Zinchydroxide - ≥97% , CAS No.9812759

CAS: 9812759 Cat. No.: Z1016378 Formula: H₂O₂Zn Peso molecolare: 99.400

GRADE & PURITY ≥97%

Storage

Room temperature

Specifications

Specifiche e purezza

≥97%

Condizioni di conservazione di stoccaggio

Room temperature

Purezza

≥97%

Nomi e identificatori

• Sorrisi canonici: [OH-].[OH-].[Zn+2]
• IUPAC Name: zinc;dihydroxide
• InChIKey: UGZADUVQMDAIAO-UHFFFAOYSA-L
• INCHI: 1S/2H2O.Zn/h2*1H2;/q;;+2/p-2
• Peso molecolare: 99.400

Taxonomic Classification

Taxonomy Tree

• Kingdom Inorganic compounds
  • Superclass Mixed metal/non-metal compounds
    • Classe Transition metal oxoanionic compounds
      • Subclass Transition metal hydroxides

• Kingdom: Inorganic compounds
• Superclass: Mixed metal/non-metal compounds
• Classe: Transition metal oxoanionic compounds
• Subclass: Transition metal hydroxides
• Intermediate Tree Nodes: Not available
• Direct Parent: Transition metal hydroxides
• Alternative Parents: Inorganic salts Inorganic oxides Inorganic hydrides
• Molecular Framework: Not available
• Substituents: Transition metal hydroxide - Inorganic hydride - Inorganic oxide - Inorganic salt
• Descrizione: This compound belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as transition metal hydroxides. These are inorganic compounds in which the largest oxoanion is hydroxide, and in which the heaviest atom not in an oxoanion is a transition metal.
• External Descriptors: Not available

Data sources

1. Djoumbou Feunang Y, Eisner R, Knox C, Chepelev L, Hastings J, Owen G, Fahy E, Steinbeck C, Subramanian S, Bolton E, Greiner R, and Wishart DS. ClassyFire: Automated Chemical Classification With A Comprehensive, Computable Taxonomy. Journal of Cheminformatics, 2016, 8:61.

DOI: 10.1186/s13321-016-0174-y

Proprietà chimiche e fisiche

• Peso molecolare: 99.400 g/mol
• Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
• Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
• Rotatable Bond Count: 0
• Exact Mass: 97.9346 Da
• Monoisotopic Mass: 97.9346 Da
• Topological Polar Surface Area: 2.000 Ų
• Heavy Atom Count: 3
• Formal Charge: 0
• Complexity: 0.000
• Isotope Atom Count: 0
• Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
• Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
• Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
• Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
• The total count of all stereochemical bonds: 0
• Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 3

XLogP3

Application Protocols

No item-specific, validated application protocols are provided in the Product Data for SKU Z1016378. The following general-purpose laboratory procedures illustrate typical handling of zinc hydroxide; adapt to your system and consult primary literature.

A) Preparation of Zn(OH)2 precipitate (analytical-scale):

• Dissolve 0.1 mol ZnCl2 in 500 mL deionized water. Under vigorous stirring, titrate with 1.0 M NaOH to pH 8.5. Age 60 min, then filter, wash with CO2-free water, and use wet cake immediately or dry under vacuum at ≤60 °C.

B) Generation of zincate solution:

• Suspend 10 g Zn(OH)2 in 100 mL 6 M NaOH. Stir at ambient temperature until dissolved (30–90 min). Use solution promptly for chemical bath deposition or as a zinc source; avoid CO2 ingress.

C) Thermal conversion to ZnO (materials synthesis):

• Place dried Zn(OH)2 in a ceramic boat. Heat in air to 250 °C at 2 °C/min, hold 2 h. Cool and characterize by PXRD to confirm ZnO formation.

D) Preparation of zinc salt solution (e.g., ZnCl2):

• Add Zn(OH)2 portionwise to ice-cooled 1 M HCl under stirring until just acidic (pH ~1–2). Filter if needed; standardize concentration by titration or ICP-OES.

Note: These are literature-style examples, not validated protocols for this specific item. Observe appropriate safety measures and consult the SDS.

Biological Roles

Item-specific biological data are not provided. The following is general biochemical context relevant to zinc compounds; it does not imply suitability of this item for biological or clinical use.

