Platinum catalyst - for elemental analysis, PT1% ,Φ:2-3mm

Cat. No.: P141459

GRADE & PURITY for Elemental analysis, PT1% ,Φ:2-3mm

Storage

Room temperature

Shipped In

Normal

Specifications

Specifiche e purezza

for elemental analysis, PT1% ,Φ:2-3mm

Condizioni di conservazione di stoccaggio

Room temperature

Spedito in

Normal

Grado

per l'analisi elementare

Application Protocols

No assay-specific protocols (e.g., WB, IHC, IF, FC) apply to this product. For chemical process use, develop reaction-specific procedures.

General laboratory protocol outlines (literature)

• Slurry hydrogenation with supported Pt:
  • Charge solvent and substrate to a hydrogenation vessel. Add pre-wetted catalyst under inert gas. Degas/pressurize with H2 (e.g., 3 bar). Stir vigorously at controlled temperature until H2 uptake ceases. Vent, purge with N2, and filter through celite. Rinse cake with solvent and keep wet until disposal/recovery.
• Hydrogenolysis (benzyl deprotection):
  • Dissolve protected substrate in EtOH/EtOAc, add supported Pt, and charge 1–5 bar H2 at 20–40 °C. Optionally add a weak acid to suppress amine binding. Monitor by TLC/LC until complete; work up as above.
• Hydrosilylation (homogeneous Pt):
  • Combine alkene/alkyne and hydrosilane in anhydrous toluene. Add ppm levels of Pt complex at 25–80 °C. Monitor by GC/1H NMR. Quench with scavenger if necessary and purify.

These are general starting points and must be adapted to the specific platinum catalyst form and substrate. Consult the CoA/Spec Sheet and SDS before use.

Biological Roles

This product is supplied for research use only and is intended as a chemical catalyst. No medical or clinical uses are implied. Item-specific biological data are not provided.

General context (literature)

• Platinum is not an essential biological element. As a soft Lewis-acidic transition metal, Pt(II/IV) centers can coordinate strongly to sulfur- and nitrogen-containing biomolecules (e.g., cysteine, methionine, histidine). Such interactions can inhibit enzyme function or alter protein conformation, which is one reason sulfur- and amine-bearing species can poison Pt catalysts.
• In heterogeneous form (metal on support), bulk biological uptake is minimal; however, fine particulates should be treated as nuisance dust and potential sensitizers. Certain soluble Pt salts and complexes are known to cause sensitization in occupational settings (literature), but the hazard depends strongly on speciation.
• In biocatalysis and chemoenzymatic processes, heterogeneous Pt has been explored to regenerate cofactors (e.g., H2-driven NAD+/NADH systems) or to perform chemoselective steps compatible with aqueous buffers; success depends on careful control of pH, buffers, and substrate tolerance to metal surfaces.

Practical notes

• Avoid introducing Pt catalysts into biological assays unless explicitly designed, as adsorption to proteins and membranes can complicate interpretation.
• If performing reactions in aqueous media or cell-free extracts, evaluate potential deactivation by thiols (glutathione) and amines (Tris), and consider masking agents or alternative buffers.

Buffer Applications

Not typically applicable as a buffer component. This product is a catalyst, not a buffering reagent.

General guidance (when reactions are run in aqueous media)

• For aqueous-phase platinum-catalyzed reactions, buffers can affect activity:
  • Avoid strongly coordinating buffers rich in amines or thiols (e.g., Tris, HEPES with free amines, cysteine-containing systems), which can poison Pt surfaces.
  • Phosphate, acetate, or carbonate buffers (literature) are often better tolerated at moderate ionic strengths, but verify experimentally.
• Maintain pH appropriate to substrate stability and the specific catalytic cycle (e.g., mildly acidic media can accelerate hydrogenations of carbonyls; basic media may favor certain isomerizations), recognizing that the optimal range is reaction- and catalyst-dependent.

Because the exact catalyst form for this SKU is not specified, no buffer recipes or pH ranges are prescribed here; consult the CoA/Spec Sheet and perform small-scale screening if aqueous conditions are intended.

Green Alternatives

Choosing greener options depends on the transformation and the specific Pt catalyst form (not specified for this item). The table below outlines typical alternatives and trade-offs (literature/general guidance).

