Visão geral Specifications Nomes e identificadores Documentation Advanced Data Taxonomic Classification Estrutura 3D Alvos associados (humanos) Alvos associados (não humanos) Mecanismos de ação Certificados（CoA,COO,BSE/TSE e Mapa de Análise) Propriedades químicas e físicas FAQs e artigos Citations of This Product Calculadoras de soluções Revisões

🧪

Why this grade

Moligand™, padrão analítico Moligand™,Padrão analítico for sensitive chromatographic and analytical workflows requiring minimal baseline interference.

🌡

Storage & shipping

Room temperature Ships Normal Check lot-specific COA for exact specifications.

📋

Quality documents

SDS, COA, datasheet, and spec sheet available for download. Lot-specific COA accessible via lot number lookup.

📚

Literature proof

Cited in 1982 peer-reviewed publications across chromatography, organic synthesis, and cross-coupling reactions.

Visão geral

O ácido cítrico é um composto ácido proveniente dos citrinos; como ponto de partida no ciclo de Krebs, o citrato é um intermediário fundamental no metabolismo. O ácido cítrico faz parte de uma série de compostos responsáveis pela oxidação fisiológica de gorduras, hidratos de carbono e proteínas em dióxido de carbono e água. É frequentemente utilizado para preparar tampões de citrato para a recuperação de antigénios de amostras de tecidos. A solução de citrato foi concebida para quebrar as ligações cruzadas das proteínas, desmascarando assim os antigénios e epítopos em secções de tecido fixadas em formalina e incluídas em parafina, o que resulta num aumento da intensidade de coloração dos anticorpos. O citrato tem atividade anticoagulante; como quelante de cálcio, forma complexos que perturbam a tendência do sangue para coagular. Pode ser utilizado para ajustar o pH e como agente sequestrante para a remoção de metais vestigiais.
Utilizado na preparação de tampão de citrato para desmascaramento de antigénios e epítopos em IHC.

Specifications

Sinónimos

Especificações e pureza

Moligand™, padrão analítico

Condições de armazenamento de armazenamento

Room temperature

Enviado em

Normal

Grau

Moligand™, Padrão analítico

Tipo de ação

ACTIVATOR

Mecanismo de ação

Activator of TRPP2;Activator of TRPV4

Nomes e identificadores

Pubchem Sid

528771982

Sorrisos canónicos

C(C(=O)O)C(CC(=O)O)(C(=O)O)O

IUPAC Name

2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid

InChIKey

KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N

INCHI

1S/C6H8O7/c7-3(8)1-6(13,5(11)12)2-4(9)10/h13H,1-2H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)(H,11,12)

SMILES isoméricas

C(C(=O)O)C(CC(=O)O)(C(=O)O)O

WGK Alemanha

RTECS

GE7350000

Peso molecular

192.12

Beilstein

782061

Reaxy-Rn

782061

Reaxys-RN_link_address

https://www.reaxys.com/reaxys/secured/hopinto.do?context=S&query=IDE.XRN=782061&ln=

Documentation

📋 Safety Data Sheet (SDS)

Comprehensive hazard, handling, storage, and regulatory compliance document.

Download SDS →

✅ Certificate of Analysis (COA)

Lot-specific quality data. Enter your lot number to retrieve the exact COA.

Look up COA →

📊 Datasheet

Quick-reference summary of product specifications and applications.

View datasheet →

🔬 Specification Sheet

Full quality attributes and acceptance criteria for this grade.

