≥98% for sensitive chromatographic and analytical workflows requiring minimal baseline interference.
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Storage & shipping
Store at -20°C Ships Ice chest + Ice pads Check lot-specific COA for exact specifications.
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Quality documents
SDS, COA, datasheet, and spec sheet available for download. Lot-specific COA accessible via lot number lookup.
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Literature proof
Cited in 0 peer-reviewed publications across chromatography, organic synthesis, and cross-coupling reactions.
Panoramica
Faropenem daloxate is the first oral penem in a new class of beta-lactam antibiotics .IC50 Value:Target: AntibacterialFaropenem daloxate is useful for penem and antibiotics . Faropenem medoxomil has excellent in vitro activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and other key pathogens implicated in acute bacterial rhinosinusitis. Clinical studies have demonstrated that, in the treatment of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis in adults, 7 days of treatment with faropenem medoxomil is as clinically and bacteriologically effective as 10 days of treatment with cefuroxime axetil. One study showed faropenem medoxomil to be superior to cefuroxime axetil. Overall, the safety profile of faropenem medoxomil is similar to that of most comparators.
Faropenem daloxate is the first oral penem in a new class of beta-lactam antibiotics .\nIC50 Value: \nTarget: Antibacterial Faropenem daloxate is useful for penem and antibiotics . Faropenem medoxomil has excellent in vitro activity against Streptococcus
Condizioni di conservazione di stoccaggio
Store at -20°C
Spedito in
Ice chest + Ice pads
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This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha amino acids and derivatives. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon), or a derivative thereof.
External Descriptors
Not available
1. Djoumbou Feunang Y, Eisner R, Knox C, Chepelev L, Hastings J, Owen G, Fahy E, Steinbeck C, Subramanian S, Bolton E, Greiner R, and Wishart DS. ClassyFire: Automated Chemical Classification With A Comprehensive, Computable Taxonomy. Journal of Cheminformatics, 2016, 8:61.
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Recensioni
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Application Protocols
No manufacturer-validated application protocols are provided for this item in the catalog entry. The following are general, non-binding examples to guide method setup in a research lab. Adjust per your SOPs.
Example 1: Preparation of assay-ready solution
Dissolve compound in anhydrous DMSO to 10–20 mM.
Aliquot into amber vials under inert gas; store at −20°C.
Immediately before use, dilute into pre-chilled buffer to the desired final concentration, keeping DMSO ≤1% v/v.
Example 2: Enzymatic hydrolysis time-course
Incubate 10–100 µM in PBS (pH ~7.2) with esterase preparation at 25–37°C.
Take time-point aliquots and quench in cold acetonitrile (2–3× volume) containing internal standard.
Analyze by LC-MS for prodrug depletion and formation of faropenem.
Example 3: Forced degradation screening
Prepare separate samples in (a) 0.01–0.1 M HCl, (b) 0.01–0.1 M NaOH, (c) 3% H2O2, and (d) water at 60°C.
Sample at defined intervals; neutralize as required; analyze by LC-MS to map degradants.
Note: These examples are general literature-style procedures and are not validated for this specific lot. Always perform small-scale pilots and consult the SDS before scaling up.
Biological Roles
Context (literature/general): Faropenem daloxate is a prodrug that, upon ester cleavage, yields faropenem—a penem-class β‑lactam. β‑Lactams function by acylating the active-site serine of bacterial D,D‑transpeptidases (penicillin-binding proteins, PBPs), thereby inhibiting peptidoglycan crosslinking in bacterial cell walls in biochemical systems.
Prodrug rationale: the daloxate ester masks the carboxylate of the parent β‑lactam to modulate permeability and stability en route to the site of action. Hydrolysis (chemical or enzymatic) regenerates the active carboxylate-bearing β‑lactam.
Enzymology: susceptibility to hydrolysis by carboxylesterases and by nonspecific esterases in biological matrices; hydrolysis rates vary with species, matrix, and temperature.
Resistance mechanisms (research context): reduced affinity/altered PBPs, β‑lactamases capable of opening the β‑lactam ring, or reduced permeability/efflux—factors relevant to in vitro microbiology studies.
Assay considerations: protein binding in serum can sequester β‑lactams; ionic strength and pH can influence stability and reactivity. For mechanistic enzymology, time-resolved sampling and rapid quenching are recommended.
Important limitation:
No medical or clinical claims are made. The information above is intended to guide in vitro biochemical and microbiological research design and interpretation only.
Buffer Applications
This compound is not a buffer reagent. However, buffer selection strongly impacts stability and hydrolysis behavior in research assays (general β‑lactam guidance):
pH window: β‑lactam rings are generally most stable near neutral pH; both acidic and basic extremes accelerate degradation. Empirically determine stability across pH 5.5–7.5 for your matrix.
