ATTY Antibody - Anticorpo primario, specific to TAT

Cat. No.: Ab090262

GRADE & PURITY See COA

Application

IHC, WB

Host species

Coniglio

Reactive species

consiglio, Mouse, Umano

Isotype

Rabbit IgG

Conjugation

Unconjugated

Panoramica

Rabbit anti Human ATTY Antibody, Polyclonal antibody, could be used for WB, IHC and so on.
 

Specifications

Product Name

ATTY Antibody - Anticorpo primario, specific to TAT

Sinonimi

ATTY_HUMAN antibody | L-tyrosine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase antibody | TAT antibody | Tyrosine aminotransferase antibody | Tyrosine aminotransferase, cytosolic antibody

Specifiche e purezza

See COA

Meccanismi biochimici e fisiologici

Transaminase involved in tyrosine breakdown. Converts tyrosine to p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate. Can catalyze the reverse reaction, using glutamic acid, with 2-oxoglutarate as cosubstrate (in vitro). Has no transaminase activity towards phenylalanine.

Specie ospite

Coniglio

Specificità

TAT

Immunogeno

A synthetic peptide derived from human TAT

Controllo positivo

WB: Human normal liver lysate.  IHC: Human colon, liver cancer tissues.

Coniugazione

Unconjugated

SDS-PAGE

150 kDa

Metodo di purificazione

Antigen affinity purified

Concentrazione

See COA

Stoccaggio e spedizione

Forma

Liquid

Condizioni di conservazione di stoccaggio

Store at -20°C,Avoid repeated freezing and thawing

Spedito in

Ice chest + Ice pads

Stabilità e conservazione

Store at 2-8℃ short term (1-2 weeks). Store at -20℃ long term (12 months). Upon receipt, it is recommended to aliquot. Avoid freeze/thaw cycle.

Applicazione

• Applicazione: Dilution info
• WB:

  1/200-1/1000;

• IHC:

  1/25-1/100;

Obiettivi associati (umani)

TAT Tbio Tyrosine aminotransferase (0 Activities)

Discover Target: TAT

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

Application Protocols

Item-specific (Product Data)

• Tested applications (e.g., WB, IHC, IF, ELISA, FC, IP): Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Recommended working dilutions, antigen retrieval, fixation/permeabilization conditions, positive controls: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General guidance (do not substitute for CoA)

• Always perform a small-scale titration to determine the minimal antibody amount that yields acceptable signal-to-noise in your specific assay and sample type.
• Include appropriate controls: no-primary, isotype-matched controls, and biological controls (e.g., knockout/knockdown if available).
• Record lot number and preparation details to enable reproducibility and troubleshooting.

Biological Roles

Item-specific (Product Data)

• Target, epitope, and biological pathway information for the ATTY Antibody are not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General/literature context for antibodies

• Function: Antibodies are key components of the adaptive immune system, recognizing antigens via variable-region CDRs. In research, they serve as highly specific affinity reagents to detect, localize, and quantify biomolecules.
• Binding: Non-covalent interactions (hydrogen bonding, electrostatics, hydrophobic effects) drive selective recognition of linear or conformational epitopes.
• Applications in biology: Mapping signaling pathways (e.g., phosphorylation-state–specific antibodies), monitoring protein expression/localization across cell cycle or developmental stages, and isolating protein complexes for interactome analysis.
• Species/cross-reactivity: Host species and isotype determine compatibility with secondary antibodies and can influence Fc-mediated interactions in cell-based assays.
• Affinity/avidity: Monoclonals provide defined epitope specificity with consistent affinity; polyclonals offer broader epitope coverage that can enhance detection of diverse isoforms but may increase background.

Practical implications

• Choice of antibody should align with the biological question (native vs denatured detection, total vs modification-specific). Validate under assay-relevant conditions and include appropriate genetic/orthogonal controls to substantiate biological conclusions.

Buffer Applications

Applicability

• Antibodies function in buffered aqueous systems; the ATTY Antibody’s specific buffer formulation and recommended working buffers are not specified for this item.

General/literature guidance

• Working buffers: PBS or TBS at near-physiological pH (≈7.2–8.0) are typical for incubation and washing. Include mild nonionic detergent (e.g., 0.05% Tween-20) to reduce nonspecific interactions when compatible with the assay.
• Blocking buffers: 1–5% BSA, serum, or casein can block nonspecific sites in ELISA/IHC/IF. Match blocker to detection system to avoid cross-reactivity.
• Additives: Calcium/magnesium may influence cell adhesion and certain antigen conformations; EDTA may be used in flow cytometry buffers to reduce cell clumping. Sodium azide, if present, inhibits peroxidase activity and mitochondrial respiration—avoid in live-cell contexts and HRP-based detection.
• pH range: Antibody binding is generally optimal near neutral pH; extreme pH may reduce affinity or denature either antibody or antigen.