Comparison (general)

• Hydrogenation of alkenes/arenes:
  • Alternative: Raney Ni or Ni/SiO2–Al2O3
    • Pros: Abundant, lower cost; effective for many reductions.
    • Cons: Pyrophoricity, sensitivity to S/P poisons, sometimes harsher conditions; leachable Ni (toxicological considerations).
  • Alternative: Pd/C
    • Pros: High activity; well-established protocols for hydrogenolysis of protecting groups.
    • Cons: Selectivity differences; Pd leaching; cost and supply risk similar to Pt.
• Solvent greening:
  • Replace chlorinated solvents with ethanol, 2-propanol, ethyl acetate, or 2-MeTHF when compatible.
  • Aqueous/biobased systems (water–ethanol) reduce VOC footprint for polar substrates.
• Hydrogen source alternatives:
  • Transfer hydrogenation (isopropanol, formic acid/triethylamine, ammonium formate) avoids high-pressure H2; may reduce equipment and safety burden but can generate salts/byproducts.
• Homogeneous hydrosilylation:
  • Alternative catalysts: Pt-free systems (Ni, Fe) or photocatalytic processes are emerging; often require optimization and may not match breadth of scope.

Sustainability practices with Pt catalysts

• Metal recovery and recycling are highly effective with Pt; implement reclaim streams for spent catalyst and filtrates.
• Use minimal catalyst loadings consistent with kinetics; optimize dispersion to reduce precious metal inventory.
• Adopt continuous flow hydrogenation to improve mass transfer and process safety.

Pharmaceutical Uses

This product is for research use only. No therapeutic applications are claimed or supported. The following pertains to process chemistry and quality considerations.

General role in pharmaceutical manufacturing (literature)

• Platinum catalysts are used as processing aids for hydrogenations, hydrogenolysis (e.g., benzyl deprotection), selective oxidations, and hydrosilylation steps in API and intermediate synthesis. Heterogeneous Pt facilitates workup by filtration.
• Regulatory context: Platinum is an elemental impurity covered by ICH Q3D. Pt is classified among the noble metals with established permitted daily exposures (PDEs). Processes employing Pt catalysts should include controls for residual Pt in drug substances/products (analytical methods such as ICP-MS, risk assessments, and purge strategies).
• Residual metal control: scavengers (thiol-, amine-, or silica-based) and robust crystallization/wash protocols reduce Pt to acceptable levels. Choice of solvent and pH can influence leaching from supported catalysts.
• Extractables/leachables: the support (e.g., carbon, alumina) may contribute trace inorganics; select high-purity grades and verify via CoA.

Documentation/qualification

• Define catalyst identity (support, loading, moisture, chloride content) and supplier quality. For this SKU, these specifics are Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Include equipment/material compatibility assessments (H2 service) and cleaning validation for Pt residues in multi-purpose assets.

Physical Properties

Item-specific physicochemical specifications are not provided in the Product Data.

Item-specific data

• Appearance: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Molecular formula: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Molecular weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Other specs (bp/mp, density, surface area, Pt loading, support type): Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General properties for platinum catalysts (literature; form-dependent)

• Metallic Pt: gray, high-density noble metal; mp 1768 °C, bp 3825 °C (bulk; literature). As supported nanoparticles, bulk mp/bp are not operationally relevant; catalytic behavior depends on dispersion and support.
• Supported Pt (e.g., Pt/C, Pt/Al2O3): typically powders with surface areas dictated by support (e.g., carbon >500 m2/g, alumina ~100–300 m2/g). Pt loading commonly 1–10 wt% (literature). Moisture can affect oxide/hydroxide speciation and activity.
• Solubility: metallic Pt is insoluble in common solvents; chloroplatinic acid and other complexes are water/alcohol soluble (literature). For supported catalysts, the solid is suspended; solvent choice governs reaction kinetics and mass transfer.
• Refractive index, logP, pKa: not applicable to heterogeneous solids; for homogeneous Pt complexes these are ligand-dependent (consult specific complex data).

Practical notes (general)

• Particle size, Pt dispersion, and support acidity/basicity strongly influence selectivity (e.g., alkene vs. aromatic hydrogenation). Moisture and adventitious halides may modify surface states. Verify actual properties on the CoA for this SKU before process design.

Quality and Grades

Item-specific quality

• Grade/purity: for Elemental analysis (as provided). No additional specifications (Pt loading, support, trace metals, water, stabilizers) are listed here; refer to the CoA/Spec Sheet.