View spec sheet →

Advanced Data

Taxonomic Classification

Taxonomy Tree

Kingdom Organic compounds
- Superclass Organic acids and derivatives
  - Classe Carboxylic acids and derivatives
    - Subclass Tricarboxylic acids and derivatives

Kingdom	Organic compounds
Superclass	Organic acids and derivatives
Classe	Carboxylic acids and derivatives
Subclass	Tricarboxylic acids and derivatives
Intermediate Tree Nodes	Not available
Direct Parent	Tricarboxylic acids and derivatives
Alternative Parents	Alpha hydroxy acids and derivatives Tertiary alcohols Carboxylic acids Organic oxides Hydrocarbon derivatives Carbonyl compounds
Molecular Framework	Aliphatic acyclic compounds
Substituents	Tricarboxylic acid or derivatives - Hydroxy acid - Alpha-hydroxy acid - Tertiary alcohol - Carboxylic acid - Organic oxygen compound - Organic oxide - Hydrocarbon derivative - Organooxygen compound - Carbonyl group - Alcohol - Aliphatic acyclic compound
Descrição	This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tricarboxylic acids and derivatives. These are carboxylic acids containing exactly three carboxyl groups.
External Descriptors	tricarboxylic acid
1. Djoumbou Feunang Y, Eisner R, Knox C, Chepelev L, Hastings J, Owen G, Fahy E, Steinbeck C, Subramanian S, Bolton E, Greiner R, and Wishart DS. ClassyFire: Automated Chemical Classification With A Comprehensive, Computable Taxonomy. Journal of Cheminformatics, 2016, 8:61. DOI: 10.1186/s13321-016-0174-y

Estrutura 3D

Alvos associados (humanos)

TRPV4 Tchem Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 4 (1 Activities)

Discover Target: TRPV4

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

PKD2L1 Tchem Polycystic kidney disease 2-like 1 protein (1 Activities)

Discover Target: PKD2L1

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

PDE5A Tclin Phosphodiesterase 5A (5113 Activities)

Discover Target: PDE5A

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

EGFR Tclin Epidermal growth factor receptor erbB1 (33727 Activities)

Discover Target: EGFR

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

F2 Tclin Thrombin (11687 Activities)

Discover Target: F2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

CA2 Tclin Carbonic anhydrase II (17698 Activities)

Discover Target: CA2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ESR1 Tclin Estrogen receptor alpha (17718 Activities)

Discover Target: ESR1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

HMGCR Tclin HMG-CoA reductase (2475 Activities)

Discover Target: HMGCR

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

NR3C1 Tclin Glucocorticoid receptor (14987 Activities)

Discover Target: NR3C1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

INSR Tclin Insulin receptor (5558 Activities)

Discover Target: INSR

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

PGR Tclin Progesterone receptor (8562 Activities)

Discover Target: PGR

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ADRB2 Tclin Beta-2 adrenergic receptor (11824 Activities)

Discover Target: ADRB2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

CHRM2 Tclin Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 (10671 Activities)

Discover Target: CHRM2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ADRB1 Tclin Beta-1 adrenergic receptor (6630 Activities)

Discover Target: ADRB1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

HTR1A Tclin Serotonin 1a (5-HT1a) receptor (14969 Activities)

Discover Target: HTR1A

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ADRA2A Tclin Alpha-2a adrenergic receptor (9450 Activities)

Discover Target: ADRA2A

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

AR Tclin Androgen Receptor (11781 Activities)

Discover Target: AR

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

CHRM1 Tclin Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 (12690 Activities)

Discover Target: CHRM1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ACE Tclin Angiotensin-converting enzyme (1423 Activities)

Discover Target: ACE

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

DRD2 Tclin Dopamine D2 receptor (23596 Activities)

Discover Target: DRD2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

MAOA Tclin Monoamine oxidase A (11911 Activities)

Discover Target: MAOA

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

CNR1 Tclin Cannabinoid CB1 receptor (20913 Activities)

Discover Target: CNR1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

DRD1 Tclin Dopamine D1 receptor (9720 Activities)

Discover Target: DRD1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

DRD4 Tchem Dopamine D4 receptor (7907 Activities)

Discover Target: DRD4

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ACHE Tclin Acetylcholinesterase (18204 Activities)

Discover Target: ACHE

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

PTGS1 Tclin Cyclooxygenase-1 (9233 Activities)