• Zinc as an essential element: Zn2+ is a catalytic/structural cofactor in numerous enzymes (e.g., carbonic anhydrase, alcohol dehydrogenase), zinc-finger transcription factors, and plays roles in protein stabilization and signaling (literature).
• Hydroxide form in biology: Zinc hydroxide is not a discrete biological metabolite; at physiological pH and ligand concentrations, free zinc exists as aquo/ligated Zn2+ species bound to proteins, amino acids (histidine, cysteine), and organic acids. Precipitation of Zn(OH)2 can occur in vitro at high pH in the absence of ligands.
• Buffer interactions: Biological buffers (HEPES, Tris, phosphate) can bind Zn2+ to varying extents; phosphate especially can precipitate zinc phosphate phases under certain conditions.
• Laboratory relevance: Zn(OH)2 may be used to prepare defined Zn2+ solutions via controlled acidification, enabling studies of zinc-binding biomolecules. Careful chelator control (avoid unintended EDTA/EGTA) is critical for reproducible free Zn2+.

Important: SKU Z1016378 is designated For research use only (per Product Data). No claims are made regarding sterility, endotoxin level, biocompatibility, or suitability for in vivo or clinical applications.

Buffer Applications

Zinchydroxide is not a biological buffer and is not typically used directly to prepare buffering systems. Instead, it can be used to adjust pH or to generate Zn2+ solutions through acid/base reactions in aqueous media.

Practical notes (general):

• pH adjustment: Due to low solubility at neutral pH, direct titration with Zn(OH)2 is inefficient. For precise pH control, use standard buffer systems (e.g., phosphate, Tris, HEPES), then introduce zinc as a soluble salt if needed.
• Interference: Many buffer components chelate Zn2+; verify complexation constants to avoid unintended precipitation or sequestration. Phosphate buffers may precipitate zinc phosphates; Good’s buffers have varying Zn2+ binding.

Recommendation: Use established buffer pairs for pH control and introduce zinc via calibrated Zn2+ stock solutions prepared from zinc salts. Consult literature for metal–buffer compatibility if experiments require defined free zinc concentrations.

Green Alternatives

For inorganic reagents like zinc hydroxide, green considerations focus on process design, solvent choice, and waste minimization rather than substituting the reagent itself.

Greener process strategies (literature/general):

• Aqueous processing: Favor water as the reaction medium with careful pH control to avoid excess acid/base consumption. Recover and recycle alkali/acid where feasible.
• Closed-loop zinc management: When generating Zn2+ solutions (e.g., by dissolving Zn(OH)2 in acid), implement recovery via precipitation (as hydroxide or carbonate), followed by reuse—reducing metal discharge.
• Energy efficiency: Hydrothermal conversions to ZnO at moderate temperatures can be optimized to lower energy input versus high-temperature calcination.
• Benign mineralizers: Prefer carbonate/bicarbonate or citrate where compatible, avoiding organic amines if not necessary.

Comparison examples (conceptual):

• Using Zn(OH)2 vs. ZnO as precursor to zinc salts in water:
  • Pros (Zn(OH)2): reacts at lower acid equivalents; avoids off-gassing beyond water; can be handled as slurry.
  • Pros (ZnO): often higher assay/defined surface; sometimes easier filtration.
  • Tradeoffs: Both converge to Zn2+; choice depends on availability, particle size, and byproduct management.

Waste and EHS:

• Keep zinc in circular use—precipitate from dilute waste streams as hydroxide at optimized pH and return to process where permissible.
• Minimize complexing agents (EDTA, strong amines) that hinder downstream metal recovery.

Pharmaceutical Uses

No item-specific pharmacopeial status or excipient grade is provided for SKU Z1016378; thus, no claims are made for use in pharmaceutical manufacturing.

General context (non-clinical, formulation/manufacturing perspective):

• Zinc compounds are sometimes used as excipients or functional materials (e.g., zinc oxide as an opacifier/UV blocker; zinc salts in topical formulations). Zinc hydroxide itself is less commonly used directly as an excipient but may serve as a precursor to pharmaceutical-grade zinc salts or ZnO when processed under GMP with appropriate controls.
• Key considerations if exploring pharmaceutical development (general guidance only):
  • Impurity profile: stringent limits on heavy metals, residual anions, and bioburden are required for GMP applications.
  • Phase control: surface carbonation or hydration state can affect reactivity and downstream conversion to other zinc forms.
  • Regulatory alignment: compendial monographs (e.g., for zinc oxide or specific zinc salts) typically govern quality attributes; zinc hydroxide may not have a direct monograph and would require justification and full characterization.

For this catalog item: No pharmaceutical or clinical use is implied. For research and laboratory use only, as stated in the Product Data.