Interpretation of the listed grade (general guidance)

• “For elemental analysis” typically denotes a material controlled for low background contamination from extraneous elements, making it suitable for trace-level analytical workflows where catalyst-derived impurities could bias results. For a platinum catalyst, this suggests tight control of non-Pt elemental impurities (e.g., alkali/alkaline earths, transition metals from support manufacturing) to minimize analytical background.
• Implications for use:
  • Analytical workflows: useful where catalyst is used in sample preparation (e.g., hydrogenation/cleanup) prior to elemental analysis and must not introduce interfering metals.
  • Synthetic workflows: low adventitious metal content in the support/medium can enhance reproducibility and reduce risk of cross-catalysis.

What is not specified for this item

• Pt content/loading, support identity and surface area, particle size/dispersion, moisture content, residual chloride or acid, and UV cutoffs are Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Recommendations

• Verify assay, support, and trace-element fingerprint on the current lot’s CoA before scale-up.
• If your method is sensitive to chloride, sulfur, or alkali leachables, request or perform targeted impurity screening (IC, ICP-MS).

Reaction and Applications

The following summarizes common applications of platinum catalysts. Selectivity and optimal conditions depend strongly on the specific Pt form (metal on support vs. homogeneous complex), which is Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet for form-specific guidance.

Key reaction families (literature)

• Hydrogenation (heterogeneous Pt):
  • C=C, C≡C reductions to alkanes; nitro → amine; imines/oximes → amines; ketone/aldehyde → alcohols.
  • Partial hydrogenation of alkynes to alkenes with selectivity control via modifiers and low H2 pressures.
• Hydrogenolysis: cleavage of benzyl protecting groups (Bn, Cbz), dehalogenation, and N–O bond reductions.
• Oxidation/Dehydrogenation: alcohol → carbonyl; selective oxidation of CO; dehydrogenation of alkanes/arenes under elevated temperatures.
• Hydrosilylation (homogeneous Pt): addition of Si–H across C=C/C≡C or carbonyls (e.g., Speier’s, Karstedt catalysts) used widely for silicone curing and fine-chemicals synthesis.
• Isomerizations and rearrangements: double-bond migration, allylic/isopropenyl interconversions under mild conditions.

Practical tips (general)

• Catalyst pretreatment: many supported Pt catalysts benefit from H2 activation (e.g., brief hydrogen purge) to reduce surface oxides.
• Poison management: exclude sulfur-, phosphorus-, and strong-amine contaminants. Use scavengers or purification to mitigate poisons.
• Mass transfer: ensure efficient agitation; for scale, use gas–liquid–solid reactor design rules (kLa, wetting). Consider trickle-bed or slurry reactors.
• Workup: filter through celite or depth filters; keep spent catalyst wet to prevent ignition. Recover Pt for re-use.

Analytical control

• Monitor for residual Pt (ICP-MS/ICP-OES) to meet specifications (e.g., ICH Q3D for drug substances; literature). Employ scavengers if necessary.

Reaction Conditions

No item-specific conditions are prescribed for this SKU. The following ranges are typical literature guidance and must be verified experimentally with the exact catalyst form.

Heterogeneous hydrogenation (Pt on support; literature)

• Solvents: methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, ethyl acetate, acetic acid, toluene, water (for polar substrates).
• Catalyst loading: 0.5–10 wt% Pt on support; 0.1–10 mol% Pt relative to substrate equivalent (as metal), often 1–5 wt% catalyst-to-substrate by mass in practice.
• Temperature: 20–60 °C common; up to 100 °C for resistant substrates.
• H2 pressure: 1–10 bar typical; higher (20–50 bar) for aromatic ring hydrogenation.
• Time: 0.5–24 h depending on substrate/catalyst.
• Tips: pre-wet and degas slurry; optional H2 pre-activation; maintain vigorous agitation (≥600 rpm lab scale) to avoid mass-transfer limits.

Hydrogenolysis of benzyl groups (literature)

• Solvents: MeOH/EtOH/EtOAc; small amounts of acid/base adjust rates and suppress over-reduction.
• Conditions: rt–40 °C; 1–5 bar H2; monitor by TLC/GC; add catalyst portions if stalled (poisoning suspected).