Discover Target: PTGS1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

SLC6A2 Tclin Norepinephrine transporter (10102 Activities)

Discover Target: SLC6A2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

HRH2 Tclin Histamine H2 receptor (5428 Activities)

Discover Target: HRH2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ADRA1D Tclin Alpha-1d adrenergic receptor (4171 Activities)

Discover Target: ADRA1D

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

HTR1B Tclin Serotonin 1b (5-HT1b) receptor (2801 Activities)

Discover Target: HTR1B

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

HTR2A Tclin Serotonin 2a (5-HT2a) receptor (14758 Activities)

Discover Target: HTR2A

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

HTR2C Tclin Serotonin 2c (5-HT2c) receptor (11471 Activities)

Discover Target: HTR2C

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ADORA1 Tclin Adenosine A1 receptor (17603 Activities)

Discover Target: ADORA1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

CALCR Tclin Calcitonin receptor (2215 Activities)

Discover Target: CALCR

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

SLC6A4 Tclin Serotonin transporter (12625 Activities)

Discover Target: SLC6A4

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ADRA1A Tclin Alpha-1a adrenergic receptor (8359 Activities)

Discover Target: ADRA1A

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

PTGS2 Tclin Cyclooxygenase-2 (13999 Activities)

Discover Target: PTGS2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

HRH1 Tclin Histamine H1 receptor (7573 Activities)

Discover Target: HRH1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ADRA1B Tclin Alpha-1b adrenergic receptor (2912 Activities)

Discover Target: ADRA1B

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

OPRM1 Tclin Mu opioid receptor (19785 Activities)

Discover Target: OPRM1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

DRD3 Tclin Dopamine D3 receptor (14368 Activities)

Discover Target: DRD3

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

PPARG Tclin Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (15191 Activities)

Discover Target: PPARG

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

AVPR1A Tclin Vasopressin V1a receptor (5412 Activities)

Discover Target: AVPR1A

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

OPRD1 Tclin Delta opioid receptor (15096 Activities)

Discover Target: OPRD1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

OPRK1 Tclin Kappa opioid receptor (16155 Activities)

Discover Target: OPRK1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

SLC6A3 Tclin Dopamine transporter (10535 Activities)

Discover Target: SLC6A3

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

KCNH2 Tclin HERG (29587 Activities)

Discover Target: KCNH2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

HTR4 Tclin Serotonin 4 (5-HT4) receptor (2068 Activities)

Discover Target: HTR4

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

PDE3A Tclin Phosphodiesterase 3A (3309 Activities)

Discover Target: PDE3A

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ESR2 Tclin Estrogen receptor beta (9272 Activities)

Discover Target: ESR2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

CYSLTR1 Tclin Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (2118 Activities)

Discover Target: CYSLTR1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ERBB2 Tclin Receptor protein-tyrosine kinase erbB-2 (7851 Activities)

Discover Target: ERBB2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Alvos associados (não humanos)

Agtr2 Angiotensin II type 2 (AT-2) receptor (803 Activities)

Discover Target: Agtr2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

blaZ Beta-lactamase (285 Activities)

Discover Target: blaZ

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Mc4r Melanocortin receptor 4 (1205 Activities)

Discover Target: Mc4r

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Ltc4s Leukotriene C4 synthase (1 Activities)

Discover Target: Ltc4s

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Sigmar1 Sigma opioid receptor (160 Activities)

Discover Target: Sigmar1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Npy1r Neuropeptide Y receptor type 1 (8 Activities)

Discover Target: Npy1r

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Cckar Cholecystokinin A receptor (90 Activities)

Discover Target: Cckar

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Nos2 Nitric oxide synthase, inducible (3573 Activities)

Discover Target: Nos2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Mapk1 MAP kinase ERK2 (650 Activities)

Discover Target: Mapk1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Hdac6 Histone deacetylase 6 (222 Activities)

Discover Target: Hdac6

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Mmp9 Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (38 Activities)

