Tromethamine phosphate - ≥95% , CAS No.23001-39-0

CAS: 23001-39-0 Cat. No.: T1027975 Numero EC: 870-939-6 PubChem CID: 19848425

GRADE & PURITY ≥95%

Storage

Room temperature

Specifications

Specifiche e purezza

≥95%

Condizioni di conservazione di stoccaggio

Room temperature

Purezza

≥95%

Nomi e identificatori

Sorrisi canonici

C(C(CO)(COP(=O)(O)O)N)O

IUPAC Name

[2-amino-3-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)propyl] dihydrogen phosphate

InChIKey

BRRRIZHWQMAVLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N

INCHI

1S/C4H12NO6P/c5-4(1-6,2-7)3-11-12(8,9)10/h6-7H,1-3,5H2,(H2,8,9,10)

Isomeri SMILES

C(C(CO)(COP(=O)(O)O)N)O

CAS alternativo

23001-39-0

PubChem CID

19848425

Taxonomic Classification

Taxonomy Tree

• Kingdom Organic compounds
  • Superclass Organic acids and derivatives
    • Classe Organic phosphoric acids and derivatives
      • Subclass Phosphate esters

• Kingdom: Organic compounds
• Superclass: Organic acids and derivatives
• Classe: Organic phosphoric acids and derivatives
• Subclass: Phosphate esters
• Intermediate Tree Nodes: Not available
• Direct Parent: Phosphoethanolamines
• Alternative Parents: Monoalkyl phosphates 1,2-aminoalcohols Primary alcohols Organic oxides Monoalkylamines Hydrocarbon derivatives
• Molecular Framework: Aliphatic acyclic compounds
• Substituents: Phosphoethanolamine - Monoalkyl phosphate - Alkyl phosphate - 1,2-aminoalcohol - Organic nitrogen compound - Hydrocarbon derivative - Organic oxide - Primary amine - Primary alcohol - Organic oxygen compound - Organooxygen compound - Organonitrogen compound - Primary aliphatic amine - Amine - Alcohol - Aliphatic acyclic compound
• Descrizione: This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phosphoethanolamines. These are compounds containing a phosphate linked to the second carbon of an ethanolamine.
• External Descriptors: Not available

Data sources

1. Djoumbou Feunang Y, Eisner R, Knox C, Chepelev L, Hastings J, Owen G, Fahy E, Steinbeck C, Subramanian S, Bolton E, Greiner R, and Wishart DS. ClassyFire: Automated Chemical Classification With A Comprehensive, Computable Taxonomy. Journal of Cheminformatics, 2016, 8:61.

DOI: 10.1186/s13321-016-0174-y

Proprietà chimiche e fisiche

• Peso molecolare: 201.120 g/mol
• XLogP3: -6.300
• Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 5
• Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 7
• Rotatable Bond Count: 5
• Exact Mass: 201.04 Da
• Monoisotopic Mass: 201.04 Da
• Topological Polar Surface Area: 133.000 Ų
• Heavy Atom Count: 12
• Formal Charge: 0
• Complexity: 174.000
• Isotope Atom Count: 0
• Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
• Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
• Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
• Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
• The total count of all stereochemical bonds: 0
• Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1

Application Protocols

No validated bioassay/antibody protocols are specified for this item. As a buffer component, typical use involves dissolving to a defined molarity in purified water, adjusting pH, and sterile-filtering if required. For application-specific protocols (enzymology, electrophoresis, chromatography), follow your lab’s SOPs and consult primary literature.

Manufacturer Applications: Not provided in the Product Data. For research use only.

Biological Roles

Scope: Provided for biochemical context only; not medical/clinical claims.

