Fluorescent quantum dots - Cyanuric acid functionalized,Emission wavelength:525 nm,0.05 umol/L

Cat. No.: F122255

GRADE & PURITY Cyanuric acid functionalized,Emission wavelength:525 nm,0.05 umol/L

Storage

Store at 2-8°C

Shipped In

Wet ice

Visão geral

Fluorescent quantum dots with high fluorescence quantum yields, fluorescence emission spectra adjustable, good biocompatibility and the stability of the optical properties of the unique advantages of narrow and symmetrical emission bands. By the surface modification can be obtained covering the functional group of the carboxyl group and an amino group, to facilitate coupling of antibodies or other biomolecules, can be used as biological probes used in biological analysis, chemical detection, and other fields of the basic research and clinical diagnosis.

Specifications

Especificações e pureza

Cyanuric acid functionalized,Emission wavelength:525 nm,0.05 umol/L

Condições de armazenamento de armazenamento

Store at 2-8°C

Enviado em

Wet ice

Este produto requer transporte de cadeia fria. Serviços terrestres e outros serviços econômicos não estão disponíveis.

Application Protocols

No item-specific, vendor-validated application protocols are provided for this product. Refer to CoA/Spec Sheet for any lot-specific instructions. The following are general, literature-based starting points and should be optimized experimentally.

• Fluorescent labeling (cells, fixed)

  • Disperse QDs at 0.1–10 nM particle concentration in PBS or HEPES with 0.05–1% BSA; incubate with samples for 10–60 min at RT; wash 3× with buffer. Use low-binding plastics and protect from light.

• Bioconjugate preparation

  • Prepare QD–biomolecule conjugates via EDC/NHS, maleimide–thiol, or click chemistry as appropriate (see Reaction Conditions). Purify by size-exclusion chromatography or centrifugal filtration (MWCO 50–300 kDa, depending on hydrodynamic size).

• Spectroscopic characterization

  • Record absorption and PL spectra before/after each processing step; calculate QY relative to standards (e.g., Rhodamine 6G in ethanol) or via integrating sphere.

• Film fabrication (optoelectronics)

  • Filter inks (0.45 µm), deposit by spin or blade coating, and dry under inert gas. Post-treatment temperatures should remain within ligand and substrate tolerances.

All parameters above are general guidance and not specifications for this item. Validate concentration units (mg/mL vs optical density vs particle molarity) from the CoA before use.

Biological Roles

These materials are synthetic nanocrystals and do not possess intrinsic biochemical roles. However, they are frequently used as optical probes in biological research (general, literature context). No clinical or therapeutic claims are made.

• Bioimaging applications (general)

  • Cellular labeling and single-particle tracking due to high brightness and resistance to photobleaching compared to many organic dyes.
  • Multiplex imaging from narrow, size-tuned emissions with a single excitation source; time-gated detection using long PL lifetimes can reduce autofluorescence.

• Bioconjugation strategies

  • Carboxyl, amine, azide/alkyne, or maleimide-functional coatings enable coupling to antibodies, peptides, nucleic acids, or small molecules via EDC/NHS condensation, click chemistry, or thiol–maleimide additions (literature).

• Biological media considerations

  • Protein corona formation can alter biodistribution and signal; adding blocking proteins (e.g., BSA) or using zwitterionic/PEGylated coatings helps maintain colloidal stability in serum-containing media.
  • Ionic strength and divalent cations (Mg2+, Ca2+) may screen surface charge and promote aggregation; buffer and surfactant selection is critical.

• Photophysics in biological environments

  • Quenching by oxygen, redox-active species, or pH-induced ligand changes can modulate fluorescence; rigorous controls and internal standards are recommended.

Item-specific composition, surface chemistry, size, and biocompatibility are not specified for this product; consult the CoA/SDS and validate in your system of interest.

Buffer Applications

Applicability: Relevant if these quantum dots (QDs) are supplied in or transferred to aqueous media. Dispersion, stability, and fluorescence depend strongly on buffer composition. Item-specific buffer compatibility is not specified; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

• General buffer guidance (literature)

  • Low ionic strength buffers (e.g., 10–20 mM HEPES, pH 7.2–7.8) often improve colloidal stability versus high-salt PBS.
  • If PBS is required, keep NaCl ≤ 50–150 mM initially and titrate up while monitoring DLS/PL to detect aggregation or quenching.
  • Include 0.01–0.05% nonionic surfactant (e.g., Tween-20) or 0.1–1% BSA to reduce non-specific adsorption to plastics and biomolecules, if compatible with assays.
  • Maintain pH away from ligand pKa to reduce desorption (e.g., avoid strong acid/base for carboxylate-capped QDs).

