Photosensitizer-4 , CAS No.P1433665

CAS: P1433665 Cat. No.: P1433665 Formula: C₃₈H₂₉BrN₂S₂ Peso molecolare: 657.68

Storage

Store at -20°C

Shipped In

Ice chest + Ice pads

Panoramica

Photosensitizer-4 (compound PS-I) is a potent photosensitizer. Photosensitizer-4 effectively kills cancer cells and inhibits tumor growth under light irradiation.

Specifications

Condizioni di conservazione di stoccaggio

Store at -20°C

Spedito in

Ice chest + Ice pads

Questo prodotto richiede spedizione a catena fredda. I servizi di terra e altri servizi economici non sono disponibili.

Nomi e identificatori

Peso molecolare

657.68

Application Protocols

Item-specific facts (from Product Data)

• No validated application protocols, assay conditions, or recommended dilutions are provided for this item.

General guidance (not product-specific)

• For photoredox synthesis: document light source (wavelength, power), reactor geometry, distance to LEDs, cooling, and atmosphere; employ chemical actinometry when quantitation is required.
• For singlet-oxygen studies: verify O2 saturation, use appropriate traps (e.g., DPBF) and quenchers for mechanistic controls; record complete spectral parameters.
• Reproduce literature conditions for a benchmark transformation before applying to new substrates; then perform a small optimization matrix (solvent, base, light intensity).

Biological Roles

Item-specific facts (from Product Data)

• No biological or biochemical role is specified for this item. For research use only.

General research context (not product-specific; in vitro applications)

• Photosensitizers can transfer energy or electrons to oxygen, producing reactive oxygen species such as singlet oxygen (1O2) and superoxide. In biochemical studies, this is exploited for controlled photooxidation of amino acids (e.g., Trp, Met, Cys) and for mapping protein–protein interactions via photo-crosslinking or proximity labeling strategies.
• Fluorescent/absorbing properties allow their use as spectral probes to study microenvironments, membrane association, or nucleic acid interactions in vitro. Quantum yields and lifetimes determine suitability; these values are not specified for this item.
• Conjugation handles (when present in a given sensitizer) can enable attachment to biomolecules or polymers; presence/absence of such handles for this item is not specified.
• Caution: manage light exposure and oxygenation in biological assays to avoid uncontrolled ROS formation; use appropriate controls (dark, oxygen-free) and quenchers (e.g., sodium azide for 1O2) where scientifically justified.

Buffer Applications

Item-specific facts (from Product Data)

• No buffer system guidance is provided for this item.

Applicability

• Photosensitizers are not buffers and are not typically used to control pH. If experiments are conducted in aqueous media, choose a buffer that does not absorb strongly at the excitation wavelength (e.g., phosphate, HEPES, or Tris, depending on spectral overlap) and verify that the buffer does not quench the excited state or ROS.

Practical notes (general)

• Filter or degas buffers as appropriate; oxygen content should match the intended pathway (retain O2 for singlet-oxygen work; remove O2 for SET photoredox when detrimental).
• Consider surfactants, cosolvents, or cyclodextrins to solubilize hydrophobic sensitizers; confirm that additives do not scavenge radicals or 1O2.
• Always validate photophysics (absorption/emission) in the chosen buffer matrix before quantitative studies.

Green Alternatives

General assessment (not product-specific)

• Photochemistry often enables milder conditions, reduced stoichiometric oxidants/reductants, and improved selectivity, aligning with green chemistry principles. However, solvent choice, energy input, and metal content must be considered.

Comparison of common options (literature; examples)

• Metal-based photocatalysts (e.g., Ru(bpy)3, Ir(ppy)3 families): high efficiency and broad redox windows; drawbacks include scarcity of precious metals and potential end-of-life concerns.
• Organic dyes (e.g., Eosin Y, Rose Bengal, 4CzIPN, acridinium salts): metal-free, tunable absorption, often compatible with greener solvents; may have narrower operational windows or lower robustness in some substrates.
• Greener solvents: 2-MeTHF, EtOAc, MeOH, and water (with surfactants) can replace DMF/DMSO/MeCN when compatible with substrates and the photosensitizer.
• Energy efficiency: LEDs at matched wavelengths minimize heat and power consumption; continuous-flow photochemistry improves photon economy and scalability.

