Reactive yellow 25 , CAS No.72139-14-1

CAS: 72139-14-1 Cat. No.: R1450387 Formula: C₂₆H₁₄Cl₂N₇Na₃O₁₀S₂ Peso molecolare: 788.44 Numero EC: 276-370-4

Storage

Store at -20°C

Shipped In

Ice chest + Ice pads

Panoramica

Reactive yellow 25 is common textile dyes that can be adsorbed onto single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) through electrostatic interactions, allowing the separation of residual dyes.

Specifications

Condizioni di conservazione di stoccaggio

Store at -20°C

Spedito in

Ice chest + Ice pads

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Nomi e identificatori

Peso molecolare

788.44

Application Protocols

No manufacturer protocols are provided for this SKU. The following example workflows are literature-based and must be optimized for your system. They are not specifications.

A. Example protein labeling (amine-directed, general):

• Dissolve dye in a minimal volume of DMSO or water to make a fresh 10–20 mM stock; protect from light.
• Exchange protein into 50–100 mM sodium carbonate buffer, pH 8.8 (avoid Tris). Concentration: 1–5 mg/mL.
• Add dye to achieve 2–5 molar equivalents per protein amine target; keep total organic cosolvent ≤5%.
• Incubate 30–60 min at room temperature with gentle mixing, protected from light.
• Quench by adding lysine or ethanolamine (50 mM final) for 10 min.
• Purify labeled protein by size-exclusion chromatography or dialysis until the filtrate is colorless.
• Characterize by UV–Vis (determine degree of labeling), SDS-PAGE, and functional assays.

B. Example cellulose swatch dyeing (laboratory test):

• Prepare dye bath in water, adjust to pH 10.5 with sodium carbonate; optional 20–40 g/L NaCl to promote exhaustion.
• Heat to 40–60°C; add pre-wetted cotton swatch and agitate for 45–60 min.
• Rinse thoroughly, then soap at 60–80°C with nonionic detergent; final rinse to neutral pH; dry.

C. Adsorption assay setup:

• Prepare a calibration curve (UV–Vis at dye λmax for the specific lot).
• Mix known dye concentrations with adsorbent at fixed ionic strength/pH; sample supernatant vs. time to fit kinetic/isotherm models.

Always confirm compatibility and safety via the SDS and your institutional guidelines.

Biological Roles

Item-specific biological activity is not provided and Reactive Yellow 25 is supplied strictly for research use (product data). Reactive textile dyes are designed for materials chemistry rather than as biomolecules.

General notes (literature, not item-specific):

• Mode of interaction: Reactive dyes can covalently bind to nucleophilic residues on proteins (e.g., lysine, serine/tyrosine under certain conditions). This is a chemical reactivity, not a biological function.
• Cellular uptake: Highly anionic dyes (sulfonated) typically show limited passive membrane permeability; DMSO cosolvent can increase uptake in vitro but may perturb cells.
• Enzymatic pathways: Azo chromophores can undergo reductive cleavage by certain microbial azoreductases in environmental or gut contexts; the relevance depends on structure and exposure scenario.
• Toxicology context: Some reactive dyes can act as skin sensitizers; aquatic toxicity is a concern for dye effluents. These are environmental health considerations rather than “roles.”

Use in bio-research (general):

• Protein labeling/tracking: When equipped with a suitable reactive handle, dyes may be used to derivatize proteins for visualization in gels or membranes. Degree of labeling and spectral properties must be verified for the specific dye.
• Tracers and adsorption probes: Employed in studying biosorbents (e.g., chitosan, cellulose) and bio-based remediation materials.

No clinical or therapeutic claims are made. For any biological experiments, validate cytotoxicity and interference effects under your specific conditions.

Buffer Applications

This product is a dye rather than a buffering agent; it does not constitute a defined buffer system. However, buffers are often critical to its use in conjugation and adsorption studies. The following are general, literature-based practices and are not specifications for this SKU.

Common buffer contexts (general):

• Carbonate/bicarbonate, pH 8.5–9.5: promotes nucleophilic attack of amines/hydroxyls on appropriate reactive dye handles; also increases dye solubility.
• Borate, pH 8–9: alternative for similar purposes; can reduce metal-catalyzed side reactions.
• Phosphate, pH 6.5–7.5: used for storage of labeled biomolecules post-conjugation; minimizes further reaction/hydrolysis.
• Tris buffers: may compete via amine functionality; often avoided during conjugation steps.