• Filtration and containers

  • Use low-binding plastics or silanized glass; pre-rinse containers with buffer containing blocking protein/surfactant.
  • Filter through 0.22–0.45 µm to remove dust/aggregates if particle size permits; avoid shear-induced flocculation.

• Practical workflow (general)

  • Equilibrate QDs to buffer via dialysis/centrifuge filters or phase transfer; stepwise exchange minimizes ligand stripping.
  • Validate fluorescence peak position and intensity post-exchange; record stability over 24–72 h to confirm suitability for assays.

Note: Specific buffer recipes, concentrations, and stability windows for this item are not provided; consult CoA and perform pilot tests.

Green Alternatives

Selecting greener quantum dots (QDs) and workflows involves balancing performance, toxicity, and lifecycle impacts.

• Composition choices (general)

  • InP-based QDs: Cadmium-free alternative with strong visible emission; typically broader FWHM than CdSe but improving (literature). Lower toxicity profile vs Cd-based, yet indium sourcing and passivation chemistry remain considerations.
  • Carbon dots/graphitic dots: Metal-free, often derived from biomass precursors via hydrothermal/pyrolytic methods. Advantages: benign elements, water compatibility; Drawbacks: broader emission, heterogeneous surface states, lower peak brightness.
  • Perovskite QDs (e.g., CsPbX3): High color purity and processability but contain lead; encapsulation and lead capture resins mitigate release risks.

• Process and solvent considerations

  • Replace chlorinated solvents (e.g., chloroform) with toluene, anisole, or 2-MeTHF where colloidal stability permits (general green chemistry guidance).
  • Aqueous ligand exchange/polymer encapsulation can reduce VOC use for bioassays; ensure stability against salt/pH.

• End-of-life and waste

  • Implement heavy-metal-specific waste capture (e.g., chelators, sulfide precipitation) and nanoparticle filtration. Track waste streams per institutional EHS.

• Comparison (general; not item-specific)

  • CdSe/ZnS: High QY and narrow FWHM; toxicity/waste concerns, robust to photobleaching.
  • InP/ZnS: Cadmium-free; slightly broader FWHM, improving shell strategies.
  • Carbon dots: Greenest composition profile; lower spectral precision/brightness.

Note: The composition of this item is not specified; consult CoA to evaluate green chemistry tradeoffs for your application.

Pharmaceutical Uses

This product is for research use only and is not intended for human or veterinary use.

• General roles in pharmaceutical R&D (non-therapeutic, literature)

  • Tracers and surrogates in formulation and process development to visualize mixing, diffusion, or distribution in complex matrices owing to bright, stable fluorescence.
  • Model nanoparticles for studying colloidal stability, adsorption to excipients, and filtration/sterilization performance.
  • Calibration standards or internal controls for fluorescence-based analytics in development labs (with appropriate validation).

• Regulatory/compendial status

  • No pharmacopeial monograph typically exists for generic quantum dots; any use in GMP contexts would require internal specifications (emission, QY, particle size, sterility/endotoxin if applicable). No such specifications are provided for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

• Formulation considerations (general)

  • Excipient compatibility: surfactants (polysorbates), polymers (PEG, PVP), salts, and buffers can affect QD stability and fluorescence.
  • Sterile filtration may be feasible depending on hydrodynamic size and concentration; verify recovery and PL retention.

No clinical, diagnostic, or therapeutic claims are made. For any regulated use, develop a product-specific control strategy and obtain full characterization data from the CoA/SDS.

Physical Properties

• Item-specific physical properties

  • Appearance: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
  • Solvent/dispersion medium: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
  • Concentration (mg/mL, moles of QD, or optical density): Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
  • Absorption/emission maxima, FWHM, quantum yield: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
  • Hydrodynamic diameter / core size: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
  • Density, refractive index, pKa, logP: Not applicable/Not specified for nanocrystal ensembles; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

• General/literature ranges for fluorescent QDs (for context; not specific to this item)

  • Core sizes often ~2–8 nm (CdSe, InP) and broader for perovskites; hydrodynamic diameters with coatings typically 5–30+ nm.
  • Photoluminescence FWHM commonly 20–40 nm for high-quality II–VI QDs; broader for carbon dots (literature).
  • Excitation: strong, broad absorption above band edge; emission tunable from blue to NIR by size/composition.
  • Colloidal stability is highly dependent on ligand density, ionic strength, and solvent polarity.