Recommendations

• If feasible, select metal-free sensitizers and bio-derived solvents; validate performance by quantum yield and turnover number.
• Employ solvent recycling, low-intensity LED arrays, and flow reactors to reduce waste and energy.
• These recommendations are general; suitability for Photosensitizer-4 depends on its actual identity and specifications (not provided).

Pharmaceutical Uses

Item-specific facts (from Product Data)

• No pharmacopeial status, excipient role, or formulation use is specified for this item.

General manufacturing/formulation context (not product-specific; research only)

• In formulation science and materials R&D, photosensitizers may be explored as components in photo-curable systems, antimicrobial surface coatings, or light-activated release materials. Such uses depend on spectral properties, stability, and compatibility with the matrix; these parameters are not specified here.
• For any exploratory work, verify residual solvent content, counterion, and impurity profile from the CoA. Establish photostability and leachables in the target matrix under intended illumination.
• No clinical or therapeutic claims are made. This product is for research use only.

Physical Properties

Item-specific facts (from Product Data)

• Appearance: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Melting/boiling point, density, refractive index, solubility, logP, pKa, UV–vis maxima: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General chemistry knowledge (literature)

• Photosensitizers generally display intense UV–vis absorption bands; λmax and extinction coefficients are highly structure-dependent (e.g., acridinium salts absorb strongly in the blue; many Ru/Ir complexes absorb in the blue–green). These values are not specified for this item.
• Solid-state form is commonly a crystalline or amorphous solid; many cationic dyes are isolated as salts (PF6−, BF4−, Cl−), which can affect hygroscopicity and solubility. Not specified for this item.
• Solubility trends: organic photosensitizers may dissolve in polar aprotic solvents (DMSO, DMF, MeCN); water solubility is often introduced via ionic groups. Actual solubility for this item is not specified.
• Photostability can vary; some systems are air- and light-sensitive in solution, especially in the presence of sacrificial donors/acceptors. Handle under controlled light as needed (see Safety & Handling).

Quality and Grades

Item-specific facts (from Product Data)

• Grade/purity: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

How to interpret grade for photosensitizers (general guidance)

• Purity: High chemical purity and low colored/fluorescent impurities are important to ensure reproducible photophysical data (φ, τ) and catalytic turnover. Trace metal or halide content can influence photocatalytic behavior; consult the CoA for residuals.
• Counterion identity (if a salt): PF6−, BF4−, or Cl− can change solubility (MeCN vs water) and stability. Verify the exact counterion on the CoA; do not assume interchangeability between salts.
• Chromatographic grade vs synthetic grade: HPLC-grade materials have minimized UV–vis background and are useful when recording quantum yields or Stern–Volmer plots; synthetic-grade materials may be fully fit for preparative photoredox transformations.
• Batch-to-batch trace analysis: For sensitive photoexperiments, review water content, residual solvents, and mass balance on the CoA. When unspecified, perform in-house verification (UV–vis profile, NMR purity, and elemental analysis as needed).

Reaction and Applications

Item-specific facts (from Product Data)

• Manufacturer application text: Not provided for this item.

General applications for photosensitizers in synthesis (literature; not product-specific)

• Photoredox catalysis: enable single-electron transfer (SET) to forge C–C and C–X bonds under mild conditions. Representative reactions include decarboxylative couplings (via redox-active esters), α-heteroarylation of carbonyls, ATRA (atom-transfer radical addition), Minisci alkylations of heteroarenes, and dual catalytic cross-couplings with Ni/Co/Cu.
• Energy-transfer (EnT) chemistry: triplet sensitization drives [2+2] cycloadditions, E/Z isomerizations, and selective cleavage of O–O or N–O bonds when thermodynamically feasible based on triplet energies.
• Oxidative photooxygenation: in the presence of O2, many dyes generate singlet oxygen, enabling ene reactions, [4+2] cycloadditions with dienes, and oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides.
• Analytical/labeling uses: photosensitized protein crosslinking or proximity labeling in vitro; photobleaching/photopatterning studies of materials.