Discover Target: Mmp9

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

HD1 Histone deacetylase (38 Activities)

Discover Target: HD1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

aroQ 3-dehydroquinate dehydratase (29 Activities)

Discover Target: aroQ

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (123386 Activities)

Explore this target

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Staphylococcus aureus (210822 Activities)

Explore this target

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Escherichia coli (133304 Activities)

Explore this target

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Bacillus cereus (7522 Activities)

Explore this target

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Caenorhabditis elegans (1055 Activities)

Explore this target

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Artemia (698 Activities)

Explore this target

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Mus musculus (284745 Activities)

Explore this target

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Rattus norvegicus (775804 Activities)

Explore this target

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

rep Replicase polyprotein 1ab (378 Activities)

Discover Target: rep

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Plasma (328 Activities)

Explore this target

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Nfe2l2 Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (214 Activities)

Discover Target: Nfe2l2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Glra2 Glycine receptor (1745 Activities)

Discover Target: Glra2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

crn-4 Cell death-related nuclease 4 (18 Activities)

Discover Target: crn-4

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

rnt Ribonuclease T (18 Activities)

Discover Target: rnt

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Metallo-beta-lactamase type 2 (11 Activities)

Explore this target

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

SARS-CoV-2 (38078 Activities)

Explore this target

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

A085R Prolyl 4-hydroxylase (72 Activities)

Discover Target: A085R

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Mecanismos de ação

Certificados（CoA,COO,BSE/TSE e Mapa de Análise)

C of A & Other Certificates(BSE/TSE, COO):

Analytical Chart:

Find and download the COA for your product by matching the lot number on the packaging.

10 results found

Lot Number	Certificate Type	Data	Item
E2621340	Certificate of Analysis	May 13, 2026	C108872
E2621341	Certificate of Analysis	May 13, 2026	C108872
F2509324	Certificate of Analysis	May 23, 2025	C108872
F2509333	Certificate of Analysis	May 23, 2025	C108872
F2509339	Certificate of Analysis	May 23, 2025	C108872
F2509340	Certificate of Analysis	May 23, 2025	C108872
F2509351	Certificate of Analysis	May 23, 2025	C108872
I2122053	Certificate of Analysis	Mar 03, 2025	C108872
I2214149	Certificate of Analysis	Jun 12, 2024	C108872
D2027028	Certificate of Analysis	Nov 06, 2023	C108872

Propriedades químicas e físicas

Solubilidade	Soluble in alcohol, water (750 mg/ml at 20 °C), and methanol. Insoluble in chloroform, and benzenz.
Ponto de fusão (°C)	153-159°C
Peso molecular	192.120 g/mol
XLogP3	-1.700
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count	4
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count	7
Rotatable Bond Count	5
Exact Mass	192.027 Da
Monoisotopic Mass	192.027 Da
Topological Polar Surface Area	132.000 Å²
Heavy Atom Count	13
Formal Charge	0
Complexity	227.000
Isotope Atom Count	0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count	0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count	0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count	0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count	0
The total count of all stereochemical bonds	0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count	1

FAQs e artigos

Determination of Additives in Beverages

Categories: Technical Articles: Reagent Chemistry, Synthesis & Bioscience Guides

Tags:

HPLC Analytical standard Sugar Sweetener Caffeine Preservative

Human Whole Blood Platelet Separation Protocol

Categories: Laboratory Protocols & SOPs Library

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wholeblood plateletseparation PRP Tyrode's buffer platelet-rich plasma

Why Did My Ni-Agarose Beads Turn Black or Brown?