• Solubility/dispersion behavior (general)

  • Hydrophobic QDs: disperse in nonpolar solvents (hexane, toluene, chloroform); precipitate in polar media or upon antisolvent addition (e.g., ethanol).
  • Hydrophilic QDs: disperse in water and common buffers (e.g., PBS, HEPES); stability may vary with salt and pH (literature).

Quality and Grades

• Item-specific grade/purity: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

• What “quality” means for quantum dots (general framework)

  • Optical performance: Photoluminescence quantum yield (QY), emission peak maximum, full width at half maximum (FWHM), and excitation/emission stability under illumination.
  • Size/shape control: Narrow size distribution (small relative standard deviation) correlates with narrow FWHM and consistent color.
  • Surface chemistry: Ligand identity/density, presence of functional groups for bioconjugation (e.g., –COOH, –NH2, azide/alkyne, maleimide), zeta potential, and colloidal stability in relevant media.
  • Structural integrity: Core–shell thickness, crystallinity (PXRD/TEM), and defect passivation that reduce non-radiative recombination.
  • Purity by composition: Low free ions/precursors, minimal unbound ligand/surfactant, and control of heavy-metal content (ICP-OES/ICP-MS).
  • Cleanliness for analytical use: Low background fluorescence/scattering particulates; filtration and sterility (if required) are application-dependent.

• Stabilizers and passivation (general)

  • Organic ligands and shell materials serve as stabilizers; they influence storage stability, solvent compatibility, and functionalization routes.

• Documentation

  • For procurement and method validation, request CoA for: emission max, FWHM, QY method, concentration basis (mass, particle count, or optical density), solvent/dispersion, ligand identity, and recommended storage conditions. Values are not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Reaction and Applications

Scope: Fluorescent quantum dots (QDs) are versatile photonic building blocks used in imaging, sensing, energy transfer, and photocatalysis.

• Optical/analytical applications (general)

  • Fluorescent labels for microscopy, flow analysis, and multiplexed assays due to narrow emission and broad excitation (literature).
  • FRET/TrRET donors or acceptors; long fluorescence lifetimes enable time-gated detection to suppress background.
  • Ratiometric probes via dual-emission composites or co-doped structures.

• Sensing and environmental detection

  • Surface-functionalized QDs transduce binding/chemical reactions into PL intensity, wavelength, or lifetime changes (e.g., metal-ion sensing, pH-responsive ligands). Mechanisms include photoinduced electron/energy transfer and charge trapping.

• Energy/photocatalysis

  • QDs harvest light for photocatalytic reductions/oxidations (e.g., H2 evolution, CO2 reduction) when paired with cocatalysts; band-edge alignment and sacrificial donors are key variables (literature).

• Practical tips for successful use

  • Maintain colloidal stability: control ionic strength, pH, and add dispersants (e.g., PEG, proteins, zwitterions) to minimize aggregation and quenching.
  • Minimize oxygen/ moisture exposure for air-sensitive compositions; consider glovebox handling for perovskite QDs.
  • Avoid ligand over-stripping during exchange; monitor PL continuously as a proxy for surface integrity.
  • Validate optical constants (extinction coefficients, QY) under your exact solvent and temperature; these can differ from vendor conditions.

• Manufacturer Applications

  • Not provided in the catalog entry beyond the product title. General use cases include fluorescence labeling, materials research, and optoelectronic prototyping. For this item’s validated uses, refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Reaction Conditions

Because these are nanocrystals rather than small-molecule reagents, “reaction conditions” pertain primarily to surface coupling and ligand exchange. Item-specific conditions are not provided; the following are general, literature-based guidelines.

• Bioconjugation (aqueous)

  • EDC/NHS coupling (carboxylate to amine): pH 6.0–7.4 (MES/HEPES), 15–60 min activation, then 0.5–4 h conjugation at RT; quench residual actives with Tris or ethanolamine. Monitor PL to avoid overactivation.
  • Maleimide–thiol coupling: pH 6.5–7.2 to minimize maleimide hydrolysis; 1–3 h at RT; exclude reducing agents except controlled TCEP/DTT dosing for thiol generation.
  • CuAAC “click”: Azide/alkyne partners with CuSO4 + ligand (e.g., THPTA) and sodium ascorbate, pH ~7.2–8.0; consider copper-free SPAAC for sensitive biomolecules.