Hydrosilylation with homogeneous Pt catalysts (literature)

• Catalyst: Speier’s or Karstedt-type; loadings 5–200 ppm Pt.
• Solvents: toluene, xylene, alkanes, silicones.
• Temperature: 25–120 °C; moisture-sensitive systems may require inert atmosphere.

Oxidations (literature)

• Aqueous acetic acid or MeCN/H2O; co-oxidants (O2, H2O2). Control exotherms; avoid chloride if chlorination is a risk.

Always confirm with small-scale trials; adjust for substrate sensitivity and EHS constraints.

Safety and Handling

Authoritative safety data are provided in the product SDS. The following summarizes general considerations for platinum catalysts; adapt to your specific form (supported metal vs. complex).

Item-specific hazard data

• Signal word: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
• H-statements: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
• GHS classification/pictograms: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.

General safety guidance (literature/practice)

• Incompatibilities and poisoning: sulfur compounds, phosphines, amines, CO, and halides can poison Pt catalysts. Avoid contact with strong reducing agents during storage; avoid exposure to acid chlorides or aqua regia unless intentionally dissolving Pt.
• Fire/reactivity: spent supported catalysts (e.g., Pt/C) saturated with organics/H2 can be pyrophoric on air exposure. Keep wet with compatible solvent after use; quench H2 safely; filter under inert atmosphere when appropriate. Dry unused supported catalysts are typically stable, but used materials carry ignition risk.
• PPE and controls: use a fume hood; wear lab coat, safety glasses, and appropriate gloves (nitrile). Minimize dust generation with powders. Implement grounding/bonding during H2 operations.
• First aid (overview): inhalation—move to fresh air; skin/eye contact—rinse with water; ingestion—rinse mouth. Seek medical attention; provide SDS.
• Hydrogenation-specific risks: pressure equipment, exotherms, gas solubility and mass transfer limits. Employ pressure-rated reactors, relief devices, and in-line H2 monitoring. Degas reaction mixtures before H2 charging when warranted.

Waste and deactivation (general)

• Collect spent catalyst in sealed, wetted containers. Recover Pt via metal reclamation streams when feasible. Do not incinerate pyrophoric residues without proper treatment.

Solvent Selection

This product is a catalyst rather than a solvent. Solvent choice pertains to the intended reaction employing the platinum catalyst. No item-specific solvent constraints are provided.

General solvent compatibility for platinum-catalyzed reactions (literature)

• Hydrogenations (heterogeneous Pt):
  • Protic: methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, acetic acid, water—often enhance H2 uptake and substrate wetting.
  • Aprotic: ethyl acetate, THF, toluene, heptane—used for nonpolar substrates; mass transfer can limit rates.
  • Avoid/limit: strongly coordinating bases and sulfur-containing solvents (e.g., pyridine, DMSO) which can poison Pt surfaces.
• Hydrosilylation (homogeneous Pt complexes such as Speier’s/Karstedt’s):
  • Common media: xylene, toluene, alkanes, silicones; very low catalyst loadings (ppm) are typical.
• Oxidations (Pt catalysts): acetic acid/water, acetonitrile/water; add acid or base modifiers as required.

Selection tips (general)

• Match solvent polarity to substrate solubility while maintaining catalyst wetting and safe H2 solubility. Alcohols often provide balanced performance for heterogeneous hydrogenations.
• For green chemistry, consider water–ethanol mixtures or 2-MeTHF as alternatives to chlorinated solvents.
• Check for support compatibility: carbon-supported catalysts disperse well in organics; alumina/silica supports may interact with acidic/basic media.

Non-applicability note

• Because the exact catalyst form for this SKU is not specified, verify solvent compatibility and pretreatment requirements (acid/base washing, chloride removal) on the CoA/Spec Sheet or by small-scale trials.

Storage and Reconstitution

Item-specific storage and shipping

• Storage conditions: Room temperature (as provided in Product Data).
• Shipped in: Normal (ambient) conditions.

General storage guidance (literature/practice)

• Keep container tightly closed in a dry, well-ventilated place. Protect from contamination with sulfur-, phosphorus-, or amine-containing vapors/liquids that can poison the catalyst.
• For supported catalysts: store as supplied. After process use, keep spent catalyst wet with a compatible solvent to mitigate pyrophoric risk and place in a sealed container for recovery/disposal.
• For homogeneous Pt complexes (if applicable): store under inert gas, away from moisture and light as required by the specific complex (consult CoA/SDS).