Categories: Technical Articles: Reagent Chemistry, Synthesis & Bioscience Guides

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Ni-Agarose Beads

Stripping, Cleaning, and Metal Recharging Workflow for Ni²⁺–Agarose Resins

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Protein affinity purification Agarose Resins

Pepsin——Structural Features, Enzymatic Properties, and Experimental Application Guide

Categories: Technical Articles: Reagent Chemistry, Synthesis & Bioscience Guides

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Pepsin

A Practical Guide to Fragrance Compositions: Turning a Black-Box Formula into an Engineerable System—Compatibility, Stability, Controlled Release, Traceability, and Selection

Categories: Technical Articles: Reagent Chemistry, Synthesis & Bioscience Guides

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Fragrance Fragrance composition Fragrance base

How to Choose a Hydrogen Evolution (HER) Catalyst: Kinetic Barriers in Water Electrolysis, AWE/PEM/AEM Pathways, and a Materials-Family Roadmap (with a Product Map)

Categories: Technical Articles: Reagent Chemistry, Synthesis & Bioscience Guides

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Hydrogen Evolution Catalyst HER Catalyst

Physicochemical Properties, Staining Mechanisms, and Practical Application Specifications of Hematoxylin

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Hematoxylin Hematein Oxidative ripening Mordant Alum hematoxylin Iron hematoxylin Bifferentiation Bluing Stain aging

Laccase: Technical Characteristics, Optimization Strategies, and Industrial Application Progress

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laccase multicopper oxidase T1/T2/T3 copper centers laccase-mediator system immobilization protein engineering industrial decolorization biobleaching

Practical Guide to Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC-Na): Thickening/Stabilizing Mechanisms, Key Controls for Solution Preparation, and Selection Navigation (including Table 1 and Tables A–C)

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CMC-Na Carboxymethyl Cellulose

How Organic Acids “Stabilize a System”: Selection Logic via the pH Window, Salt Forms, and Metal-Ion Management (with a navigation guide to Tables A–E)

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Pharmaceuticals Organic Acids

Acid Phosphatase: Dephosphorylation Reactions in Acidic Microenvironments and Their Research, Assay, and Detection Applications

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TRAP Enzyme Activity Assays PAP Acid phosphatase Lysosome Isoenzyme Osteoclast Bone resorption Rhizosphere Phosphorus cycling

Hemicellulases: A Review of Substrate Specificity, Catalytic Systems, and Research and Industrial Applications

Categories: Technical Articles: Reagent Chemistry, Synthesis & Bioscience Guides

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Hemicellulose xylan mannan xylanase mannanase deacetylase feruloyl esterase LCC biorefining enzyme formulation

Bromelain: Enzymological Properties and Key Points for Food, Pharmaceutical, and Industrial Applications

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Cysteine protease bromelain proteolysis BAEE fibrin meat tenderization

Phytase: Enzymological Properties, Mechanism of Action, and Applications in Feed and Food

Categories: Technical Articles: Reagent Chemistry, Synthesis & Bioscience Guides

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submerged fermentation Phytase Phosphomonoesterase Phytate Myo-Inositol Hexakisphosphate Available Phosphorus Monogastric Animals Pelleting Stability Solid-State Fermentation

From Sucrose to Monosaccharides: Key Enzymatic Nodes and Regulatory Logic in Sugar Conversion

Categories: Technical Articles: Reagent Chemistry, Synthesis & Bioscience Guides

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sucrose Glucose monosaccharides invertase sucrose synthase sucrose phosphorylase

Functional Framework of Starch Metabolism-Related Enzymes in Food Science Research and Mechanistic Analysis of Quality Regulation

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α-amylase Rheology Starch Metabolism-Related Enzymes Food Science Research Quality-Regulation Mechanisms Glucoamylase Debranching Enzymes Transglycosylases Staling Digestive Properties

Acetyl-Group Metabolic Enzyme Network and In Vitro Enzymology Analysis

Categories: Technical Articles: Reagent Chemistry, Synthesis & Bioscience Guides

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Epigenetic Regulation Acetyl-Group Metabolism Acetyl-Coa Acetyltransferases Deacetylases Pathway Analysis In Vitro Enzymology Central Carbon Metabolism