• Phosphate is a ubiquitous biological anion central to energy metabolism (ATP/ADP), nucleic acid backbones, and signaling via phosphorylation. In buffers, phosphate sets ionic strength and pH around neutrality (pKa2 ~7.2, literature).
• Tromethamine (Tris) is a synthetic amine-based buffer not naturally occurring but widely used to maintain pH in the physiologically relevant range. Tris can form weak complexes/hydrogen-bond networks with biomolecules, potentially affecting enzyme activity or protein stability at higher concentrations.
• Combined as tromethamine phosphate, the system provides buffering in the neutral to mildly basic range through contributions from both conjugate pairs. The precise buffering profile depends on the salt stoichiometry and any additional acid/base added during buffer preparation.
• Considerations for biochemistry workflows:
  • Phosphate can inhibit or alter activity of enzymes that bind phosphate (e.g., kinases, phosphatases) or require free Mg2+/Mn2+ due to complexation/precipitation equilibria.
  • Tris exhibits temperature- and concentration-dependent pKa and can interact with aldehydes and some labeling chemistries (primary amine), potentially interfering with amine-reactive probes.
  • For nucleic acids, phosphate provides counterions affecting duplex stability and electrophoretic mobility; high ionic strength can increase Tm but may also influence enzyme fidelity.

Buffer Applications

Primary use: preparation of aqueous buffers for biochemical assays and electrophoresis.

General guidance (literature/practice; not item specifications):

• Useful pH range: approximately 7.0–8.5 leveraging phosphate (pKa2 ~7.2) and Tris (pKa ~8.1 at 25 °C). The exact pH achieved by tromethamine phosphate alone depends on stoichiometry; many labs fine-tune pH by adding small amounts of acid/base (e.g., H3PO4 or NaOH) or by mixing with additional Tris base/HCl.
• Typical working concentrations: 10–100 mM total buffer is common; increase to 200–500 mM where higher ionic strength is desired (e.g., chromatography equilibration buffers).
• Ionic additives: Add NaCl/KCl (50–300 mM) to modulate ionic strength for protein stability or chromatography; chelators (e.g., 0.1–1 mM EDTA) can be included if divalent cations are not required.
• Electrophoresis: Tris–phosphate (TP) buffers are used as alternatives to TAE/TBE for nucleic acid gel electrophoresis in certain protocols; they have higher conductivity than TAE, which may necessitate lower voltage or shorter runs to manage heat.

Preparation tips:

• Dissolve tromethamine phosphate in CO2-free water to near final volume; measure pH at the working temperature; adjust as needed using appropriate acid/base. Bring to volume and mix thoroughly.
• For sterile applications, filter-sterilize (0.22 μm). Autoclaving is typically compatible with phosphate-containing buffers; verify for all components present.
• Document exact composition (salt stoichiometry, molarity, temperature) because Tris-based buffers show notable temperature dependence.

Green Alternatives

Context: Buffer salts are generally benign; selection focuses on environmental release (eutrophication potential of phosphate), compatibility, and energy/resource usage.

Comparison (general/literature):

• Phosphate-containing buffers contribute to phosphorus load in wastewater. Where discharge is a concern, consider non-phosphate Good’s buffers (e.g., HEPES, MOPS) that provide similar pH ranges, noting their own environmental and cost tradeoffs.
• Tris-HCl (phosphate-free) offers similar pH range without phosphate precipitation issues; chloride is typically less environmentally impactful regarding eutrophication.

Small comparison (informational):

• Tromethamine phosphate: strong buffering near pH ~7–8.5; inexpensive; non-volatile; may precipitate with Ca2+/Mg2+; non-volatile/non-MS compatible; phosphate discharge concerns.
• Tris-HCl: similar pH range; better MS compatibility than phosphate but still non-volatile; less risk of metal phosphate precipitates; still exhibits temperature-dependent pKa.
• Good’s buffers (HEPES/MOPS): stable pH, minimal metal interactions; generally more expensive; some have higher aquatic persistence; often preferred for live-cell work due to low biological interference.

Greener practice tips:

• Use minimal effective buffer concentration consistent with capacity needs.
• Segregate phosphate-containing aqueous waste for appropriate treatment.
• Prepare concentrates to reduce packaging/transport impacts; verify stability of concentrated stocks.
• Avoid unnecessary autoclaving cycles; sterile-filter when feasible to reduce energy use.

Pharmaceutical Uses

No therapeutic claims. The following pertains to formulation and manufacturing contexts.