Physical Properties

Item-specific parameters (from Product Data):

• Appearance: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Molecular Formula: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Molecular Weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Literature/general properties for zinc hydroxide (for planning only; not product specifications):

• Physical state: white, amorphous to microcrystalline solid; freshly precipitated material is typically gelatinous (literature).
• Density: ~3.0–3.1 g/cm³ (literature report for Zn(OH)2; values vary with hydration and porosity).
• Thermal behavior: decomposes/dehydrates to ZnO + H2O upon heating (onset typically in the 120–200 °C range depending on sample history and atmosphere; literature).
• Solubility:
  • Water: essentially insoluble at neutral pH; dissolves in strong acids to give Zn2+ salts and in excess strong base to form zincate complexes (e.g., [Zn(OH)4]2−) (literature).
  • Alcohols/organic solvents: negligible solubility (literature).
• Amphoterism: dissolves in both acids and bases; Ksp for Zn(OH)2 is often cited in the 10^−16–10^−17 range at 25 °C (literature; reported values vary with solid phase and ionic strength).
• pKa-related behavior: rather than discrete pKa, hydroxo-complex formation equilibria govern solubility (e.g., stepwise formation of Zn(OH)+, Zn(OH)2(s), Zn(OH)3−, [Zn(OH)4]2−; literature).

Important: Do not treat the above as guaranteed specifications for SKU Z1016378. For method validation, drying/LOD, particle size, and precise assay, consult the item’s CoA/Spec Sheet.

Quality and Grades

Item-specific grade/purity information:

• Grade/Purity: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

How to interpret grades for inorganic bases/hydroxides (general guidance; examples):

• Analytical Reagent (AR) / ACS grade: Typically specifies tight limits on assay (as Zn), insoluble matter, ignition residue, chloride/sulfate/heavy metal impurities. Suitable for quantitative analysis or synthesis where trace contamination matters.
• Technical/Industrial grade: Adequate for bulk processing where trace ions are less critical; may not be suitable for trace-analytical workflows.
• High-purity semiconductor/catalyst grades: May provide sub-ppm limits for Na, K, Ca, Fe, Cu, etc., relevant for materials science and catalysis.

Stabilizer/anti-caking agents:

• Zinc hydroxide is not typically stabilized with organic inhibitors, but physical anti-caking or moisture control may be relevant. If present, such agents will be disclosed on the CoA; none are stated for this item.

Quality considerations for users:

• If using as a precursor to low-defect ZnO or as a reagent in coordination chemistry, request impurity profiles (alkali/alkaline earth, transition metals, anions) and loss-on-drying (LOD).
• Particle size/surface area can strongly affect reaction rates (e.g., hydrothermal conversion to ZnO). Verify morphology if reproducibility is critical.

Action: For SKU Z1016378, obtain the current CoA/Spec Sheet for assay, impurity limits, ignition residue/LOI, and any processing notes.

Reaction and Applications

Item-specific manufacturer applications: none provided in the Product Data. The following reflects general literature uses of zinc hydroxide in research and laboratory synthesis (for planning; not item specifications):

• Precursor to ZnO: Zn(OH)2 dehydrates thermally or hydrothermally to zinc oxide. This route is widely used for preparing ZnO powders and nanostructures with controlled morphology by adjusting pH, temperature, and mineralizers.
• Precipitation/Separation chemistry: Serves as a precipitating agent for zinc from solution and as a model amphoteric hydroxide in analytical separations; can aid in scavenging certain anions by surface adsorption in water treatment studies.
• Coordination and materials chemistry: Dissolution in base (forming zincate) enables growth of ZnO thin films (e.g., chemical bath deposition) and allows templated synthesis of Zn-containing frameworks.
• Acid-base neutralization and salt formation: Reaction with mineral acids affords zinc salts (e.g., ZnCl2, Zn(NO3)2) under controlled stoichiometry.
• Catalysis support and basic sites: While not a strong base in neutral water, surface hydroxyls can participate in base-catalyzed condensations or act as supports/intermediates en route to ZnO-based catalysts.

Practical notes:

• Amphoterism is central: solubility minima occur near neutral pH; dissolution increases in both strongly acidic and strongly basic conditions.
• Particle history matters: freshly precipitated gels can be more reactive than aged or partially carbonated solids.
• Avoid CO2 exposure if pure hydroxide behavior is required; carbonate formation can change surface chemistry and reactivity.

Always confirm exact procedure conditions with primary literature or internal SOPs.

Reaction Conditions

General laboratory conditions involving zinc hydroxide (literature guidance; adjust per your system):

1. Preparation/precipitation from Zn2+:

• Typical reagents: Aqueous Zn2+ (e.g., ZnCl2, 0.1–1.0 M) and NaOH or NH4OH.
• Conditions: Add base slowly with vigorous stirring at room temperature, maintaining pH ~7.5–9.5 to form a gelatinous Zn(OH)2 precipitate. Aging 0.5–2 h can improve filterability. Excess base redissolves the precipitate (formation of zincate), so titrate carefully.