Technical Comparison and Method Selection for Hydroxyproline Determination

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High-performance liquid chromatography colorimetry hydroxyproline collagen quantification LC-MS/MS acid hydrolysis method comparison fibrosis assessment

Bacterial Sodium Ion-Driven Energy Metabolism and Mechanisms of Transmembrane Coupled Transport

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sodium motive force Na+-NQR Na+/H+ antiporter TRAP transporter MATE efflux pump oxaloacetate decarboxylase flagellar motor transmembrane coupling

Tyramide Signal Amplification in In Situ Fluorescence Detection

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HRP TSA tyramide signal amplification in situ fluorescence detection multiplex immunofluorescence FFPE FISH

Effects of Cell Sample Preservation Systems on Morphological Integrity, Anticoagulant Stability, and Analytical Results

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Flow Cytometry EDTA Heparin citrate Cell Sample Preservation System Morphological Integrity Anticoagulant Stability Cell Cryopreservation

Comparison of Low-pH, High-pH, and Enzymatic Antigen Retrieval Systems in IHC

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IHC Antigen Retrieval FFPE low-pH heat retrieval high-pH heat retrieval enzymatic retrieval

Perovskite Oxides for Energy and Environmental Catalysis: How Oxygen Vacancies, B-Site Metals, and the Metal–Oxygen Bond Network Regulate Reaction Performance

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perovskite perovskite oxides oxide

Why Do Cancer Cells Synthesize Their Own Fatty Acids? From the De Novo Fatty Acid Synthesis Pathway to Experimental Assessment

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Cancer Cells Synthetic fatty acids

From Natural Cellulose to Nanocrystals: Structural Characteristics, Application Directions, and Industrialization Challenges of CNC

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Nanocrystalline Natural Cellulose Cellulose Nanocrystals

Porous Graphitic Carbon (PGC) Chromatography Columns: Creating New Selectivity for Challenging Separations through Molecular Shape and the π-Electron Cloud on the Graphitic Surface

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High-performance liquid chromatography Porous Graphitic Carbon

Why LABSA (Sulfonic Acid) Is Commonly Used in Household Cleaning Formulations: Neutralization Mechanism, Detergency Action, and Formulation Application Points

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Anionic Surfactant Surfactants Daily Chemical Industry

From Structure to Performance: Conditioning, Film-Forming, Thickening, and Chelating Applications of Functional Ingredients in Personal Care and Home Care

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Anionic Surfactant Daily chemical formula

Differences, Mechanisms of Action, and Selection of Sodium Metasilicate and Sodium Tripolyphosphate in Detergent and Cleaning Formulations

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Surfactants Daily chemical cleaning

The Role, Selection, and Validation of Chelating Agents in Daily Chemical Formulations

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Chelating Agents

K12 (Sodium Lauryl Sulfate/SLS) Is More Than a Foaming Agent: Structure, Properties, and Applications in Personal Care and Household Care Formulations

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Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate K12 SLS Sodium Lauryl Sulfate

From Structure to Rheology: How Carbomer Forms Gel Structures and Enables Thickening, Suspension, and Auxiliary Emulsion Stabilization

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Carbomer

What Is the Difference Between Triethanolamine and Diethanolamine: Understanding Their Formulation Functions, Application Differences, and Selection Logic from a Molecular-Structure Perspective

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DEA Triethanolamine TEA Diethanolamine

Thickening, Suspension, Auxiliary Stabilization, and Agglomeration Mechanisms of Xanthan Gum in Personal Care Formulations: From Molecular Structure to Processing Applications

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Xanthan Gum

Why Can 6501 (Cocamide DEA) Stabilize Foam and Build Viscosity? Structural Mechanism, 1:1/1:1.5 Differences, and Application Selection

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Non-ionic surfactants 6501 Cocamide DEA CDEA Coconut fatty acid diethanolamide

Differences, Functions, and Selection Guidelines for Sodium Hydroxide Flakes, Granules, Liquid Caustic Soda, and Caustic Soda in Household and Personal Care Product Manufacturing: The Functional and Application Logic of Sodium Hydroxide

