Compound handling

• Thaw aliquots on ice and return unused material promptly to −80°C.
• Filter working solutions if particulates form (0.22 µm PTFE or PVDF).

Controls and artifacts

• Assess vehicle-only effects. Monitor precipitation/cloudiness after dilution. Consider serum binding by testing ± serum.

Note

• Exact concentrations, incubation times, and controls should be optimized for each cell line and assay. No clinical or diagnostic use is implied.

Biological Roles

General/literature context (not item-specific claims): AR-42 is widely reported as a hydroxamate-based inhibitor of histone deacetylases (HDACs), enzymes that remove acetyl groups from lysine residues on histones and many non-histone proteins.

Biochemical/biological effects (literature)

• HDAC inhibition increases acetylation of histones (e.g., H3, H4) and non-histone substrates (e.g., α-tubulin for HDAC6), modulating chromatin accessibility and protein interactions.
• Consequences include transcriptional reprogramming, altered cell-cycle regulation, and impacts on differentiation and stress responses in numerous cell systems.
• Class engagement: Hydroxamate HDAC inhibitors commonly display activity across class I/II HDACs; precise isoform selectivity and potency values for this catalog item are Not specified for this item; refer to primary literature and CoA.

Use as a research probe

• Employed to interrogate epigenetic mechanisms, synthetic lethality hypotheses, and acetylation-dependent signaling.
• Standard readouts include Western blotting for acetylated histones/tubulin, ChIP-qPCR/ChIP-seq for chromatin changes, and transcriptomics.

Caveats

• Off-targets and polypharmacology can occur with hydroxamate chemotypes; rigorous controls and orthogonal confirmation (genetic knockdown/knockout) are recommended.
• No medical or clinical uses are implied; for laboratory research only as per Product Data.

Buffer Applications

This compound is not a buffering agent and is not used to set or maintain pH. However, buffer selection is critical for its use in biochemical and cell-based assays.

Practical guidance

• Assay buffers: Use physiological pH (7.2–7.6) buffers such as PBS, HEPES-buffered saline, or serum-containing culture media. Ensure compatibility with the chosen solvent vehicle (e.g., DMSO ≤0.1–0.5% v/v for sensitive cells).
• Protein binding: Serum proteins can bind hydrophobic small molecules. Consider reduced-serum or serum-free conditions during short exposures or adjust dosing to account for binding.
• Detergents/solubilizers: Low levels of non-ionic surfactants (e.g., 0.01–0.05% Tween 20/80) or additives (PEG 400, cyclodextrins) may prevent precipitation after dilution.
• Adsorption: To minimize adsorption to plastics, pre-wet tips/tubes with dosing solution or use low-bind consumables.

Stability considerations

• Prepare fresh working solutions immediately before use. Minimize light exposure if the compound is chromophoric (unknown here; Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet).
• Maintain consistent buffer ionic strength and avoid chelators (e.g., high EDTA) only if they are shown to affect assay readouts; most HDAC assays are not Zn2+-limited in cells, but confirm in your system.

Documentation

• Since item-specific pKa and solubility are Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet, empirically confirm solution clarity and stability over the intended assay time.

Green Alternatives

Green chemistry considerations for AR-42 focus on solvent and process choices during handling, formulation, and any derivatization work.

Greener handling strategies

• Favor aqueous-compatible vehicles: Use minimal DMSO with buffered saline and solubilizers (e.g., cyclodextrins) to reduce high-boiling aprotic solvent use.
• Micro-dosing stocks: Prepare higher-concentration DMSO stocks to minimize solvent carryover into assays.
• Minimize DMF/NMP: Prefer DMSO or ethanol/water co-solvent systems where feasible due to DMF/NMP reproductive toxicity concerns.

Comparison of vehicle options (general)

• DMSO: High solvating power; relatively benign compared with DMF/NMP but still requires careful handling to prevent dermal absorption.
• Ethanol/water + surfactant: Greener but may provide lower solubility; can affect membrane permeability and assay readouts.
• Cyclodextrin inclusion: Enables aqueous delivery; greener profile but may introduce binding equilibria and impact apparent potency.

Operational green tips

• Use minimal volumes and single-use aliquots to cut down waste.
• Implement cold-chain efficiency: Consolidate shipments and use validated insulated shippers to reduce dry ice consumption while maintaining product integrity.
• Waste management: Segregate halogenated versus non-halogenated solvent waste; prioritize solvent recovery where permitted.

Note

• Item-specific eco-profile (e.g., synthesis route, E-factor) is Not specified for this item; refer to Supplier’s sustainability documentation if available.