Practical tips:

• Filter and degas buffers to minimize particulates and oxidative degradation.
• Maintain low ionic strength during conjugation to reduce aggregation unless substantivity to substrates is desired (e.g., in adsorption studies).
• Protect dye solutions from light; prepare immediately before use to limit hydrolysis.

If your application requires specific ionic strength, chelators (e.g., EDTA), or surfactants (e.g., 0.01% Tween-20) to control nonspecific interactions, optimize empirically and document alongside the CoA details for this item.

Green Alternatives

Selection of a chromophore is often dictated by spectral needs and coupling chemistry, but greener choices and practices can reduce environmental impact.

Greener strategies (general, not item-specific):

• Solvent system: prioritize water as the primary medium. Avoid high fractions of DMF/DMSO where possible; use ethanol/water blends instead when compatible.
• Process efficiency: maximize coupling yields (e.g., optimize pH and time) to minimize dye losses to effluent. Employ membrane or adsorbent recovery where feasible.
• Alternative chromophores: in cases where covalent bonding is not essential, consider non-reactive food-grade colorants or natural dyes for visualization tasks. Note: spectral properties and stability typically differ and may not match.
• Benign auxiliaries: replace inorganic electrolytes with process alternatives (e.g., cationic fixatives or low-salt protocols) in textile testbeds to reduce salinity of wastewater.

Illustrative comparison (literature-based, generalized):

• Reactive azo dye (this class):
  • Pros: high water solubility, strong color, potential for covalent fixation.
  • Cons: possible aquatic toxicity; hydrolyzed dye contributes to colored effluent.
• Natural dye (e.g., curcumin, riboflavin):
  • Pros: renewable sources, often lower toxicity.
  • Cons: poorer wash fastness, narrower pH/thermal stability windows; different spectra.
• Label-free analytics (e.g., UV absorbance at 214 nm for proteins, MS-based detection):
  • Pros: eliminates dye discharge.
  • Cons: requires instrumentation; may not provide visible color contrast.

Practical greener practice: scale down screening volumes; implement closed-loop rinses and activated carbon or advanced oxidation for spent dye solutions.

Pharmaceutical Uses

No pharmacopeial status or excipient use is provided for this SKU, and it is supplied for research use only (product data). Reactive textile dyes are generally not used as pharmaceutical excipients.

General formulation context (literature, not item-specific):

• Colorants in diagnostics/research kits: Dyes may be incorporated as visualization aids, assay tracers, or indicators in in vitro research reagents, provided compatibility and stability are validated.
• Device/process marking: Strongly colored solutions are sometimes used to visualize fluid paths or detect leaks during equipment qualification in manufacturing environments (non-drug-contact or subsequent validated cleaning required).

Constraints and cautions:

• Regulatory: Reactive azo dyes typically do not appear in major pharmacopeial monographs (USP/EP/JP) for excipients. Use in any product intended for human administration is not appropriate unless explicitly qualified and permitted by regulations.
• Extractables/leachables: Intense chromophores may adsorb to or leach from plastics/rubbers; verify material compatibility.

Conclusion: treat this product solely as a research reagent/colorant for laboratory processes. Do not use for drug, diagnostic, or clinical applications.

Physical Properties

Item-specific physical constants are not provided for this SKU. Do not treat the following as specifications; consult the CoA/Spec Sheet for authoritative values.

Item-specific status:

• Appearance: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Molecular weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Melting point, boiling point, density, refractive index: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• pKa/logP: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Solubility: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General literature characteristics for reactive azo dyes (context, not item-specific):

• Physical form: typically supplied as powders or granules, often highly colored; hygroscopicity can vary with counterions and salt content.
• Solubility: many Reactive Yellow dyes are designed to be water-soluble (due to sulfonate groups) and can also dissolve in polar protic solvents; high ionic strength or elevated pH may enhance dissolution. Some grades contain electrolyte (e.g., NaCl/Na2SO4) from manufacture to aid handling and liquor stability.
• Spectroscopy: strong visible absorption; λmax commonly in the yellow region (~400–450 nm, literature range only) with high molar absorptivity; secondary bands can occur in the near-UV.
• Stability: reactive functionality can hydrolyze in aqueous media at elevated pH/temperature; dry solids are generally stable when protected from light and moisture.