General roles (informational):

• Buffer/excipient: Tromethamine salts are used to adjust and maintain pH in drug substance and drug product processes. Incorporating phosphate as the counterion can provide robust buffering capacity near neutrality while minimizing sodium/potassium content where needed.
• Bioprocessing: Suitable for downstream processing buffers (e.g., column equilibration, elution, dilution) where phosphate strength and Tris’s buffering near pH 8 are advantageous.
• Stability considerations: Phosphate may precipitate with divalent cations and is non-volatile (incompatible with lyophilization endpoints requiring volatile buffers). Tris exhibits negative ΔpKa/ΔT and may alter protein charge states with temperature changes.
• Regulatory: Buffer components like Tris and phosphate are described in major pharmacopeias when used individually; specific combined salts may not have monographs. For cGMP use, confirm compendial status, residual impurity limits (metals, bioburden/endotoxin), and microbial controls with the CoA/SDS for this item.

Note: Item-specific pharmacopeial grade or suitability is not specified for this product; verify with the CoA/Spec Sheet for intended regulated applications.

Physical Properties

Item-specific specs for this SKU (exact numeric values):

• Appearance: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Molecular weight (formula mass): Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Melting point, water/peroxide/metal limits, UV cutoff: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General/literature characteristics for tromethamine phosphate salts (for context; not item specifications):

• Physical state: typically a crystalline, hygroscopic solid.
• Solubility: freely soluble in water; very low solubility in alcohols; essentially insoluble in nonpolar solvents.
• pH behavior: solutions exhibit buffering influenced by the phosphate system (pKa2 ~7.2, pKa3 ~12.3 at 25 °C) and the Tris conjugate acid/base pair (pKa ~8.1 at 25 °C); the salt itself does not provide the same pH range as Tris-HCl—actual pH depends on mixture composition and ionic strength (literature).
• Density and refractive index: not commonly reported for the dry salt; solution properties depend on concentration and temperature (literature).

Practical notes:

• Hygroscopicity can cause mass gain on air exposure; for accurate molarity, prepare volumetrically and verify pH.
• Heat sensitivity: phosphate buffers are generally stable upon autoclaving; Tris can show temperature-dependent pKa shifts (ΔpKa/ΔT ≈ −0.028 per °C, literature).

Quality and Grades

Item-specific grade/purity and stabilizers are not provided in the Product Data.

Guidance to interpret grades for this product class (general information):

• Biochemistry/Buffer grade: emphasizes low levels of trace metals, UV-absorbing impurities, and endotoxin/bioburden—important for enzymology, nucleic acid work, and cell culture adjuncts. UV profile is often controlled for spectroscopy applications.
• Analytical Reagent (AR) grade: suitable for general analytical work; may not control bioburden/endotoxin as tightly as molecular biology grades.
• Molecular Biology grade: typically tested for DNase/RNase/protease; relevant if used in nucleic acid workflows.

What to check on the CoA/Spec Sheet for this SKU:

• Assay (on dried basis), loss on drying, pH of specified concentration, heavy metals, bioburden/endotoxin (if applicable), and conductivity.
• If the exact salt stoichiometry is defined (e.g., “tromethamine phosphate, 1:1”), use that formula weight when preparing solutions.

Note: In the absence of item-specific grade declarations, select the lot based on your application sensitivity (chromatography, enzymology, bioprocess) and confirm with CoA.

Reaction and Applications

This product functions primarily as a buffering component rather than as a stoichiometric reagent.

Typical laboratory applications (literature/practice):

• Biochemical buffers: Preparation of tromethamine–phosphate buffer systems for protein purification, enzyme assays, and electrophoresis where a pH window near neutrality to mildly basic (≈7.0–8.5) is required.
• Nucleic acid workflows: Phosphate-containing Tris buffers can be used in certain DNA/RNA handling steps when borate/acetate are undesirable; confirm compatibility with downstream enzymes, as phosphate may inhibit some polymerases or kinases at higher concentrations.
• Chromatography: As a component of mobile phases or sample buffers in ion-exchange or affinity workflows where phosphate strength is advantageous; avoid in LC-MS due to low volatility and ion suppression.
• Electrophoresis: Alternative to TAE/TBE in specific protocols (e.g., Tris–phosphate systems) to modulate ionic strength and heat generation.