Pharmaceutical Uses

No pharmaceutical or clinical uses are claimed for this catalog item; it is for research use only.

Formulation research context (general)

• Preclinical tool compound: Often utilized in discovery-stage studies to evaluate epigenetic modulation in vitro and in vivo, requiring fit-for-purpose vehicles.
• Typical vehicles (research):
  • Aqueous systems with co-solvents (e.g., 10–20% PEG 400, 2–10% ethanol, 1–5% Tween 80) and DMSO carryover ≤5% for in vivo pilot studies (institutional guidelines vary).
  • Cyclodextrin-based solubilization (e.g., 10–20% HP-β-CD) to enable aqueous dosing.
• Route considerations: Oral, IP, or IV dosing protocols in animals appear in the literature for related HDAC inhibitors; specific, validated formulations for this item are Not specified for this item; refer to primary literature and institutional SOPs.

Excipient and stability notes

• Light/oxidation: Many hydroxamate-containing compounds are reasonably stable but may slowly degrade; protect from light and air, and use fresh solutions.
• Adsorptive losses: Use glass vials or low-bind plastics for low-dose formulations.

Compliance

• Any work beyond basic research (e.g., IND-enabling) requires material grade, traceability, and documentation that are Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet and consult appropriate regulatory standards.

Physical Properties

Item-specific physical constants are not provided in the Product Data. Use the following guidance to plan handling and formulation; verify all critical values experimentally or via the CoA.

Item-specific values

• Appearance: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Molecular weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Molecular formula: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Melting point (MP): Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Boiling point (BP): Not applicable/rarely used for solids of this class; Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Density: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Refractive index: Not applicable for solids; Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General/literature characteristics for small-molecule HDAC inhibitors

• Physical state: Typically solid at ambient conditions.
• Solubility profile: Often sparingly soluble in water; soluble in polar aprotic organics (DMSO, DMF) and mixed co-solvent systems (DMSO/water, ethanol/water, PEG 400).
• LogP/cLogP: Frequently moderate-to-high (facilitates cell permeability), but exact value is compound-dependent. Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• pKa: Hydroxamates may show acidic hydroxyl (conjugate base coordinates Zn2+); exact pKa Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Practical notes

• Prepare concentrated DMSO stocks (e.g., 10–50 mM), then dilute into assay buffer just before use to minimize precipitation.
• Filter final working solutions (0.22 µm) if precipitation or particulates are observed.

Quality and Grades

Item-specific grade/purity details are not provided in the Product Data.

• Grade/Purity: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Research Use Only: As stated, this product is for research use only and not for human or animal diagnostic/therapeutic applications.

Guidance on interpreting common grades (general)

• Screening/Library grade: Typically suitable for in vitro biochemical or cell-based assays; may not guarantee trace-metal or low-UV specifications required for analytical chromatography.
• Analytical/HPLC grade (where applicable to solvents): Specifies low non-volatile residue and UV background—generally not relevant to a solid active compound unless supplied as a formulated solution.
• Bioactive small molecule grade: Emphasizes identity, potency, and impurity profile supporting reproducible biology.

Quality considerations and recommended checks

• Identity confirmation: Verify by orthogonal methods (e.g., LC–MS, 1H NMR) on receipt, especially for long projects.
• Purity: For screening work, ≥95% by HPLC/UPLC is commonly targeted (literature benchmark). Exact spec for this item is Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Counter-ions/solvates: Note salt form or solvate state on CoA; these affect molecular weight for dosing calculations.
• Potency benchmarking: If using as a reference HDAC tool (literature), confirm batch-to-batch activity in a small pilot assay.

Documentation

• For regulated environments or method development, request the latest CoA/Spec Sheet and SDS for lot-specific specifications.

Reaction and Applications

This product is primarily used as a bioactive small-molecule tool rather than as a synthetic reagent.

Research applications (literature/general for AR-42-like HDAC inhibitors)

• Epigenetics studies: Probe compound to induce histone and non-histone protein hyperacetylation, enabling studies of chromatin state, transcriptional regulation, and protein acetylation dynamics.
• Target validation: Benchmark inhibitor in biochemical HDAC enzyme panels and in cell-based assays to evaluate class I/II HDAC dependency (literature usage).
• Phenotypic screening: Included in oncology- and neurobiology-focused libraries to elicit characteristic acetylation-driven phenotypes.