Buffer choice: use low-nucleophilicity buffers (e.g., phosphate, citrate, HEPES) at moderate ionic strength. Avoid amine-rich buffers that can participate in side reactions with activated acyl species.
Additives: include minimal organic cosolvent (e.g., ≤1–5% DMSO or ethanol) to aid solubilization immediately before use; evaluate any effects on assay endpoints.
Temperature and light: conduct experiments on ice or at controlled low temperature when feasible; protect from light.
Practical preparation tips:
Prepare a concentrated anhydrous stock (e.g., in DMSO) and dilute into pre-chilled buffer immediately before assay initiation.
For time-course studies, pre-aliquot buffer in amber vials and add compound last to ensure consistent starting conditions.
Green Alternatives
While Faropenem daloxate itself is the research target, solvent choices and workflow can be optimized for greener practice (general guidance):
Comparison of common solvent choices for stock/processing (literature/general):
DMSO
Pros: high solvency; widely used in bioassays
Cons: persistent, high COD; skin permeation enhancer; difficult to remove at scale
Acetonitrile
Pros: good solvency; low viscosity; volatile (easier removal)
Pros: biorenewable routes available; lower toxicity profile; good for aqueous cosolvent
Cons: may limit achievable concentration; potential for faster hydrolysis in aqueous alcohols
PEG 400 or propylene glycol (co-solvents)
Pros: greener profile; low volatility
Cons: viscosity; analytical background; potential interaction with assay systems
Greener practice suggestions:
Prefer ethanol/water or isopropanol/water as diluents for short-term assays when solubility allows.
Use micro-scale workflows to minimize solvent use; select LC eluents with volatile, MS-friendly buffers (ammonium formate/acetate) over non-volatile salts.
Implement cold-chain handling and just-in-time solution prep to reduce waste from degraded solutions.
Capture and segregate halogenated vs non-halogenated solvent waste to enable optimal recycling streams.
Pharmaceutical Uses
No pharmacopeial grade or excipient role is specified for this catalog item; it is supplied strictly for research use only.
Prodrug/formulation studies: Faropenem daloxate can serve as a model compound to investigate pro-moiety selection, ester stability, and dissolution/permeation behavior in pre-formulation research.
Reference standard: suitable for developing and validating analytical methods (assay, related substances) in support of developmental studies. Batch-specific purity and impurity limits must be confirmed on the CoA.
Solid-state work: polymorph/solvate screening and moisture-sorption studies can inform handling and packaging of β‑lactam esters.
Regulatory note:
No therapeutic or clinical claims are made for this product. It is not approved as a drug substance or excipient by any pharmacopeia in the context of this listing. Users are responsible for ensuring fitness-for-purpose within non-clinical research.
Physical Properties
Item-specific physicochemical specifications are not provided in the product data.
Appearance: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Molecular weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Molecular formula: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Melting point, boiling point, density, refractive index, UV cutoff, water content, residual solvents, metal content: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
General/literature guidance for penem prodrugs (context, not item spec):
Physical state: usually solid; susceptible to hydrolysis in aqueous media, especially outside neutral pH.
Solubility profile (qualitative): typically sparingly soluble in water as the free ester; improved solubility in polar aprotic solvents (e.g., DMSO) and mixed aqueous-organic systems after partial/complete hydrolysis (literature).
Stability notes: β‑lactam ring is strained and may open under basic conditions, elevated temperatures, or prolonged aqueous exposure. Ester promoiety is cleavable by chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis.
Practical implications:
Prepare concentrated stocks in anhydrous DMSO or acetonitrile to minimize premature hydrolysis; dilute into buffered media immediately before use.
Minimize exposure to strong acids/bases, heat, or light to preserve β‑lactam integrity (general β‑lactam handling practice).
Quality and Grades
Grade/Purity: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Stabilizers: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
How to interpret grade (general guidance):
Reference/analytical grade: typically supports identity/assay verification by NMR, LC-MS, and tight limits on related substances; appropriate for method development and QC reference work.
Research grade: suitable for discovery biology/chemistry; impurity profiles may be broader than pharmacopoeial grade.
Pharmacopoeial/compendial grade (if specified): conforms to monograph tests (assay, impurities, specific rotation, residual solvents). No such designation is provided for this item.
Quality considerations specific to β‑lactam prodrugs (general):
Hydrolytic degradants: monitor for formation of faropenem (intended hydrolysis product) and β‑lactam ring-open species by LC-UV/LC-MS.
Assay methods: reverse-phase HPLC with gradient elution and MS-compatible mobile phases (e.g., ammonium formate/acetate buffers) are commonly used; UV detection in near-UV may be suitable based on β‑lactam chromophores (method details to be defined per lab SOP).