Notes

• For the ATTY Antibody, consult the CoA/Spec Sheet for any buffer incompatibilities (e.g., avoid azide with HRP, avoid biotin in streptavidin-based systems) and for any required divalent cations or stabilizers.

Green Alternatives

Sustainability considerations for antibody reagents (general)

• Storage footprint: Frozen storage (−20°C or −80°C) has energy costs. Where feasible and validated, store working aliquots at 4°C short term to reduce freeze–thaw cycles, and consolidate shipments to minimize cold-chain impact.
• Stabilizer selection: Prefer non-hazardous stabilizers (e.g., trehalose) over sodium azide where appropriate, especially when wastewater regulations or metal plumbing are concerns. This product’s preservative content is not specified.
• Recombinant formats: Recombinant monoclonal antibodies can enhance batch-to-batch reproducibility and reduce animal use relative to traditional polyclonal production.
• Packaging: Choose vial sizes aligned with experimental throughput to limit waste and repeated freeze–thaw. Recyclable secondary packaging and minimizing dry ice shipments reduce environmental burden.
• Assay design: Multiplexed assays (e.g., bead-based) can reduce reagent consumption and plastic waste compared to multiple singleplex experiments.

Trade-offs

• Removing azide increases biosafety but may reduce shelf stability; sterile handling and low-temperature storage become more critical.
• Glycerol addition enables −20°C storage without complete freezing but can interfere with certain downstream steps (e.g., protein concentration or lyophilization).

Item-specific note

• No formulation or preservative details are provided for the ATTY Antibody. Implement the above strategies as compatible with the product’s actual buffer and stability guidance once confirmed from the CoA/Spec Sheet.

Pharmaceutical Uses

Scope

• This product is labeled for research use only; it is not intended for diagnostic or therapeutic applications.

General/literature context (non-clinical)

• Analytical reagent: Antibodies are widely used in biopharmaceutical R&D and quality control as critical reagents for identity, purity, and potency assays (e.g., ELISA for titer determination, host-cell protein assays, residual Protein A detection).
• Process development: Capture and detection antibodies support process characterization (e.g., monitoring product variants, aggregation) and in-process controls.
• Formulation studies: Antibodies can serve as model proteins to evaluate excipient effects, container–closure interactions, and stress-testing protocols.
• Companion tools: Secondary antibodies conjugated to enzymes/fluorophores enable platform assays used in release and stability testing of biologics.

Item-specific note

• No pharmacopeial status, excipient role, or GMP qualification is provided for the ATTY Antibody. It should not be used for manufacturing or clinical lot release without appropriate qualification and documentation.

Compliance reminder

• Follow institutional procedures for qualification of critical reagents (characterization, stability program, change control) prior to use in regulated workflows.

Physical Properties

Item-specific (Product Data)

• Appearance: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Concentration, buffer composition, preservative: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General/literature information (for context on antibodies)

• Physical state: Aqueous buffered solution or lyophilized powder; typically colorless to slightly opalescent.
• Approximate protein size: IgG ≈ 150 kDa; Fab ≈ 50 kDa; F(ab')2 ≈ 100 kDa (literature, format-dependent).
• Solubility: Readily soluble in common biological buffers (e.g., PBS, TBS) with added stabilizers (sugars, proteins) as needed (literature).
• Isoelectric point (pI): Often in the pH 6–9 range depending on isotype and sequence (literature).
• Stability considerations: Repeated freeze–thaw cycles can cause aggregation and loss of binding; stabilizers (e.g., glycerol 10–50% v/v) are commonly used for long-term storage at subzero temperatures (literature).
• Optical properties: Protein quantification typically by A280 using an extinction coefficient specific to the antibody sequence (literature).

Notes

• Boiling or extreme pH/salt changes can denature antibodies. Maintain gentle handling to preserve tertiary/quaternary structure.
• For exact concentration, excipients, and reconstitution volumes, consult the product’s CoA/Spec Sheet.

Quality and Grades

Item-specific (Product Data)

• Grade/purity: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General considerations for antibody quality

• Specificity and affinity: Defined by immunogen/clone and validated applications (WB, IHC, IF, ELISA). Verify the target-reactivity spectrum (species cross-reactivity) on the CoA.
• Purity/format: Antibodies are commonly provided as Protein A/G purified IgG or antigen-affinity purified preparations; contaminant proteins and aggregates can impact background and performance. Exact purification method for this item is not specified.
• Validation: Reproducibility across lots, titration curves, and signal-to-noise are key performance metrics. Look for data such as peptide competition controls, knockdown/knockout validation, and dilution linearity—refer to the CoA/Spec Sheet for the ATTY Antibody.
• Stabilizers/preservatives: Glycerol, BSA, trehalose, and azide are frequently used to enhance stability and reduce microbial growth; presence/absence and concentrations are not specified for this product.
• Documentation: Batch-specific CoA typically includes concentration (mg/mL), recommended dilutions, storage buffer composition, and tested applications. Always match protocol parameters to the lot-specific documentation for best results.