Practical tips for biological use

• Stock preparation: Prepare 10–50 mM DMSO stocks; aliquot and store at −80°C. Avoid repeated freeze–thaw.
• Dilution: Add stock to pre-warmed media or buffer with vigorous mixing; maintain final DMSO typically ≤0.1–0.5% v/v for sensitive cells.
• Time/course considerations: Acetylation readouts (e.g., Ac-H3, Ac-α-tubulin) often change within 1–6 h; transcriptional changes may require 6–24 h (literature timelines). Optimize for your system.
• Controls: Include vehicle control, positive HDAC inhibitor control (e.g., SAHA/vorinostat, literature reference), and, where appropriate, washout experiments to assess reversibility.

Not a general reagent for named organic reactions

• This item is not typically employed as a catalyst, ligand, or stoichiometric reagent in standard synthetic transformations. If derivatization is planned (for SAR or probe development), see Synthetic Utility.

Reaction Conditions

Not typically applicable: AR-42 is used as a bioactive small-molecule probe rather than as a reagent/catalyst in synthetic transformations.

If conducting derivatization (general literature guidance for related scaffolds)

• Amide couplings: 0.1 M in DMF or DCM with HATU/DIPEA or EDC/HOBt at 0–25°C, 1–12 h.
• Hydroxamate formation: Activate carboxylic acid (e.g., isobutyl chloroformate, CDI) then trap with hydroxylamine (pH-controlled, 0–10°C) to minimize O-acyl rearrangement.
• Aryl diversification: Pd-catalyzed cross-couplings (Suzuki, Buchwald–Hartwig) under standard conditions (e.g., Pd2(dba)3 or Pd(PPh3)4, 50–100°C) depending on substrate.

Biological assay conditions (practical use)

• Stock: 10–50 mM in DMSO; aliquot and store −80°C.
• Working concentration: Empirically determined per assay; literature for HDAC inhibitors often spans low nanomolar to low micromolar. Exact potencies for this item are Not specified for this item; refer to literature and CoA.
• Exposure: 1–24 h depending on endpoint (rapid PD for acetylation vs transcriptional effects). Optimize for cell line and endpoint.

Note

• Temperatures, times, and yields above are general literature norms for similar chemotypes and are not specifications for this item.

Safety and Handling

Authoritative safety information must come from the product’s SDS. The following points are general best practices for research compounds of this class.

GHS/Classification (item-specific)

• Signal word: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
• Hazard statements (H-statements): Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
• Pictograms and classification: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.

General laboratory precautions

• PPE: Wear lab coat, safety glasses, and appropriate chemically resistant gloves. Handle powders in a fume hood to avoid inhalation/skin exposure.
• Avoid generating dust/aerosols. For DMSO or DMF solutions, prevent skin contact—these solvents enhance dermal absorption.
• Storage conditions (per Product Data): Store at −80°C. Keep container tightly closed, desiccated, and protected from light.
• Incompatibilities: Avoid strong oxidizers and strong acids/bases until compatibility is known. Do not autoclave organic solutions.

First-aid overview (refer to SDS for details)

• Inhalation: Move to fresh air; seek medical attention if symptoms persist.
• Skin/eye contact: Rinse with copious water for at least 15 minutes; remove contaminated clothing.
• Ingestion: Rinse mouth; do not induce vomiting; seek medical attention.

Special risks/handling notes

• Epigenetic modulators are biologically active at low concentrations; minimize exposure and implement closed handling where possible.
• When thawing −80°C stocks, work quickly on ice; aliquot to reduce freeze–thaw cycles.
• Waste: Collect organic solutions and contaminated disposables as hazardous chemical waste under local regulations.

Solvent Selection

AR-42 is typically handled as a concentrated organic stock for biological assays. Because item-specific solubility data are not provided, select solvents following general best practices for hydrophobic, heteroatom-containing small molecules.

Recommended primary solvents (general)

• DMSO: First-line solvent for 10–50 mM stocks. Broad solvating power; miscible with water and buffers upon dilution.
• DMF or NMP: Useful alternatives when DMSO solubility is limited; consider cytotoxicity at high carrier percentages.
• Ethanol or methanol: Secondary options for lower-concentration stocks or co-solvent use.

Co-solvent and vehicle strategies

• Aqueous dilution: Add DMSO stock slowly into vigorously mixed buffer to avoid local supersaturation; final DMSO typically ≤0.1–0.5% v/v in sensitive cell assays.
• Solubilization enhancers: 1–5% v/v PEG 400, 0.5–1% Tween 80, or 2–10% cyclodextrins can improve apparent solubility (optimize per assay tolerance).

Polarity and miscibility (general)

• Polarity class: Moderately lipophilic small molecule (literature class for HDAC inhibitors); prefers polar aprotic organic solvents.
• Water solubility: Often low without co-solvents. Titrate co-solvent fraction to maintain clarity across working concentrations.