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NaOH Sodium Hydroxide

AES (Fatty Alcohol Polyoxyethylene Ether Sulfate) in Personal and Home-Care Cleansing Formulations: An Analysis of Structure, Performance, and Low-Temperature Flowability

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Surfactants cosmetics Daily chemical cleaning

Xiao Fang Bai, Da Fang Bai, PnB and DPnB: Mechanisms and Selection of Butyl Glycol Ethers in Hard-Surface Cleaning Formulations

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Daily chemical cleaning Clean and efficient solvent Coupling solvent

Why Limonene Can Soften Greasy Soils Yet Is Difficult to Dissolve in Water: Understanding the Cleaning Mechanism and Formulation Applications of Naturally Derived Solvents from Molecular Structure

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Solvents Natural source solvents Oil friendly cleaning solvent

Understanding CAPB from Its Structure: How Cocamidopropyl Betaine Improves Foam, Enhances Mildness, and Supports Thickening

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Surfactants Daily chemical cleaning CAPB

How to Select Thickeners for Strongly Acidic Cleaning Systems: Comparison of Thickening Mechanisms and Application Considerations for Fatty Amine Ethoxylates

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Surfactants Thickener Strong Acid

How Can Sodium Tripolyphosphate (STPP) Be Replaced? From Detergency Mechanisms to Formulation Choices for Low-Phosphorus/Phosphorus-Free Builder Systems

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Anionic Surfactant Surfactants Daily chemical cleaning STPP

Interfacial Mechanism and Formulation Applications of AEO-9 (Fatty Alcohol Polyoxyethylene Ether): An Analysis of Emulsification, Wetting, Oil Soil Removal, and Co-Formulation Compatibility

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AEO-9

More Than a pH Adjuster: Mechanisms, Selection Logic, and Alternative Acid Source Analysis of Citric Acid in Home-Care Cleaning

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Citric Acid

Sodium Metasilicate in Cleaning Applications: Hydration-Form Differences, Mechanisms of Action, and Selection Logic

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Na₂SiO₃ Sodium Metasilicate

Analysis of the Foaming Performance Differences Between K12 and AOS: Structure, Acid–Base Stability, and Formulation Selection

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K12 AOS

Structural Characteristics, Low-Temperature Flowability, and Home-Care Cleaning Applications of Palm-Derived Isomeric Alcohol Polyoxyethylene Ether PLE-S9

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PLE-S9

Performance Sources and Formulation Applications of Enzyme-Based Ingredients in Daily Chemical Products: Fermentation Transformation, Enzymatic Reactions, and Application Principles

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Enzyme Enzymes

Mechanisms and Troubleshooting of Foam Reduction in Personal and Household Care Formulations: Film Rupture, Weak Interfacial Films, Insufficient Surfactant Supply, and Phase-State Disturbance

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Foam performance

Analysis of the Production Process of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC) for Putty: Understanding Differences in Substitution Structure and Gelation Temperature from High-Ratio and Low-Ratio Formulations

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HPMC Neutral putty 821 putty Ordinary interior wall putty

Why Are Daily Chemical Products Prone to Viscosity Thinning in Summer? Core Mechanisms, Troubleshooting Methods, and Solutions

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Daily chemical products Return to thinning

Types, Mechanisms of Action, Key Quality Indicators, and Selection and Application of Common Cellulose Ethers in Wall Putty

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Wall Putty Cellulose Ether

Causes and Mechanism Analysis of Delamination During Sanding of Water-Resistant Putty

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Water-Resistant Putty

Why Do Rust Spots Appear on Neutral Wall Putty? Iron Sources, Moisture Migration, Oxidative Color Development, and Prevention Measures

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Neutral putty

Experimental Evaluation of the Synergistic Actions of Endoglucanase, CBH I, and β-Glucosidase in Lignocellulosic Saccharification