Practical notes:

• Prepare solutions fresh when reactivity is required (to minimize prior hydrolysis).
• Filter through 0.22–0.45 µm to remove particulates before analytical or labeling applications.

Quality and Grades

Item-specific grade and purity are not provided for this SKU.

• Grade/Purity: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General guidance on dye quality (literature/industry practice):

• Assay and purity: Reactive dyes are often characterized by dye content (% active chromophore), inorganic salt content (e.g., NaCl/Na2SO4 carryover), moisture, and trace impurities (unreacted intermediates, hydrolyzed dye). For life science applications, HPLC area% and low metal content may be desirable; verify on the CoA.
• UV–Vis criteria: Many labs rely on λmax and absorptivity ranges to benchmark lots. Low baseline drift and minimal shoulders indicate cleaner dye profiles.
• Particle size/flow properties: Impacts dusting and dissolution rates; some lots may include anti-caking agents—check documentation.
• Stabilizers: Reactive dyes typically do not contain organic stabilizers; however, buffering salts may be included in certain preparations. Any stabilizer/additive presence should be declared on the CoA.
• Lot-to-lot control: Test-portion dyeing or conjugation trials can confirm reactivity consistency (e.g., standardized cellulose swatch dye uptake, or small-scale protein labeling yields).

Recommendations for this SKU:

• On receipt, review the CoA for: % dye content, moisture, inorganic salts, HPLC purity, and recommended λmax. Adjust working solution concentrations accordingly (e.g., normalize by dye content rather than gross mass).

Reaction and Applications

Manufacturer text not provided; the following summarizes common research uses of reactive yellow-class dyes (literature guidance; verify suitability for this SKU before application):

• Covalent coloration of polymers: Reactive dyes are engineered to form bonds with nucleophilic sites on cellulosics (–OH) and proteins (–NH2, –OH) under mildly basic conditions. The reactive group—commonly a halotriazine or vinylsulfone motif in this class—undergoes nucleophilic substitution or addition–elimination to afford stable covalent linkages. Confirm the exact reactive functionality of this product from its CoA/SDS.
• Model pollutant/adsorbate: Used as a probe for adsorption, photocatalysis, membrane separation, and advanced oxidation studies because of intense color and easily monitored UV–Vis signatures.
• Analytical tracer: Employed in flow visualization and dye tracing experiments in environmental and process engineering (subject to compatibility and safety assessment).
• Bioconjugation (general): Some reactive dyes can label proteins/ligands via lysine side chains. Typical conditions: pH 8–9 in carbonate buffer, low organic cosolvent, ambient temperature; protect from light. Competing hydrolysis is a key limitation—prepare fresh solutions.

Practical tips:

• Hydrolysis control: Use freshly prepared dye solutions; minimize pre-incubation in aqueous base without substrate present.
• Stoichiometry: For bioconjugation screens, start with 1–5 molar equivalents per accessible amine and adjust based on degree of labeling.
• Purification: Remove unreacted dye by dialysis, gel filtration, or SPE; verify by UV–Vis and, for bioconjugates, SDS-PAGE with color visualization.

All applications are for research use only (product data).

Reaction Conditions

No item-specific reaction parameters are provided for this SKU. The following are general, literature-based conditions commonly used with reactive dyes and must be optimized empirically.

Covalent coupling to amines (e.g., proteins, amine-functional resins):

• Solvent: aqueous carbonate buffer, 50–100 mM, pH 8.5–9.2; optionally ≤5% v/v DMSO or ethanol to pre-dissolve dye.
• Temperature: ambient (20–25°C); lower temperatures slow hydrolysis; gentle stirring; protect from light.
• Stoichiometry: start with 1–5 molar equivalents of dye per accessible amine residue for proteins; for solid supports, base on surface amine loading (mmol/g) with 2–5 equiv excess in solution.
• Time: 30–120 min typical; monitor by UV–Vis or color uptake.
• Quench/workup: remove unreacted dye by dialysis/SEC for proteins or by washing cycles for resins; neutralize to pH 7–7.5 for storage.