Practical tips (general)

• Control light dose (intensity, wavelength) and oxygen levels; ensure proper heat management.
• Verify catalyst stability across the reaction time by monitoring absorption or color.
• Conduct dark controls and on/off experiments to confirm photochemical origin.
• Degas or sparge when SET pathways are oxygen-sensitive; retain O2 for singlet-oxygen chemistry as needed.

Reaction Conditions

Item-specific facts (from Product Data)

• No recommended conditions are provided for this item.

General conditions from literature (illustrative; not product-specific)

• Light sources: blue LEDs (ca. 450–470 nm) for many acridinium/Ru/Ir systems; green (520–540 nm) for Eosin Y/Rose Bengal; UV or violet for higher-energy sensitizers. Always match light to the actual absorption spectrum of the material used.
• Solvents: MeCN, DMSO, acetone, DMF, and toluene/EtOAc/2-MeTHF depending on solubility and pathway (SET vs EnT). Water or mixed aqueous media for ionic dyes; degas when oxygen-sensitive.
• Atmosphere: N2/Ar for reductive/oxidative quenching that are O2-sensitive; open air or O2 sparging for singlet-oxygen transformations.
• Catalyst loadings: 0.1–5 mol% typical for catalytic dyes/complexes; higher for weakly absorbing systems. Concentrations often 0.01–0.2 M in substrate.
• Temperature/time: ambient temperature; 0.5–24 h depending on photon flux and substrate reactivity. Maintain thermal control to avoid heating from LEDs.
• Controls and analytics: include dark and no-catalyst controls; monitor by TLC/GC/LC; confirm quantum yield or actinometry if kinetics are studied.

Note: These are general literature conditions and may not reflect suitability for Photosensitizer-4 without its specific spectral and redox data.

Safety and Handling

Item-specific facts (from Product Data)

• GHS classification, signal word, H-statements, pictograms: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
• Storage conditions: Store at −20 °C (provided).
• Shipping: Ice chest + ice pads (cold chain).

General safety guidance (not product-specific; consult SDS for authoritative instructions)

• Photosensitizers can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) under light exposure; minimize ambient light during weighing and solution prep. Use amber vials, foil wrapping, or low-light conditions as appropriate.
• PPE: safety glasses, lab coat, appropriate chemically resistant gloves. Work in a fume hood; avoid inhalation of dust or aerosols and contact with skin/eyes.
• Incompatibilities: avoid strong oxidizers/reductants unless intended by protocol; avoid peroxides and radical initiators unless controlled. Oxygen can promote photooxidation; for photoredox chemistry, deoxygenation may be required.
• First aid (general): on skin/eye contact, rinse with water for ≥15 min; if inhaled, move to fresh air; if ingested, seek medical attention. Always follow institutional procedures.
• Waste: collect light-exposed reaction residues containing ROS or radical byproducts in appropriate containers; quench residual oxidants before disposal per institutional guidelines.
• Light sensitivity: store and handle solutions in amber or wrapped containers to mitigate unintended activation.

Solvent Selection

Item-specific facts (from Product Data)

• No solvent preferences or solubility data are specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General selection guidance for photosensitizers (literature)

• Polarity/miscibility: Many organic photosensitizers are soluble in polar aprotic solvents (acetonitrile, DMF, DMSO) and less so in alkanes. Salt-type dyes may also dissolve in water or alcohols; hydrophobic scaffolds suit toluene/THF/EtOAc.
• Photoredox catalysis: MeCN, DMSO, acetone, and DMF are common due to good oxygen solubility control and high dielectric constant, supporting outer-sphere ET. For energy transfer (EnT), non-halogenated solvents with appropriate triplet energies are often chosen.
• Practical tips:
  • Start with dry, degassed MeCN for oxidative/reductive quenching studies; adjust based on substrate solubility.
  • For aqueous or biological photo-oxidations, consider cosolvents or surfactants; verify spectral integrity in the chosen medium.
  • Use amber glassware to avoid unintended activation; verify solvent UV cutoff relative to excitation wavelength.
• When to choose alternatives: If metal content is a concern, consider organic dyes (e.g., acridinium, Eosin Y) instead of Ru/Ir complexes; conversely, if high redox window is needed, polypyridyl complexes may be advantageous. These are general options and may not reflect this item’s identity.