Reconstitution/pretreatment

• Heterogeneous catalysts typically require only dispersion in the chosen reaction solvent. Optional H2 pre-activation (brief exposure to hydrogen) can enhance activity by reducing surface oxides.
• If the supplied material is moist or contains a stabilizer (not specified here), use as-is; drying may reduce activity or increase ignition risk.

Shelf life and specifications

• Specific shelf life, stabilizers, moisture content, and Pt loading are Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Research use note

• For research use only (as provided). Use appropriate containers and labeling when transferring catalyst for in-process use and waste/recovery streams.

Structure and Identity

Item-specific identifiers for this catalog entry are not provided. Where a structural description is needed for method development or regulatory documentation, consult the CoA/Spec Sheet.

Item-specific data (from Product Data)

• Chemical name: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• CAS: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• SMILES: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• InChIKey: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Molecular formula: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Molecular weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General chemistry context (literature)

• “Platinum catalyst” commonly refers to elemental Pt in catalytically active form (e.g., finely divided metal or nanoparticles) or to Pt compounds/complexes supported on solids (C, Al2O3, SiO2) or homogeneous Pt complexes (e.g., chloroplatinic acid or Karstedt-type species). Functional motifs include:
  • Metallic Pt(0) surfaces capable of H2 activation via dissociative adsorption.
  • Pt(II)/Pt(IV) centers in coordination complexes enabling hydrosilylation, oxidation, and C–H functionalization chemistry.
• Structural features (typical for supported catalysts):
  • Dispersed Pt particles (1–10 nm, literature) on a high-surface-area support; particle morphology (spheres, rafts) influences activity/selectivity.
  • Possible surface oxides/hydroxides depending on pretreatment and storage.

2D/functional description (literature)

• For metallic Pt catalysts: an extended surface of Pt atoms that binds and activates H2, alkenes/alkynes, nitro groups, carbonyls, and certain heteroatoms; soft Lewis-acidic character, strong affinity for sulfur/arsenic/amine donors (poisons). For homogeneous Pt catalysts: square-planar Pt(II) or octahedral Pt(IV) complexes with ligands (Cl−, alkenes, siloxanes) that mediate insertion and hydride-transfer steps.

Synthetic Utility

Platinum catalysts offer broad synthetic leverage across reduction, oxidation, and addition manifolds. Specific performance depends on catalyst form, which is Not specified for this item; consult the CoA/Spec Sheet for exact composition.

Key functional group transformations (literature)

• Hydrogenation: alkenes/alkynes → alkanes; nitro/azo/nitroso → amines; carbonyls → alcohols; selective aromatic ring hydrogenation under higher pressures.
• Hydrogenolysis: cleavage of benzyl ethers/esters/carbamates; deprotection of PMB and Cbz groups; reductive dehalogenation.
• Hydrosilylation: Pt-catalyzed addition of Si–H across C=C/C≡C and carbonyls (Speier’s, Karstedt), enabling silicon-protected alcohols and silicone curing.
• Oxidation/dehydrogenation: aerobic or peroxide-driven alcohol oxidations; dehydrogenation of alkanes or cyclohexanols to ketones.
• Isomerization: allylic/propenyl rearrangements; double-bond migration.

Strategic considerations

• Chemoselectivity: Pt often favors hydrogenolysis of benzylic C–O over aromatic ring saturation at modest pressures; additives (bases/acids) and solvents tune selectivity.
• Stereocontrol: heterogeneous Pt typically delivers racemic products; for enantioselectivity, chiral ligands in homogeneous Pt catalysis or chiral modifiers on surfaces are required.
• Functional group tolerance: Pt is less tolerant of sulfur-, phosphorus-, and strongly basic amines—pre-purify substrates or add scavengers to mitigate poisoning.
• Scalability: robust for slurry hydrogenations under 1–10 bar H2 (literature), with straightforward filtration and Pt recovery.

Integration

• Employ DoE to map solvent, H2 pressure, temperature, and catalyst loading to meet quality targets (residual Pt, selectivity). Couple with in-line H2 uptake or PAT (FTIR, GC) for endpoint control.

Target Specificity

Not applicable. This product is a chemical catalyst and not a biological affinity reagent. No antigen, epitope, or clone information applies.