Coupling to hydroxyls (e.g., cellulose test swatches):

• Solvent: water with sodium carbonate/sodium bicarbonate to pH 10–11 (textile test conditions); optional NaCl/Na2SO4 to control exhaustion.
• Temperature: 30–60°C, time 30–60 min followed by thorough rinsing and soaping.

Analytical/adsorption studies:

• Prepare stock solutions fresh in water; record λmax and calibration curve by UV–Vis for the specific lot; maintain constant ionic strength and pH during isotherm/kinetic experiments.

Notes:

• Competing hydrolysis of the reactive handle reduces effective coupling; minimize pre-incubation of dye in base without substrate.
• Avoid primary amine buffers (e.g., Tris) during coupling—they can consume dye.
• Always verify spectral properties and extinction coefficients for the specific lot (from CoA or in-lab determination).

Safety and Handling

Hazard classification for this specific SKU is not provided. Always consult the product SDS for definitive information before use.

Item-specific hazard fields:

• Signal word: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
• H-statements: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
• GHS classification/pictograms: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.

General safety considerations for reactive azo dyes (literature/industry practice):

• Potential hazards: may cause skin/eye irritation and respiratory irritation if dusts are generated; strong staining of skin and surfaces. Some reactive dyes can cause allergic skin reactions upon repeated exposure.
• PPE: laboratory coat, nitrile gloves, and splash goggles at minimum. Use a dust mask/respirator if handling powders outside of a fume hood. Avoid contact with skin and eyes.
• Engineering controls: handle powders in a fume hood or ventilated enclosure to minimize inhalation and environmental release. Employ spill trays and disposable bench covers to contain staining.
• Incompatibilities: avoid strong oxidizers and strong reducing agents that may degrade azo chromophores; reactive dyes may slowly hydrolyze in aqueous base—prepare solutions shortly before use.
• First aid (overview; follow SDS/medical advice): rinse eyes/skin with water for at least 15 minutes on exposure; remove contaminated clothing. If inhaled, move to fresh air. If ingested, rinse mouth—do not induce vomiting.
• Waste: collect dye-containing solutions/solids as hazardous chemical waste; avoid discharge to drains given intense color and possible aquatic toxicity.

Storage from product data: Store at −20°C. Protect from light and moisture. Shipments are sent in an ice chest with ice pads (product data).

Solvent Selection

Item-specific solubility data are not provided. The following guidance reflects general behavior of reactive azo dyes and should be validated experimentally for this SKU.

General solvent behavior (literature):

• Primary solvent: water (often with mild base such as carbonate or borate when covalent reaction with substrates is intended). Many reactive dyes are anionic and water-soluble due to sulfonate groups.
• Co-solvents: small fractions of polar organics (e.g., methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, DMSO) can assist dissolution and wetting. Keep DMSO content low for bioconjugations to avoid protein denaturation.
• pH effects: solubility and reactivity often increase under mildly basic conditions (e.g., pH 8–10), but hydrolysis of the reactive group also accelerates; optimize pH–time tradeoffs.
• Ionic strength: added electrolyte (NaCl/Na2SO4) can modulate aggregation and substantivity in textile dyeing but may reduce solubility at high levels.

When to choose water vs. mixed solvents:

• Pure water/buffer: analytical UV–Vis work, adsorption studies, and biological labeling in aqueous systems.
• Water + alcohol (≤20% v/v): rapid wetting/dissolution of hydrophobic components or to break aggregates.
• Water + DMSO (≤5% v/v): to pre-solubilize small dye aliquots before dilution into buffer.

Small comparison (general):

• Water: green, compatible; may need pH control.
• Methanol/ethanol: improve wetting; flammable; may alter reaction rates.
• DMSO: strong solvating power; can carry dye into cells/tissues unintentionally; use sparingly.

Practical tip: Pre-wet the dye with a few drops of solvent, then add buffer with stirring and gentle warming (<30–35°C) to reach target concentration. Filter solutions before use.

Storage and Reconstitution

Storage (product data):

• Store at −20°C.
• Shipped in an ice chest with ice pads.

General handling recommendations (not item-specific):

• Protect from light and moisture. Keep container tightly closed; allow to equilibrate to room temperature in a desiccator before opening to minimize condensation.
• If frequent use is anticipated, consider preparing single-use aliquots to avoid repeated freeze–thaw and ambient humidity exposure.