Practical guidance

• On receipt, verify lot number against accompanying documentation. If performance-critical, run a small pilot titration in your assay system to confirm background and dynamic range before committing valuable samples.

Reaction and Applications

Relevance

• Antibodies are not used as reagents in classical organic/organometallic reactions. Instead, they serve as biorecognition tools in bioanalytical assays.

General/literature application contexts for antibodies

• Immunodetection: Western blot (WB), ELISA, immunofluorescence (IF), immunohistochemistry (IHC), immunoprecipitation (IP), and flow cytometry (FC) rely on specific antigen–antibody binding under near-physiological buffer conditions.
• Capture and enrichment: Antibodies immobilized on beads or plates selectively capture target proteins/epitopes from complex mixtures for downstream MS or activity assays.
• Quantitation: Sandwich ELISA and multiplex bead assays enable sensitive, wide-dynamic-range quantification when paired with calibrated standards.
• Conformation/state dependence: Epitope exposure may vary between native and denatured conditions; choose application according to validation for native (IP/FC) or denatured (WB) epitopes.

Practical tips (general)

• Titration: Optimize antibody amount per assay to maximize signal-to-noise; excess can increase background.
• Blocking/wash: Use appropriate blocking agents (e.g., BSA, serum, or casein) and detergent-containing washes to minimize nonspecific interactions.
• Controls: Include no-primary and isotype controls, and where possible, knockout/knockdown or peptide competition controls for specificity assessment.

Item-specific limitation

• The ATTY Antibody’s validated applications, recommended dilutions, and antigen retrieval compatibility are not specified for this item; consult the CoA/Spec Sheet.

Reaction Conditions

Not applicable in the classical chemical sense

• Antibodies function under mild aqueous conditions rather than defined stoichiometric chemical reaction conditions.

General/literature guidance for immunoassay conditions

• Temperature: Common incubation temperatures are 4°C (overnight) for enhanced specificity or room temperature for shorter incubations; avoid elevated temperatures that may denature proteins.
• Buffer: Near-neutral pH (≈7.2–7.6) in PBS/TBS; include blockers and surfactants as required by the assay.
• Timing: Incubation times vary by assay format and antibody affinity; empirically optimize while monitoring background.
• Compatibility: Presence of sodium azide can inhibit HRP and is incompatible with live cells. Detergents and fixatives can alter epitope accessibility.

Item-specific limitation

• The ATTY Antibody’s optimal incubation times, temperatures, and dilutions are not specified for this item; consult the CoA/Spec Sheet and perform small-scale optimization in your matrix.

Safety and Handling

Item-specific (Product Data)

• GHS classification, signal word, hazard statements, pictograms: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
• Storage note: Store at −20°C and avoid repeated freezing and thawing.

General laboratory guidance (defer to SDS for authoritative instructions)

• PPE: Lab coat, safety glasses, and disposable gloves; handle using aseptic technique to minimize contamination.
• Handling: Avoid microbial contamination; use clean, low-protein-binding tips/tubes. Do not vortex harshly; mix by gentle inversion to reduce aggregation/foaming.
• Incompatibilities: Avoid strong oxidants and proteases; extreme pH or high temperature can denature proteins.
• Spills: Absorb aqueous spills with disposable towels, then clean with appropriate lab disinfectant (e.g., 70% ethanol or dilute bleach) per institutional biosafety procedure.
• First aid (general): If contact occurs, rinse skin/eyes with water. If inhaled as aerosol, move to fresh air. If ingested, rinse mouth with water. Seek medical attention per SDS guidance.
• Waste: Dispose of protein-containing buffers and consumables as laboratory biological waste according to local regulations.

Special risks/notes

• Biological origin materials may contain trace preservatives (e.g., sodium azide) depending on formulation; azide is toxic and may form metal azides in plumbing. This product’s preservative content is not specified—consult the SDS/CoA before disposal to ensure compliant practices.

Solvent Selection

Applicability

• As a protein reagent, the ATTY Antibody is handled in aqueous biological buffers rather than organic solvents.