Storage and Reconstitution

Item-specific facts (from Product Data)

• Storage: Store at −20 °C.
• Shipping: Ice chest + ice pads (cold chain maintained in transit).
• Reconstitution solvent, concentration, and stabilizers: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General guidance (not product-specific)

• Upon receipt, keep the container cold and protected from light. Allow to equilibrate to room temperature in the dark before opening to minimize condensation.
• If solid: dissolve in a dry, oxygen-appropriate solvent (e.g., MeCN, DMSO) to prepare a stock solution; filter if necessary (PTFE syringe filter) and store in amber vials at ≤−20 °C. Avoid repeated freeze–thaw by aliquoting.
• If supplied as a solution: confirm solvent identity and concentration on the label/CoA; store in amber containers; do not freeze aqueous solutions unless stability is documented.
• Stability testing: periodically check UV–vis/NMR for degradation, particularly after light exposure or multiple thaw cycles.
• Always refer to the product’s CoA/SDS for definitive storage, stability, and reconstitution instructions for Photosensitizer-4.

Structure and Identity

Item-specific facts (from Product Data)

• Product name: Photosensitizer-4 (SKU: P1433665)
• CAS: P1433665 (catalog identifier; not a registered CAS number)
• Molecular formula: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Molecular weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• SMILES / InChI / InChIKey: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Synonyms and exact scaffold: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General chemistry knowledge (literature)

• “Photosensitizer” typically denotes a chromophore that, upon light absorption, accesses an excited state able to transfer energy or electrons to substrates (e.g., to generate singlet oxygen or engage in photoredox catalysis).
• Common structural motifs include polycyclic aromatics (e.g., acridiniums, perylene/pyrene cores), heteroaromatics (e.g., phenazines, phenothiazines), or transition-metal complexes (e.g., Ru- or Ir-polypyridyls). Features often include extended π-systems, charge-separated frameworks, and substituents tuning redox potential and solubility.
• 2D description (typical photosensitizers, literature): fused aromatic rings or metal center coordinated by bidentate ligands; functional groups may include tertiary amines, sulfonates (to increase water solubility), or halogens (to enhance intersystem crossing). These are examples only and may not apply to this specific item.

Synthetic Utility

Item-specific facts (from Product Data)

• No structural details are provided; specific reactivity for this item cannot be stated.

General synthetic utility of photosensitizers (literature)

• Act as catalytic sources of excited-state redox events enabling radical generation from halides, carboxylates, silicates, borates, and diazonium salts. Enable C(sp3)–C(sp2) couplings, hydrofunctionalizations, and late-stage functionalization under mild conditions.
• Triplet energy transfer can selectively excite alkenes, arenes, or carbonyls to access [2+2] cycloadditions, Paternò–Büchi reactions, and E/Z isomerization without strong reagents.
• Dual catalysis: synergize with Ni/Co/Cu for cross-couplings, with HAT catalysts for C–H functionalization, and with organocatalysts for enantioselective transformations.
• Method development: photosensitizers facilitate catalyst-controlled chemo-/site-selectivity via precise wavelength selection and temporal control (on/off irradiation), aiding kinetic and mechanistic studies.

Practical considerations

• Select excitation wavelength to match absorption of the chosen sensitizer while minimizing substrate absorption. Confirm redox potentials and triplet energies of the specific sensitizer (not provided for this item) to ensure feasibility.

Target Specificity

Item-specific facts (from Product Data)

• Not applicable. This product is not supplied as an antibody or affinity reagent. No target, epitope, species reactivity, clone, or isotype information is provided.