Peroxide/metal/UV cutoff: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Recommendation: Request the current CoA for batch-specific purity, residual solvent profile, and chromatographic assay conditions if these attributes are critical to your application.
Reaction and Applications
This product is most often used as a research reference material, test article, or substrate in chemical/biochemical studies rather than as a general synthetic reagent. Relevant application areas (literature, general):
Prodrug hydrolysis studies: model compound for chemical and enzymatic cleavage of daloxate ester to release faropenem; enables kinetics, mechanism, and profiling of esterase activity.
Stability profiling: assessment of β‑lactam stability vs pH, temperature, and matrix effects; development of stabilizing formulations.
Analytical method development: LC-UV/LC-MS method validation for quantification in complex matrices; forced-degradation mapping (acid/base, oxidative, thermal, photolytic) to establish degradation pathways and mass balances.
Permeation and transport: use in in vitro permeability models (e.g., PAMPA, Caco-2) to examine prodrug transport vs parent (general prodrug research; design experiments per institutional guidelines).
Synthetic context: serves as a benchmark for penem ester synthesis and purification; can inform protecting-group strategies and purification protocols for β‑lactam esters.
Practical tips:
Work quickly and at low temperature when preparing aqueous samples; add compound last to pre-chilled buffer.
Include immediate quench/derivatization steps for time-course sampling to arrest hydrolysis (e.g., rapid acidification to mild pH followed by cooling; define conditions empirically to preserve β‑lactam).
Use internal standards with similar chromatographic behavior to correct for on-instrument degradation.
Reaction Conditions
Typical experimental conditions relevant to Faropenem daloxate in research workflows (general literature guidance; not item specs):
Stock preparation: dissolve in anhydrous DMSO or acetonitrile at 10–50 mM; store aliquots at ≤−20°C; minimize freeze-thaw.
Hydrolysis (chemical):
Basic: dilute into aqueous bicarbonate/carbonate (near-neutral to mildly basic), 0–25°C; monitor for release of parent acid and ring-open species by LC-MS.
Acidic: dilute into mildly acidic buffers (e.g., citrate/phosphate, pH ~5–6) on ice to slow hydrolysis for short assays.
Enzymatic cleavage: incubate with esterases/carboxylesterases in buffered saline at 25–37°C; include controls without enzyme and with heat-inactivated enzyme to confirm specificity.
Stability testing (ICH-style stress, adapted): expose to 0.1 M acid/base, 3% H2O2 (oxidation), heat (60–80°C), and photolysis; characterize degradants to build a stability-indicating method. Adjust severities for β‑lactam sensitivity.
Analytical conditions (examples to consider):
LC: C18 column, water/acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid or ammonium formate for MS-compatibility; gradient 5–95% organic; monitor multiple wavelengths if using UV.
Sample handling: quench aliquots promptly (e.g., rapid cooling, pH adjustment) to arrest ongoing hydrolysis before injection.
Note: Exact pH/temperature/time should be optimized empirically for the intended assay while minimizing β‑lactam degradation.
Safety and Handling
Authoritative safety data must be taken from the SDS.
GHS classification: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
Signal word / H-statements / pictograms: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
Research use: For research use only.
General β‑lactam/organic compound handling guidance (literature, general):
Potential sensitization: β‑lactams may pose sensitization/allergy risks to some individuals upon exposure. Handle in a fume hood; avoid inhalation/skin contact.
PPE: lab coat, nitrile gloves, splash goggles; consider double-gloving for prolonged handling. Change gloves frequently when working in DMSO (enhanced skin permeation risk).
Engineering controls: handle powders in a ventilated enclosure; avoid aerosolization. Use desiccated storage containers.
Incompatibilities: strong acids/bases (promote β‑lactam ring opening or ester hydrolysis); strong oxidizers; prolonged exposure to aqueous media at elevated temperature.
First-aid (overview):
Inhalation: move to fresh air; seek medical advice if symptoms persist.
Skin/eye contact: rinse with water for ≥15 minutes; remove contaminated clothing; seek medical advice if irritation persists.
Ingestion: rinse mouth; do not induce vomiting; seek medical attention.
Spill response: avoid dust formation; collect with inert absorbent; dispose per local regulations.
Waste: classify and dispose in accordance with institutional and regional regulations for organic laboratory waste.
Always consult the product SDS for definitive hazard and response information.
Solvent Selection
Applicability: As a penem β‑lactam prodrug ester, Faropenem daloxate is typically handled as a solid dissolved into a polar aprotic solvent for stock solutions, then diluted into aqueous buffers immediately before use (general guidance).
Polarity class (qualitative, literature): moderately polar organic molecule; ester promoiety reduces aqueous solubility relative to the corresponding acid.