2. Conversion to ZnO:

• Thermal dehydration: Heat dried Zn(OH)2 in air or inert atmosphere. Onset of dehydration commonly observed around 120–200 °C, with completion by 250–300 °C depending on sample and ramp rate. Hold 1–3 h for full conversion; verify by PXRD/IR (loss of –OH band; emergence of ZnO wurtzite pattern).
• Hydrothermal route: Disperse Zn(OH)2 (or form in situ) in water with optional mineralizers (e.g., NaOH, NH3). Treat at 90–200 °C in sealed vessel for 1–12 h to yield ZnO nanostructures. Morphology depends on pH, additives, and temperature.

3. Formation of zincate solutions:

• Dissolve Zn(OH)2 in 4–10 M NaOH or KOH at ambient to 60 °C with stirring to obtain [Zn(OH)4]2−. Use immediately for chemical bath deposition or re-precipitation by dilution/neutralization.

4. Salt formation (e.g., ZnCl2):

• Slowly add Zn(OH)2 to cold, dilute HCl under stirring to avoid local excess acid. Monitor pH and temperature; filter/evaporate to isolate the salt.

Always validate with small-scale trials; monitor speciation via pH, conductivity, and, where possible, ICP for Zn.

Safety and Handling

Item-specific hazard data (GHS):

• Signal Word: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
• H-Statements: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
• GHS Classification: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
• Pictograms: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.

General safety guidance for zinc hydroxide solids (literature/practice; not a substitute for SDS):

• Likely hazards: Nuisance dust; may cause mechanical irritation to eyes/respiratory tract. Reacts with acids to release heat and soluble zinc salts; dissolves in concentrated alkali to form zincates—avoid contact with incompatible reagents.
• PPE: Use safety glasses or splash goggles, lab coat, and appropriate gloves (e.g., nitrile). Handle powders in a fume hood or ventilated enclosure to minimize dust inhalation.
• Incompatibilities: Strong acids (vigorous dissolution), strong bases in excess (complexation), ammoniacal solutions (amine complex formation), and sulfide sources (may form ZnS). Avoid carbon dioxide-rich moist air for prolonged periods to limit surface carbonation.
• Handling tips:
  • Avoid generating dust; consider wetting/dispersion in water or buffer at controlled pH when appropriate.
  • When neutralizing acidic or basic waste streams containing Zn2+, be aware of amphoteric behavior—complete precipitation may require careful pH control.
• First aid overview (seek medical attention as needed; consult SDS):
  • Inhalation: move to fresh air; support breathing if needed.
  • Eye contact: rinse cautiously with water for several minutes; remove contact lenses if present and easy.
  • Skin contact: wash with soap and water; remove contaminated clothing.
  • Ingestion: rinse mouth; do not induce vomiting; seek medical advice.

Always consult the official SDS for SKU Z1016378 prior to use.

Solvent Selection

This product is an inorganic hydroxide solid and not used as a solvent. Solvent selection is therefore typically about choosing an appropriate medium for dispersion, dissolution (via acid/base reactions), or conversion.

General medium compatibility (literature):

• Water: essentially insoluble at neutral pH; dispersible as a slurry. Solubility increases in acidic media (forming Zn2+ salts) and in strong alkaline media (forming zincate, e.g., [Zn(OH)4]2−).
• Alcohols/ethers: negligible solubility; may be used as inert dispersants with added water for reactivity.
• Aqueous ammonia/amine media: formation of ammine complexes with Zn2+ can occur after partial dissolution; pH control is critical.
• Carbonate/bicarbonate-containing media: surface carbonation can occur; avoid if pure hydroxide surface chemistry is needed.

When to choose water vs. acid/base:

• Neutral aqueous slurries: suitable for heterogeneous reactions or as a mild base surface under controlled conditions.
• Acidic aqueous solutions (e.g., HCl, HNO3): to generate soluble Zn2+ for downstream salt formation or plating baths.
• Concentrated NaOH/KOH: to form zincate species for homogeneous base-catalyzed processes or as a route to ZnO upon subsequent neutralization/thermal treatment.

Practical tips:

• Control ionic strength and complexing ligands; Zn speciation is highly pH-dependent.
• For materials synthesis (e.g., ZnO from Zn(OH)2), water or dilute base is commonly employed under hydrothermal or solvothermal conditions.