Reconstitution (guidance only; verify solubility for this SKU):

• Solvent: water or aqueous buffer is typically preferred for reactive dyes; small volumes of DMSO or ethanol can be used to pre-wet stubborn powders before dilution into buffer.
• Concentration: prepare a concentrated stock (e.g., 5–20 mM based on molecular weight listed on the CoA) freshly before use to limit hydrolysis of reactive functionality.
• Filtration: clarify solutions through a 0.22–0.45 µm membrane to remove particulates prior to analytical or conjugation work.
• Storage of solutions: short-term at 2–8°C protected from light (hours to a day). For longer storage, freeze aliquots at −20°C or below; expect gradual loss of reactivity over time in aqueous solutions.

Documentation:

• Record lot number, preparation date, solvent system, pH, and any measured spectral properties (λmax, A1% or ε) for reproducibility. For any missing specifications (e.g., molecular weight, formula), refer to the CoA/Spec Sheet for this item.

Structure and Identity

Reactive Yellow 25 is a synthetic organic dye commonly classified within the “Reactive Yellow” family used for covalent coloration of hydroxyl- and amine-containing substrates (general literature). Item-specific identifiers below are only what is provided.

• CAS: 72139-14-1 (product data)
• Molecular formula: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Molecular weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• SMILES: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• InChIKey: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Structural features (general literature, not item-specific):

• Many Reactive Yellow dyes are azo chromophores (–N=N–) bearing one or more sulfonate groups (for water solubility) and a reactive electrophilic handle that can form covalent bonds with nucleophiles on polymers or biomolecules. Common reactive motifs across the class include activated halotriazines or vinylsulfone precursors; the exact motif for Reactive Yellow 25 should be confirmed from the CoA/SDS for this SKU.
• 2D description (general): conjugated aromatic systems connected by an azo linkage, often with auxochromes (e.g., –OH, –NR2) and ionic sulfonate substituents to tune hue and solubility. The reactive handle is typically appended to one aromatic ring and engages in nucleophilic substitution or addition–elimination chemistry under mildly basic conditions.

Identity verification guidance:

• Confirm by UV–Vis spectrum (strong π→π* band in the visible region; λmax depends on structure, literature-only), HPLC purity, and, where available, MS consistent with the exact molecular formula stated on the CoA.

Synthetic Utility

While primarily a dye, members of the reactive yellow class possess features of interest to synthetic and materials chemists. The following points are general/literature-based and not specifications for this SKU.

Functional elements typically encountered in reactive yellow dyes:

• Azo linkage (–N=N–): confers color; can participate in redox reactions (reductive cleavage under strong conditions).
• Sulfonate groups: enhance aqueous solubility; enable ion-pair or ion-exchange manipulations.
• Electrophilic “reactive” handle: commonly designed for nucleophilic substitution by –OH or –NH2 groups on substrates, enabling covalent bonding to cellulose or proteins. Examples across the class include halotriazines and vinylsulfone precursors; confirm the exact motif for this product from its CoA/SDS.

Utility in synthesis and materials:

• Bioconjugation: attachment to proteins/peptides for visualization, provided the reactive handle matches the target nucleophile and conditions are controlled (pH 8–9, aqueous media).
• Polymer modification: post-functionalization of hydroxylated polymers (cellulose, PVA) to introduce chromophores or reporter tags.
• Analytical sorbents: immobilization onto solid supports (e.g., agarose, silica modified with amines) to create affinity or colorimetric media.
• Probe molecule: serves as a visible handle in process development (flow, mass transfer), adsorption isotherm studies (Langmuir/Freundlich fitting), and photocatalytic degradation kinetics.

Workup and verification:

• After coupling, extensive washing or dialysis removes unreacted dye; monitor by UV–Vis until baseline stabilizes.
• Characterize conjugates by elemental analysis, UV–Vis (λmax shift/hyperchromicity), and, when applicable, thermogravimetric analysis for loading estimates.

Target Specificity

Not applicable. This product is a small-molecule dye, not a biological targeting reagent (e.g., antibody, aptamer). No antigen, epitope, clone, or species reactivity information is associated with this SKU.

Domande frequenti

How should this product be stored?

Store at ?20 °C. Freezer storage is required to maintain the specified shelf life.