Preferred stock solvents: anhydrous DMSO (most common), DMF, or acetonitrile to limit premature hydrolysis.
Aqueous compatibility: on dilution into buffered media (near-neutral pH), gradual ester cleavage and/or β‑lactam degradation can occur; prepare fresh working solutions.
General handling recommendations (β‑lactam prodrug context):
Keep container tightly closed in a dry, inert atmosphere. Use desiccant and store in amber glass to limit moisture and light exposure.
After first opening, consider dividing into single-use aliquots under dry nitrogen/argon to minimize repeated freeze–thaw and moisture ingress.
Reconstitution guidance:
Solvents: Prepare concentrated stocks in anhydrous DMSO or acetonitrile. For aqueous work, dilute immediately before use into pre-chilled buffer.
Concentration: Choose the highest practical stock concentration to minimize aqueous exposure upon dilution; verify solubility empirically.
Stability of solutions: At room temperature in aqueous media, β‑lactam esters may degrade measurably over experimental timescales. Keep samples cold and protected from light; replace working solutions frequently.
Labeling and records:
Record lot number, date of opening, solvent used, and aliquot history.
For long-term projects, periodically verify integrity by LC-MS or HPLC assay.
Note: For any unspecified attributes (e.g., exact solubility limits, pH stability range), consult the CoA/Spec Sheet and establish laboratory-specific solution stability data before critical experiments.
Structure and Identity
Brief overview: Faropenem daloxate is a penem-class β-lactam prodrug of faropenem, supplied for research use. The daloxate moiety is an ester promoiety designed to enhance oral/permeation characteristics (literature, general chemistry knowledge).
SKU: F646726
Product name: Faropenem daloxate
CAS: 141702-36-5
PubChem CID: 6918218
InChIKey (as provided): 167083 (note: format appears truncated/non-standard; verify on CoA/SDS)
SMILES: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Molecular formula: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Molecular weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Structural features (literature, general):
Core ring system: bicyclic penem nucleus containing a strained four‑membered β‑lactam fused to a five‑membered heterocycle with sulfur.
Functional groups: β‑lactam amide (electrophilic), thio-heterocycle, and an esterified “daloxate” promoiety attached to the carboxylate of faropenem (prodrug ester).
Stereochemistry: β‑lactams of the penem class bear defined stereocenters at the bicyclic core; daloxate introduces additional stereochemical elements depending on the promoiety configuration (literature).
2D description: a fused bicyclic β‑lactam/thiazolidine-like framework with an exocyclic double bond typical of penems, and a pendant esterified side chain (daloxate) in place of the free carboxylate.
Identity guidance:
Verify identity by high-resolution MS and 1H/13C NMR consistent with a penem β‑lactam bearing an ester promoiety; hydrolysis should yield faropenem (literature analytical cue).
Synthetic Utility
Although primarily a research reference material, Faropenem daloxate can be leveraged in synthetic and mechanistic investigations (general literature guidance):
Model β‑lactam electrophile: useful for studying nucleophilic acyl substitution at a strained β‑lactam; ring-opening pathways under controlled conditions provide mechanistic insight.
Prodrug chemistry: the daloxate ester serves as a case study in carboxylate masking; comparative hydrolysis kinetics vs other esters (e.g., pivaloyloxymethyl, carbonate) aid prodrug design.
Analytical standards: use as a calibration standard for LC-MS quantitation of prodrug/parent pairs; supports stability-indicating method development.
Deprotection to parent: controlled saponification or enzymatic hydrolysis to obtain faropenem for side-by-side analytical controls (optimize to avoid β‑lactam degradation).
Best practices:
Conduct reactions under anhydrous, low-temperature conditions to preserve the β‑lactam.
Employ mild bases (e.g., bicarbonate) for partial hydrolysis screens; avoid strong nucleophiles that irreversibly open the ring.
Monitor reactions by LC-MS with rapid sampling; β‑lactam systems often display complex, time-dependent speciation.
Target Specificity
This product is not an antibody, enzyme prep, or receptor ligand standard with defined binding constants in the catalog listing; item-specific target data are not provided.
General research context (literature):
Upon conversion to its parent β‑lactam, the biochemical target class is bacterial penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), serine D,D‑transpeptidases involved in peptidoglycan crosslinking. Specific PBP isoform affinities vary by organism and are not provided here.
Item-specific binding/affinity, kinetics, or selectivity data: Not specified for this item; refer to primary literature and your experimental determinations.
Domande frequenti
What are the CAS number, molecular formula and molecular weight?
The CAS Number is 141702-36-5, the molecular formula is C17H19NO8S, and the molecular weight is 397.4 g/mol. InChIKey JQBKWZPHJOEQAO-DVPVEWDBSA-N.
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