Storage and Reconstitution

Item-specific storage from Product Data:

• Storage Conditions: Room temperature.
• Shipped In: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General storage guidance for zinc hydroxide solids (literature/practice):

• Keep container tightly closed in a dry, well-ventilated place. Minimize exposure to atmospheric CO2 and moisture to limit surface carbonation or hydration changes that can affect reactivity.
• Use non-metallic scoops and prevent cross-contamination with acids or bases stored nearby.

Reconstitution/Preparation notes:

• For slurries: Disperse in deionized, CO2-minimized water with gentle stirring. Expect low solubility at neutral pH; maintain as a suspension if heterogeneous applications are intended.
• For zincate solutions: Dissolve in concentrated NaOH/KOH (e.g., ≥4 M) with stirring; prepare fresh and use promptly to minimize atmospheric CO2 uptake.
• For zinc salt solutions: React with the corresponding acid under controlled addition and cooling; standardize the resulting Zn2+ concentration before use.

Stability considerations:

• Thermal exposure converts Zn(OH)2 to ZnO; store away from sustained elevated temperatures.
• If long-term consistency is critical (e.g., for materials synthesis), consider storing under inert atmosphere or in a desiccator.

Always prioritize the current SDS/CoA/Spec Sheet for SKU Z1016378 for definitive storage, stability, and handling instructions.

Structure and Identity

Brief overview: Zinchydroxide is understood in the inorganic chemistry literature to correspond to zinc hydroxide, an amphoteric zinc(II) hydroxide solid commonly denoted as Zn(OH)2.

• Item-specific identifiers (from Product Data):

  • CAS: 9812759 (as provided)
  • CID: 9812759 (as provided)
  • InChIKey: 359611 (as provided)
  • SMILES: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
  • Molecular formula: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
  • Molecular weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

• Literature identity (general chemistry context; not item-specific specifications):

  • Common name: Zinc hydroxide
  • Typical formula: Zn(OH)2 (zinc in +2 oxidation state coordinated to two hydroxide ligands)
  • Nominal molecular weight: ~99.38 g/mol (literature)
  • Inorganic class: amphoteric metal hydroxide; zinc coordination compound

• Structural features (literature):

  • Zinc(II) centers typically adopt tetrahedral or octahedral coordination in extended solid networks via μ2-OH bridges.
  • In 2D schematic terms, the repeat unit is a Zn center bound to two hydroxide ligands; extended hydrogen bonding and Zn–O–Zn linkages create a polymeric, poorly crystalline solid (often gelatinous when freshly precipitated).
  • No stereocenters; no discrete small-molecule conformers—best described as an extended inorganic lattice.

Notes:

• Given the lack of item-specific structure fields, users should verify exact identifiers (formula, exact mass, structural representation) on the CoA/Spec Sheet accompanying SKU Z1016378 before regulatory documentation or quantitative analyses.

Synthetic Utility

From a synthetic standpoint, zinc hydroxide is a versatile inorganic intermediate, especially valuable due to its amphoteric behavior and ready interconversion with other zinc species.

Key functional behavior (literature/general):

• Amphoteric precipitation chemistry: Enables selective removal or recovery of Zn from process streams by pH control, with redissolution in excess acid or base as needed.
• Precursor to ZnO: Thermal or hydrothermal dehydration affords ZnO—critical in ceramics, catalysis, and semiconductor studies. Particle size/morphology of ZnO can be tuned via precursor aging, mineralizers, and temperature.
• Source of zincate: In concentrated NaOH/KOH, formation of [Zn(OH)4]2− provides a homogeneous zinc source for chemical bath deposition of ZnO films and for preparing zinc-containing layered double hydroxides (LDHs).
• Salt formation: Stoichiometric neutralization with mineral or organic acids furnishes zinc salts (chloride, nitrate, acetate), often cleaner than routes starting from metals when hydrogen evolution is undesirable.
• Heterogeneous base: Surface –OH groups can mediate aldol-like condensations or transesterifications in solvent-free or aqueous systems, especially after activation or partial conversion to ZnO.

Retrosynthetic value:

• As a benign, water-compatible Zn source, Zn(OH)2 allows late-stage introduction of Zn under aqueous conditions without redox processes—useful where metallic zinc would be incompatible.

Tip: Freshly precipitated Zn(OH)2 often shows higher reactivity; aging or CO2 exposure can reduce activity due to surface carbonate formation.

Target Specificity

Not applicable. This product is an inorganic reagent, not a biological affinity reagent or antibody. No target, epitope, clone, or species reactivity information is associated with SKU Z1016378. For biochemical applications involving zinc, refer instead to sections on Biological Roles and Application Protocols (general) for handling guidance.