Practical notes:

• Prepare with CO2-free water when precise pH is critical; atmospheric CO2 can depress pH in amine-containing buffers.
• Temperature significantly shifts Tris pKa (≈−0.028/°C), moving pH; calibrate at working temperature.
• Phosphate can chelate/precipitate with divalent cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Sr2+, Ba2+); manage concentrations accordingly if enzymes require Mg2+.
• For sterile work, filter through 0.22 μm membranes; autoclaving is generally acceptable for phosphate buffers, but confirm stability of all components present.

Reaction Conditions

Guidance below reflects general literature practice for using tromethamine/phosphate buffers; not item-specific specifications.

• Concentration: 10–100 mM common for enzyme assays; up to 200–500 mM for purification steps requiring higher ionic strength.
• pH setpoint: Typically 7.0–8.5. Adjust at the working temperature due to Tris’s temperature-dependent pKa (≈−0.028 pH unit/°C relative to 25 °C).
• Temperature: Enzymatic reactions commonly run at 4–37 °C. Buffers remain stable over this range; verify enzyme-specific optima.
• Ionic modifiers: Add NaCl/KCl to 50–300 mM to enhance protein solubility or modulate binding. Include Mg2+/Mn2+ only if required, mindful of phosphate precipitation; chelators like EDTA (0.1–1 mM) can sequester adventitious metals when divalent cofactors are not needed.
• Sterility: For cell-free but contamination-sensitive workflows, filter-sterilize (0.22 μm). Autoclaving is typically compatible with phosphate buffers; check Tris-containing formulations for pH drift post-autoclave.
• Compatibility cautions: Avoid in LC-MS mobile phases (non-volatile); avoid with reactions sensitive to primary amines (Tris) or phosphate complexation (metal catalysis). For assays employing phosphate-binding dyes or proteins, buffer phosphate may interfere.

Expected outcomes (literature):

• Stable pH control across typical lab timescales (minutes to days) when properly prepared and protected from evaporation and CO2 absorption.
• Reproducible enzyme kinetics when ionic strength and temperature are controlled and pH is measured at assay temperature.

Safety and Handling

Authoritative safety data for this specific item are not provided here; always consult the product SDS.

Item-specific hazard fields (from Product Data):

• Signal Word: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
• H-Statements: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
• GHS Classification/Pictograms: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
• Storage Conditions: Room temperature (per Product Data).

General laboratory safety guidance for tromethamine/phosphate salts (informational, not item-specific):

• Expected to be of low acute toxicity typical of buffer salts; can cause irritation to eyes/skin/respiratory tract as dust. Avoid inhalation and contact.
• PPE: lab coat, safety glasses, appropriate gloves (e.g., nitrile). Use dust control and local exhaust when handling powders.
• Incompatibilities: Strong oxidizers; avoid mixing concentrated phosphate with solutions of barium, calcium, or other ions forming insoluble phosphates if precipitation is problematic. Do not mix with reactive acylating/alkylating agents (amine functionality of tromethamine can react under forcing conditions).
• Peroxide formation: not a concern for this salt (no ether functionality).
• First aid (overview): rinse skin/eyes with water for at least 15 minutes if contacted; move to fresh air if inhaled; seek medical attention if symptoms persist. Ingestion: rinse mouth; do not induce vomiting; obtain medical advice. Refer to SDS for detailed measures.
• Spill response: avoid dust generation; collect mechanically; rinse residue with water.
• Waste: aqueous phosphate-containing waste may be regulated locally due to eutrophication concerns—dispose per institutional and local regulations.

Solvent Selection

Relevance: Tromethamine phosphate is a water-soluble buffer salt; “solvent selection” concerns are about preparing aqueous buffers rather than choosing organic solvents.

General guidance (literature/practice):

• Primary medium: water (Type 1/ultrapure for analytical/biochemical use). The salt is highly hydrophilic and dissociates to give ionic species.
• Miscibility: fully miscible as ions in water; limited compatibility with high fractions of organic cosolvents. Aqueous phosphate/Tris buffers can tolerate modest amounts of water-miscible organics (e.g., ≤20–30% v/v methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile) depending on ionic strength and application.
• Dielectric environment: buffering equilibria (Tris and phosphate) and ionic activity coefficients change with organic content; verify pH after adding cosolvents and adjust if necessary.
• When to choose: select tromethamine phosphate where a buffering window around pH ~7–8.5 is desired with stronger ionic strength contribution from phosphate and amine buffering from Tris. Avoid if downstream assays are phosphate-sensitive (e.g., metal-catalyzed reactions, Ca2+/Mg2+ precipitation, certain LC-MS methods).

