DBCO PEG Folic acid - MW 2000 Da

Cat. No.: D163530

GRADE & PURITY MW 2000 Da

Storage

Room temperature

Shipped In

Normal

Panoramica

DBCO PEG Folic acid, also called DBCO PEG folate, is one of Nanocs' folic acid PEG derivatives that can go Click Chemistry reaction without a need of any metal catalysts. The strain-promoted 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of cyclooctynes and azides, also termed as the Cu-free click reaction, is a bioorthogonal reaction that enables the conjugation of two molecules in aqueous solution. DBCO PEG folate derivatives possess fast kinetics and stability in aqueous buffer. DBCO reagents can be used to label azide-modified biomolecules spontaneous without the need for toxic Cu catalysts. Folic acid, is also known as vitamin M, vitamin B9 or pteroyl-L-glutamic acid. Folic acid is an essential bioactive molecule for numerous biological functions. It participates in the synthesis, repairing and methylation of DNA as well as to act as a cofactor in many biological reactions. DBCO functional folic acid can be easily attached to azide functionalized molecules, particles or solid surfaces.

Specifications

Specifiche e purezza

MW 2000 Da

Condizioni di conservazione di stoccaggio

Room temperature

Spedito in

Normal

Application Protocols

Item-specific, tested application protocols and recommended conditions are not provided for SKU D163530; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet if available.

Brief guidance to locate relevant procedures

• For SPAAC-based labeling of azide-bearing biomolecules or materials with folate ligands, consult general protocols under Reaction & Applications and Reaction Conditions tabs. Adapt parameters (equivalents, time, buffer) to your substrate and validate on small scale.

Note: In keeping with catalog policy, no application performance claims or validated dilutions are made here without product-specific data.

Biological Roles

Item-specific facts (from Product Data)

• None provided beyond the research-use-only notice.

General biology of the constituent motifs (literature/knowledge; not a medical claim)

• Folic acid (vitamin B9): A cofactor precursor involved in one-carbon transfer reactions after reduction to tetrahydrofolate derivatives. It binds to folate receptors and transporters on cell membranes, mediating uptake of folates for metabolism in nucleotide and amino acid biosynthesis.
• PEG spacer: Enhances aqueous solubility and reduces nonspecific protein adsorption; can prolong circulation of conjugates in model systems and improve colloidal stability of nanoparticles.
• DBCO: Considered bioorthogonal—largely inert to native biochemical functionality but reacts rapidly with azides introduced metabolically (e.g., azido-sugars) or by chemical modification, enabling selective tagging within complex biological environments.

Use in research workflows

• Ligand presentation: DBCO PEG Folic acid can be used to decorate azide-functionalized biomolecules or materials with folate, facilitating studies of folate-receptor-mediated binding and endocytosis under controlled laboratory conditions.
• Multiparametric experiments: Orthogonality of SPAAC permits sequential or parallel labeling with minimal interference to biological processes compared to metal-catalyzed methods.

Note: This product is for research use only. No diagnostic or therapeutic use is implied.

Buffer Applications

This product is not a buffering agent and is not typically used to prepare or control buffer pH.

Practical notes for use in buffers (general guidance)

• When performing SPAAC bioconjugations, common buffers include PBS, HEPES, or Tris (pH ~6.5–7.8). Avoid buffers or stocks containing sodium azide or other azide preservatives prior to the click step, as these will irreversibly consume the DBCO functionality.
• Ionic strength and pH can influence solubility and reaction rate via the folate ionization state; gentle agitation and small amounts of DMSO cosolvent can aid dissolution. These are general considerations; item-specific recommendations are not provided for SKU D163530.

Green Alternatives

Context (literature/knowledge)

• SPAAC with DBCO avoids copper catalysts and associated metal waste typical of CuAAC, aligning with green chemistry principles for bioconjugation.

Comparative assessment (general; not item-specific)

• DBCO vs CuAAC (alkyne + azide + Cu(I))
  • Pros (DBCO/SPAAC): No copper, compatible with live-cell and protein labeling; fewer purification steps; reduced cytotoxicity risk.
  • Cons: DBCO is hydrophobic; synthesis of DBCO is more resource-intensive; potential off-target reactivity with electron-rich dipoles is minimal but not zero.
• DBCO vs BCN (bicyclo[6.1.0]non-4-yne)
  • DBCO typically exhibits faster kinetics with many azides; BCN can be more hydrophilic and sometimes more stable in complex media.
• DBCO vs Tetrazine–TCO (IEDDA)
  • Tetrazine–TCO reactions are even faster and bioorthogonal, but tetrazines can be more sensitive to oxidation/light. Choice depends on required speed and stability.