General/literature guidance for antibody-compatible buffers

• Preferred media: Isotonic buffers such as PBS (pH 7.2–7.6) or TBS (pH 7.4–8.0) with optional additives (e.g., 0.01–0.1% Tween-20 for wash buffers) to reduce nonspecific binding (literature).
• Stabilization: For frozen storage, cryoprotectants like glycerol (commonly 10–50% v/v) or sugars (trehalose/sucrose) can mitigate freeze–thaw damage (literature). This product’s formulation is not specified.
• Avoid: Strong denaturants (urea/guanidinium), high percentages of organic solvents, and extreme pH unless intentionally performing SDS-PAGE sample prep or antigen retrieval.

Small comparison (literature)

• PBS vs TBS: TBS can reduce background in alkaline phosphatase-based detection and in some IHC contexts; PBS is broadly compatible with HRP systems. Selection depends on target/tissue and detection chemistry.
• Detergent choice: Tween-20 is mild and widely used; Triton X-100 or NP-40 are stronger and may permeabilize cells—use only where appropriate.

Item-specific note

• Because the exact buffer system of the ATTY Antibody is not provided, match your assay buffers to the downstream application and consult the CoA/Spec Sheet for compatibility notes (e.g., azide incompatibility with HRP in certain contexts).

Storage and Reconstitution

Item-specific (Product Data)

• Storage conditions: Store at −20°C. Avoid repeated freezing and thawing.
• Shipping: Shipped in an ice chest with ice pads.
• Reconstitution: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General/literature guidance

• Aliquoting: Upon first thaw, aliquot into single-use volumes in low-protein-binding tubes to eliminate repeat freeze–thaw cycles and maintain activity.
• Short-term handling: Keep on ice during use. For storage at −20°C, formulations often include 10–50% glycerol to prevent complete freezing; verify compatibility with your assays. If provided lyophilized, reconstitute with sterile buffer (e.g., PBS) to the manufacturer-recommended concentration.
• Stability: Avoid vigorous agitation and foaming; mix by gentle inversion. Protect fluorophore/enzyme conjugates from light if applicable. This item’s conjugation status is not specified.
• Documentation: Record aliquot sizes, buffer composition, and dates. Periodically assess performance via a reference sample to track stability over time.

Warnings

• Do not store in frost-free freezers that cycle above subzero setpoints. Avoid repeated thawing; each freeze–thaw can irreversibly reduce binding capacity.

Structure and Identity

Item-specific (Product Data)

• Product type: Antibody reagent (research-use only)
• Molecular formula: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Molecular weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• CAS, CID, InChIKey, SMILES: Not applicable/not specified for protein biologics; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet if available for the specific preparation.

General/literature information (for context)

• Antibodies are immunoglobulin proteins composed of two heavy and two light chains stabilized by disulfide bonds, forming a Y-shaped quaternary structure.
• The antigen-binding regions (Fab) contain hypervariable complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) that confer specificity, while the Fc region mediates effector functions and facilitates purification via Protein A/G.
• Common formats include monoclonal IgG (≈150 kDa), polyclonal IgG mixtures, and engineered fragments (Fab, F(ab')2, scFv). Isotype/subclass and host species determine compatibility with secondary antibodies and Protein A/G/L binding.
• Post-translational features such as glycosylation (typically in the Fc region) can influence stability and binding to Fc receptors.

Practical note

• Without target, isotype, and host details, treat ATTY Antibody as an undifferentiated primary antibody until the CoA/Spec Sheet is consulted for identity, clone, and format.

Synthetic Utility

Not typically applicable

• Antibodies are not used as reagents for chemical synthesis or as building blocks in small-molecule synthetic routes.

General notes (context)

• In chemical biology, antibodies may be chemically conjugated to enzymes, fluorophores, haptens, or solid supports using bioconjugation chemistries (e.g., NHS-ester labeling of lysines, maleimide–thiol coupling to reduced cysteines, click chemistry via azide/alkyne handles). These are specialized modifications aimed at detection or purification rather than classical synthesis.
• Site-specific conjugation strategies (e.g., enzymatic tags, engineered cysteines, glycan remodeling) can improve homogeneity of antibody conjugates for analytical purposes.

Item-specific limitation

• No information on available conjugates, free amines/sulfhydryls, or recommended labeling protocols is provided for the ATTY Antibody. Consult the CoA/Spec Sheet before attempting any modification.

Target Specificity

Item-specific (Product Data)

• Antigen/target name: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Clone/epitope/isotype/host species: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Species reactivity: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Notes

• Without target and isotype details, selection of compatible secondary antibodies and validation of species cross-reactivity cannot be assured. Confirm all specificity parameters from the lot-specific CoA prior to use.

Domande frequenti

How should this product be stored?

Store at ?20 °C. Avoid repeated freeze–thaw cycles. Aliquot into single-use volumes before freezing.

How is this product shipped?

This product ships in an insulated container with ice pads. Unpack on arrival and transfer it to the storage condition stated above.