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Glucose β-glucosidase cellulase endoglucanase Enzyme synergy CBH I Lignocellulosic saccharification Cellobiose

TCA Cycle Metabolite Detection Methods and Result Interpretation

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TCA cycle metabolic flux citrate LC-MS/MS Tricarboxylic acid cycle α-ketoglutarate metabolite detection succinate

Preparation Strategy and In Vitro Biological Performance Evaluation of Tannic Acid–Brushite In Situ Composite Bone Cement

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Biocompatibility tannic acid brushite bone cement in situ composite calcium phosphate material in vitro degradation osteogenic evaluation

Histological Staining Methods for Identifying Hepatitis B Virus: Comparison of HE, Orcein, Aldehyde Fuchsin, Victoria Blue, Immunohistochemistry, and In Situ Hybridization

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Immunohistochemistry In situ hybridization hepatitis B virus HBV histological staining HBsAg HBcAg orcein staining aldehyde fuchsin staining Victoria blue staining

Mechanism of Kojic Acid in Reducing Hyperpigmentation: From Tyrosinase Inhibition to Melanin Production Regulation

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Natural Pigment tyrosinase Melanin

Antioxidant Mechanisms, Stability, and Delivery Strategies of Resveratrol in Skincare Research

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Resveratrol

Antioxidant Mechanisms of Ferulic Acid in Skincare, Vitamin C/E Synergy, and Stable Delivery Applications

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ferulic acid FA

Potential Mechanisms of Succinic Acid in Acne Care: From Dicarboxylic Acid–Base Equilibria to Metabolic Antagonism Among Skin Microorganisms

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Succinic Acid Acne

Structure, Stratum Corneum Distribution, and Stratum Corneum Conditioning Mechanism of Capryloyl Salicylic Acid: Barrier Effects and Safety Evaluation

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Capryloyl Salicylic Acid Lipohydroxy Acid LHA

Potential Mechanisms of Tea Polyphenols in Oily, Acne-Prone Skin: Effects of EGCG on Sebum Production, Lipid Peroxidation, and Inflammatory Responses

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Tea Polyphenols

Moisturizing Mechanisms of Tremella fuciformis Polysaccharides: From Polysaccharide Structure and Hydration Rheology to Dynamic Film Formation on the Skin Surface

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Tremella fuciformis Polysaccharides

How Arbutin Regulates Melanin Production: α/β Anomeric Configuration and Tyrosinase Action

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Melanin Arbutin

Mechanistic Basis of Acetyl Hexapeptide-8 in the Management of Expression Lines: SNARE Complex Interference, Constraints on Percutaneous Delivery, and Combination Strategies

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Retinol Acetyl Hexapeptide-8 Argireline SNAP-25 SNARE complex expression lines transdermal delivery anti-wrinkle combinations

Niacinamide Brightening Mechanisms and Formulation Design: Melanosome Transfer, pH Regulation, and Combination Strategies

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Niacinamide

MTAD-Mediated Oxidative Dearomatization of Pyridines: Transient para-Cycloaddition, Alkene Oxidation, and Heteroatom Functionalization

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Pyridines piperidines Alkene Oxidation

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Citrato - Moligand™, padrão analítico , Activator of TRPP2;Activator of TRPV4, CAS No.77-92-9, Activator of TRPP2;Activator of TRPV4

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Citrato - Moligand™, padrão analítico , Activator of TRPP2;Activator of TRPV4, CAS No.77-92-9, Activator of TRPP2;Activator of TRPV4

Storage & shipping

Quality documents

Literature proof

Visão geral

Specifications

Documentation

📋 Safety Data Sheet (SDS)

✅ Certificate of Analysis (COA)

📊 Datasheet

🔬 Specification Sheet

Advanced Data

Molarity Calculator

Dilution Calculator

Reconstitution Calculator

Avaliações dos Clientes

📚 Citations by Application

Need help choosing the grade?

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