Mini comparison table (literature)

• SPAAC (DBCO): metal-free; k2 often 10−2–10+ M−1 s−1 (varies with azide); robust in buffers
• SPAAC (BCN): metal-free; k2 typically lower than DBCO; sometimes better solubility
• IEDDA (TCO–tetrazine): metal-free; k2 up to 105–106 M−1 s−1; reagents more sensitive
• CuAAC: very fast with catalyst; requires Cu(I), ligands, and scavenging

Greener practices

• Use aqueous buffers at ambient temperature where possible.
• Prepare concentrated stocks to reduce solvent volumes (DMSO minimization).
• Avoid excess reagent; titrate to need and quench unreacted DBCO with a sacrificial azide, then dispose per regulations.

Pharmaceutical Uses

No pharmacopeial status, excipient role, or GMP-related information is specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet if available.

General context (literature/knowledge; not a medical claim)

• In research and development settings, folate-bearing conjugates are often explored as targeting ligands for delivery systems, while DBCO enables modular, catalyst-free assembly with azide-functionalized payloads or carriers.
• PEG linkers are widely employed to modulate solubility and reduce nonspecific interactions in formulation prototyping.

Limitations and compliance

• This product is supplied for research use only and is not intended for use in humans or for clinical or diagnostic procedures.
• Any translation of laboratory protocols to regulated manufacturing would require specification control (identity, purity, residuals), validated methods, and applicable regulatory filings—none of which are provided here.

Physical Properties

Item-specific facts (from Product Data)

• Molecular weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Molecular formula: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Appearance: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Literature/typical properties for related DBCO–PEG–folate conjugates (for context; not specifications for this item)

• Physical state: Usually solid (amorphous) due to PEG content and conjugation.
• Solubility profile (typical):
  • High solubility in polar aprotic solvents such as DMSO and DMF; often soluble/dispersible in aqueous buffers (pH ~6–8) due to PEG and folate ionization, but exact behavior depends on PEG length and terminal groups.
  • Limited solubility in nonpolar solvents (e.g., hexanes, toluene).
• Ionization: Folic acid moiety presents multiple acidic functions (pKa values for folic acid ~2.3, ~4.8 and ~10.4; literature) that influence charge state and aqueous solubility with pH.
• LogP: Not meaningful as a single value for PEGylated conjugates; amphiphilic character is dominated by PEG.
• UV–vis: Folic acid absorbs strongly around 280–290 nm and ~350–365 nm (literature) enabling analytical tracking; DBCO also has UV absorbance in near-UV.

Note: Do not treat the above values as specifications for SKU D163530. Consult the item’s CoA/Spec Sheet for definitive physical data (e.g., exact MW, PEG chain length, and solubility).

Quality and Grades

Item-specific facts (from Product Data)

• Grade/Purity: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General guidance on quality attributes for DBCO–PEG–folate conjugates (literature/knowledge)

• Purity determination: Typically assessed by analytical HPLC/UPLC with UV detection at ~280–365 nm and sometimes MS detection. Folate’s chromophores and DBCO’s aromatic rings afford strong UV signals.
• Identity confirmation: High-resolution mass spectrometry (ESI or MALDI) to confirm the exact mass of the conjugate (accounts for PEG adduct distributions if polydisperse). 1H/13C NMR may provide supportive evidence; however, PEG signals are broad and overlapping.
• Residuals: QC often monitors residual solvents (e.g., DMF, DMSO), copper (not used for SPAAC but may be monitored), and unreacted folic acid or DBCO derivatives. For this SKU, specific residual limits are not provided.
• Stabilizers/Additives: Not specified for this item. Many PEG conjugates are supplied neat without stabilizers; any additives would be disclosed on the CoA.
• What the grade implies: For conjugation-ready bioconjugates, vendors frequently target high chemical purity and low water/ash content to ensure reliable click performance and minimal background. Verify by requesting the current CoA for SKU D163530 before critical applications.

Reaction and Applications

Item-specific facts (from Product Data)

• Manufacturer applications: Not specified for this item beyond category listing; see below for general use cases.

General applications (literature/knowledge)

• Copper-free click bioconjugation: DBCO reacts selectively and rapidly with organic azides via SPAAC, forming stable triazoles without Cu(I) catalyst. Suitable for labeling azide-functionalized biomolecules (proteins, peptides, glycans, nucleic acids) and materials.
• Targeting/affinity element: The folic acid headgroup can serve as a biochemical targeting ligand for folate-binding proteins (e.g., folate receptors) in binding studies, particle functionalization, and receptor-mediated uptake investigations in cell-based research. No therapeutic claims are implied.
• Surface and material modification: Immobilization of folate onto nanoparticles, polymers, hydrogels, and surfaces through azide handles to study ligand-density effects and receptor interactions.
• Multiplex assembly: Orthogonal strategies combining SPAAC (DBCO–azide) with other bioorthogonal pairs (e.g., TCO–tetrazine) enable multi-component assemblies.