Comparison (informational):

• Versus Tris-HCl: similar Tris buffering capacity near pH 7.5–8.5, but chloride lacks metal-coordinating/precipitating tendencies of phosphate; Tris-HCl is often preferred for metal-sensitive enzyme assays.
• Versus phosphate buffers alone (Na/K): tromethamine introduces additional amine buffering near pH 8 and can reduce sodium/potassium load; however, Tris has temperature-dependent pKa and interacts with some enzymes.

Storage and Reconstitution

Item-specific storage/shipping:

• Storage Conditions: Room temperature (per Product Data). Protect from moisture by keeping the container tightly closed; use desiccation if ambient humidity is high.
• Shipped In: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Appearance: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Reconstitution and solution handling (general guidance):

• Dissolve the material in high-purity water to the desired molarity. Because exact formula weight and stoichiometry for this SKU are not specified here, calculate using the CoA value for accurate molar preparations.
• Adjust pH at the intended working temperature. If finer pH control is needed, titrate with small amounts of compatible acid/base (e.g., phosphoric acid or sodium hydroxide) while monitoring pH.
• For sterile applications, pass through a 0.22 μm membrane filter. Phosphate/Tris buffers are generally stable to autoclaving, but verify pH post-sterilization due to Tris pKa temperature dependence.
• Storage of solutions: Store at 2–8 °C for routine use; for long-term storage, consider aliquoting to minimize contamination. Avoid repeated freeze–thaw. Typical shelf life of sterile, closed solutions is weeks; verify pH and clarity before use.
• Label solutions with concentration, pH, temperature of adjustment, date, and lot number for traceability.

Research Use Note: For research use only.

Structure and Identity

Short description: Tromethamine phosphate is an acid–base salt formed between tromethamine (Tris; 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol) and phosphoric acid, supplied for laboratory/research buffering and biochemical applications.

Item-specific identifiers (from Product Data):

• CAS: 23001-39-0
• InChIKey: 32578 (as provided; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet for full identifier)
• SMILES: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Molecular formula: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Molecular weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Structural features (general/literature description):

• Composed of a protonated primary amine (tromethamine) bearing three hydroxymethyl groups, counterbalanced by an inorganic phosphate anion. Commercial materials may be the 1:1 salt with dihydrogen phosphate or hydrogen phosphate; consult CoA for exact stoichiometry.
• 2D description: central quaternary carbon attached to –NH2 (protonated in the salt) and three –CH2OH arms; the counterion is tetrahedral PO4 unit with varying protonation state depending on the salt.
• Functional groups: aliphatic amine (as ammonium in the salt), multiple alcohols, inorganic phosphate anion. No rings, no stereocenters.

Note: Exact stoichiometry, charge state, and structural string identifiers for this catalog item are not specified; verify on the Certificate of Analysis (CoA).

Synthetic Utility

This compound is not typically used as a reactive substrate but as a buffer component influencing reaction media.

Utility in synthesis and analysis (general):

• pH control in aqueous transformations: Provides a defined pH environment for biocatalysis (e.g., enzyme-mediated oxidations/hydrolyses) around neutral to mildly basic conditions.
• Metal-catalyzed reactions: Generally avoided because phosphate can coordinate to metal centers and inhibit catalysts; if buffering is required, alternative systems (e.g., borate, carbonate, or Good’s buffers) are often chosen.
• Workup/quench: Phosphate-containing buffers are sometimes used to quench and extract water-soluble species or to stabilize pH during aqueous workups in analytical sample preparation.
• Retrosynthetic value: None intrinsic—serves as a medium modifier rather than a building block or reagent.

Practical points:

• Control ionic strength to tune reaction rates/selectivity for enzymes or ionic reactions.
• Validate compatibility of the amine component (Tris) with electrophiles (acylation/alkylation reagents) if present in the system—Tris can consume such reagents and confound yields.

Target Specificity

Not applicable. This product is a small-molecule buffer salt, not an affinity reagent, antibody, or probe. No target, epitope, clone, or species reactivity is associated with this item.