Comparison guidance (general)

• DMSO vs DMF: DMSO is usually lower-toxicity and more commonly accepted in biology; DMF can rescue solubility but is less favored in living systems.
• DMSO vs ethanol: Ethanol is less solvating for some amide/hydroxamate chemotypes; DMSO provides more robust stock stability.

Storage and Reconstitution

Storage

• Temperature (per Product Data): Store at −80°C.
• Shipping: Shipped on dry ice packs + cold packs to maintain frozen/cold chain.
• Container: Keep tightly closed under inert headspace if possible; use desiccant. Protect from light.

Reconstitution

• Solvent: Use anhydrous DMSO for initial stock preparation unless item-specific guidance indicates otherwise. Water solubility is often limited for this class.
• Stock concentration: Commonly 10–50 mM for convenient dilutions (not a specification; adjust to solubility limits and assay needs).
• Technique: Allow vial to equilibrate briefly on dry ice/cold block before opening to avoid moisture condensation. Add pre-cooled solvent, vortex gently, and confirm clarity. If needed, warm slightly (≤25–30°C) to aid dissolution, avoiding prolonged heating.

Aliquoting and stability

• Prepare single-use aliquots to avoid repeated freeze–thaw cycles. Record exact concentration and date on each aliquot.
• Working solutions: Prepare fresh on the day of use. Discard any solutions showing precipitation or discoloration.

Shelf-life and specifications

• Item-specific stability, moisture limits, and degradation pathways: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet and SDS.

Disposal

• Dispose of unused material and solutions as hazardous organic chemical waste according to institutional and local regulations.

Structure and Identity

Brief overview: AR-42 (also known in the literature as OSU-HDAC42) is a small-molecule research compound commonly used as an epigenetic tool in discovery biology.

• CAS: 935881-37-1
• PubChem CID: 6918848
• Molecular formula: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Molecular weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• SMILES: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• InChIKey: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Structural features (literature/general):

• Reported in the literature as a hydroxamate-based histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor scaffold, typically comprising:
  • A zinc-binding hydroxamate motif (–CONHOH),
  • An amide/aryl “cap” region engaging surface residues,
  • A linker connecting the cap to the hydroxamate.
• 2D description (general for hydroxamate HDAC inhibitors): An aromatic ring (cap) para- or meta-substituted, tethered by an amide/linker to a terminal hydroxamate functionality capable of bidentate chelation of the catalytic Zn2+ in HDACs.

Notes:

• Exact stereochemistry and substitution pattern for this catalog item are Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Where precise identifiers are required (SMILES/InChIKey), consult the item’s CoA or specification sheet to align with your analytical and regulatory documentation.

Synthetic Utility

This product is supplied as a finished small-molecule research compound and is not commonly used as a general reagent. Nevertheless, chemists may leverage it as a scaffold for structure–activity relationship (SAR) exploration.

General/literature guidance for hydroxamate HDAC inhibitor scaffolds

• Functional handles: Aromatic cap substitutions, linker modifications, and hydroxamate replacements (e.g., ortho-aminoanilides, ketones/oximes) are common SAR maneuvers.
• Late-stage diversification: Amide couplings (HATU/EDC/DIC), Suzuki cross-couplings on aryl halide intermediates, and nucleophilic substitutions on linker motifs enable analog generation.
• Prodrug strategies: Carbamate or ester prodrugging of the hydroxamate OH can modulate permeability and PK (literature concept; not item-specific advice).

Analytical support

• Confirm structure/purity by LC–MS, 1H/13C NMR, and HPLC area%. Track residual solvents and hydroxamate O-acyl migration if derivatized.

Caveats

• Hydroxamates can undergo hydrolysis or acyl transfer under strongly acidic/basic conditions; proceed with mild coupling and neutral workups.
• Any synthetic modification changes the compound identity; ensure new analogs are clearly differentiated in records and labels.

Item-specific reactivity, functional groups, and starting material provenance are Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet if synthetic replication is intended.

Target Specificity

Item-specific target profiling is not provided in the Product Data.

General/literature context

• AR-42 has been reported in the literature as a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. However, isoform selectivity (e.g., HDAC1/2/3/6) and potency values can vary by assay format and source.

What is known/not known here

• Confirmed targets, Ki/IC50 values, and selectivity ratios for this catalog item: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet and primary publications.
• Off-target panels (kinome, GPCRs, etc.): Not specified for this item; consult literature as needed.

Recommendations

• Perform a small pilot in your own assay system to benchmark potency and selectivity relative to internal standards.
• Use orthogonal pharmacology (second chemotype) or genetic tools (siRNA/CRISPR) to substantiate on-target effects.

Note

• This section is provided for research planning only and does not imply any medical/clinical application.