Practical tips

• Keep sodium azide and azide-containing buffers strictly out of all solutions prior to the intended click step.
• Pre-dissolve in anhydrous DMSO, then dilute into buffer immediately before adding to azide-bearing targets to minimize background adsorption.
• Control stoichiometry based on accessible azide sites; titrate equivalents to balance labeling efficiency and preserve biomolecule function.
• Monitor reaction by UV–vis, HPLC, or MS; folate and DBCO absorb in the near-UV, while the triazole formation can be tracked by mass shift.

Reaction Conditions

Item-specific reaction parameters are not provided for SKU D163530; consult CoA/Spec Sheet for any validated conditions.

General SPAAC conditions for DBCO–azide bioconjugation (literature/knowledge; typical guidance)

• Solvent/buffer: Aqueous buffers (PBS, HEPES) at pH 6.5–7.8. Include up to 10–20% DMSO to aid solubility if needed.
• Temperature: 20–25°C (room temperature) is common; 4°C for sensitive biomolecules with slower kinetics; up to 37°C to accelerate if stability permits.
• Stoichiometry: 1.1–5.0 equivalents of DBCO reagent per azide site for proteins/biomolecules; higher excess (up to 10 eq) for surfaces/particles to drive to completion.
• Concentration: 10–200 µM for biomolecule labeling; higher for material surfaces as mass transport allows.
• Time: 30 min to 4 h for many systems; overnight for sterically hindered sites.
• Monitoring: HPLC/UPLC, SDS-PAGE (for proteins), UV–vis (folate/DBCO absorbance), and MS where applicable.
• Quenching/cleanup: Remove excess reagent by gel filtration, dialysis, spin columns, or precipitation. If necessary, quench residual DBCO with a small-molecule azide after desired reaction is complete.

Notes

• Absolutely avoid sodium azide and azide preservatives in any component before the click step. Verify compatibility of buffer additives (e.g., amines, thiols) though these typically do not impede SPAAC.

Safety and Handling

Item-specific facts (from Product Data)

• GHS classification, signal word, pictograms, and H-statements: Not specified for this item; refer to product SDS.
• Storage conditions: Room temperature (as supplied). Ship under normal conditions.
• Research use note: For research use only.

General safety considerations (literature/knowledge; defer to SDS for authoritative guidance)

• Likely hazards: Conjugated organic solids of this class are commonly classified as non-volatile laboratory chemicals; may cause skin/eye/respiratory irritation. Avoid inhalation of dust and contact with skin/eyes.
• Bioorthogonal reactivity: The DBCO moiety is reactive toward organic azides (SPAAC). Prevent unintended contact with azide-containing reagents and surfaces until use. Generally unreactive toward biological nucleophiles under typical buffer conditions.
• Incompatibilities: Strong oxidizers, strong acids/bases that can hydrolyze linkages, and reactive azides (to prevent premature click reactions). Protect from prolonged light to minimize potential photodegradation of aromatic/folate chromophores.
• Recommended PPE: Lab coat, safety glasses, and suitable chemical-resistant gloves (e.g., nitrile). Use a fume hood when weighing powders or preparing stock solutions.
• First-aid overview: In case of skin contact, wash with soap and water. For eye contact, rinse cautiously with water for several minutes and seek medical advice if irritation persists. If inhaled, move to fresh air. If ingested, rinse mouth and seek medical attention. Always follow institutional EHS procedures.
• Waste: Collect solutions and contaminated disposables as organic hazardous waste. Copper is not used for SPAAC, but if mixed with other reagents, segregate per local regulations.

Solvent Selection

Item-specific facts (from Product Data)

• No item-specific solvent recommendations are provided; consult the CoA/Spec Sheet for definitive guidance.

General solvent behavior (literature/knowledge)

• Polarity class: Amphiphilic conjugate. The PEG chain imparts hydrophilicity; DBCO and folate rings contribute hydrophobic/π-stacking characteristics.
• Typical solubility/miscibility trends:
  • Readily soluble in DMSO and DMF; often soluble at working concentrations in aqueous buffers (e.g., PBS, HEPES) once pre-dissolved in a small volume of DMSO, depending on PEG length and loading.
  • Limited solubility in purely nonpolar solvents (hexanes); moderate in acetonitrile/alcohols can vary with PEG size.
• Practical selection tips:
  • Stock solutions: Prepare concentrated stocks in anhydrous DMSO (common range 1–10 mM), then dilute into buffer immediately before use to minimize premature reaction and adsorption losses.
  • Aqueous use: Adjust pH 6.5–7.8 to maintain folate ionization balance and promote solubility while preserving biomolecule integrity.
  • Avoid azide-containing buffers and preservatives (e.g., sodium azide) prior to conjugation; these will irreversibly consume DBCO.
• Comparison to alternatives:
  • DBCO conjugates are generally more hydrophobic than BCN but offer faster SPAAC kinetics than some cyclooctynes. PEGylation mitigates aggregation and improves aqueous handling.

Note: Verify actual solubility and stability of SKU D163530 under your conditions with a small-scale test.

Storage and Reconstitution

Item-specific facts (from Product Data)

• Storage conditions: Room temperature (as supplied).
• Shipped in: Normal conditions.
• Reconstitution: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General guidance (literature/knowledge; not item specifications)

• Stock preparation: Many users prepare concentrated stocks (e.g., 1–10 mM) in anhydrous DMSO due to good solubility of DBCO conjugates, then dilute into aqueous buffer just before use. Filter (0.22 µm) if particulate is observed.
• Handling: Minimize repeated freeze–thaw of stock solutions; aliquot if storing solutions. Protect from prolonged light exposure to limit potential chromophore degradation.
• Solution storage: Short-term storage of DMSO stocks at 2–8°C or −20°C is common practice for similar reagents; stability and retest dates should be confirmed experimentally for this SKU.
• Adsorption: PEGylated conjugates can adsorb to plastics; low-bind tubes and immediate use after dilution help maintain effective concentration.

Always consult the product’s SDS and CoA for definitive storage and handling instructions specific to SKU D163530.

Structure and Identity

Item-specific facts (from Product Data)

• Product name: DBCO PEG Folic acid (SKU: D163530)
• Storage: Room temperature; shipped under normal conditions
• Other identifiers (CAS, SMILES, InChIKey, Molecular Formula, Molecular Weight): Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General structural description (literature/knowledge)

• Composition: A conjugate integrating three motifs:
  • DBCO (dibenzocyclooctyne): a strained cyclooctyne fused to two benzene rings; functions as a copper-free azide-reactive handle for SPAAC (strain-promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition).
  • PEG spacer: poly(ethylene glycol) chain providing hydrophilicity, flexibility, and reduced nonspecific adsorption; length and polydispersity vary by product specification (not specified here).
  • Folic acid (pteroyl-L-glutamic acid): contains a pteridine ring system linked via p-aminobenzoate to L-glutamate; serves as a folate-receptor-binding ligand in biochemical targeting studies.
• Likely connectivity: DBCO—(PEG)n—linker—folic acid, typically via amide or carbamate to the folate moiety; exact linkage chemistry and PEG length are item-specific (not specified here).
• Stereochemistry: Folic acid contains L-glutamate (chiral center at Cα); DBCO and PEG segments are achiral. Overall stereochemical specification is governed by the folate L-configuration (assumed for folic acid; item-specific confirmation not provided).

Synthetic Utility

General synthetic roles (literature/knowledge)

• Bifunctional ligand–click handle: Provides a folate headgroup for affinity/targeting and a DBCO handle for rapid, copper-free ligation to azide-bearing molecules, surfaces, or polymers.
• Modular late-stage functionalization: Enables installation of folate onto complex scaffolds at the final step, minimizing exposure of sensitive payloads to metal catalysts or harsh conditions.
• Surface patterning and materials modification: SPAAC attachment to azido-functionalized nanoparticles, hydrogels, and self-assembled monolayers to control ligand density and orientation via PEG spacing.

Key functional groups and reactivity

• Strained alkyne (DBCO): Undergoes strain-promoted [3+2] cycloaddition with organic azides to yield 1,2,3-triazoles; high chemoselectivity in aqueous media without catalyst.
• Poly(ethylene glycol): Inert spacer enhancing solubility and reducing steric hindrance; length tunes reach and presentation of the folate moiety.
• Folic acid: Presents carboxylate and aromatic domains capable of noncovalent interactions post-conjugation; the covalent linkage site and orientation are defined during synthesis (item-specific details not provided).

Advantages over alternatives

• Metal-free, biocompatible conditions; minimal purification burden after conjugation.
• Orthogonal to many common biomolecule functional groups, enabling site-selective assembly when azide placement is controlled.

Target Specificity

Item-specific facts (from Product Data)

• No target, antigen, epitope, clone, isotype, or species reactivity information is provided for this product. It is not an antibody and has no disclosed biological target specifications in the listing.

General note (literature/knowledge)

• Folic acid can bind folate receptors and transporters in biochemical systems, but no target-binding specifications, affinity data, or validated selectivity metrics are provided for SKU D163530. Any target engagement must be established empirically in the user’s system.