• Ligand exchange (non-aqueous/aqueous)

  • Nonpolar to polar transfer using multidentate ligands (DHLA-PEG, dihydrolipoic acid, catechols, phosphonates). Conduct at low QD concentrations with gentle stirring; remove displaced ligands by precipitation/centrifugation.
  • Polymer wrapping: Amphiphilic polymers in THF or DMF, followed by dialysis into water; avoid over-dilution that impedes micelle formation.

• Film/device processing

  • Spin-coating or blade coating from toluene/hexane/chloroform or water/IPA mixtures depending on ligand shell; mild thermal annealing (e.g., 50–120°C) often used to remove residual solvent—ensure thermal tolerance of ligands.

Always verify that these conditions preserve colloidal stability and photoluminescence for your specific lot; item-specific recommendations are not provided in this entry.

Safety and Handling

• GHS information for this item

  • Signal word: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
  • Hazard statements (H-codes): Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
  • GHS classification and pictograms: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.

• Nanomaterial-specific considerations (general guidance)

  • Avoid inhalation and aerosol generation; nanoparticles can deposit deep in the lungs. Work in a certified chemical fume hood or appropriate containment when handling powders or generating sprays/mists (literature best practice).
  • Prevent dermal and ocular exposure; wear safety glasses or face shield, lab coat, and nitrile gloves. Change gloves frequently.
  • If cadmium, lead, or other heavy metals are present (common in some QDs), treat as potentially toxic and environmentally hazardous; collect waste in labeled heavy-metal/nanomaterial containers. Composition for this item is not specified—consult SDS/CoA.
  • Spills: Wet wipe to minimize dust; avoid dry sweeping. Use HEPA-filtered vacuum approved for nanomaterials if needed.

• Storage incompatibilities and stability (general)

  • Protect from prolonged light to limit photobleaching/ligand degradation.
  • Avoid elevated temperature and repeated freeze–thaw; these can induce aggregation or PL loss.
  • Oxidants, acids/base extremes, and halogenated oxidants may strip ligands/shells, quenching fluorescence.

• First-aid overview (general, non-exhaustive)

  • Inhalation: Move to fresh air; seek medical attention.
  • Skin/eye contact: Rinse with water for at least 15 minutes; remove contaminated clothing; seek medical advice.
  • Ingestion: Rinse mouth; do not induce vomiting; seek medical attention.

Always defer to the product’s SDS for authoritative hazard, exposure limits, and emergency procedures.

Solvent Selection

Applicability: Solvent/dispersion medium critically impacts colloidal stability, optical properties, and downstream coupling of quantum dots (QDs).

• Item-specific solvent/vehicle: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

• General solvent classes and when to choose them (literature guidance)

  • Nonpolar solvents (hexane, toluene, chloroform): Preferred for hydrophobic, long-chain ligand-capped QDs (e.g., oleate/oleylamine). Advantages: high colloidal stability, minimal ionic effects; Drawbacks: incompatibility with aqueous bioconjugation without ligand exchange/encapsulation.
  • Polar aprotics (THF, DMF, DMSO): Useful during ligand exchange or polymer encapsulation; can swell amphiphiles and facilitate interfacial transfer. Watch for ligand stripping at high polarity or with coordinating solvents.
  • Aqueous buffers (water, PBS, HEPES): For hydrophilic or polymer-wrapped QDs. Control ionic strength to mitigate screening-induced aggregation; add protein (e.g., BSA) or zwitterionic coatings to reduce non-specific adsorption (general guidance).

• Practical tips

  • Match solvent polarity to ligand shell; avoid abrupt solvent changes—use gradual exchange or antisolvent precipitation with gentle centrifugation.
  • Degas if oxygen-sensitive compositions (e.g., some perovskites) are suspected.
  • Filtration (0.2–0.45 µm PTFE/nylon for organics; PES/RC for aqueous) can remove dust/aggregates without significant QD loss if pore size is larger than hydrodynamic diameter.

• Comparison (general)

  • Toluene vs hexane: Toluene offers higher solvating power for aromatic ligands/polymers; hexane maximizes hydrophobic stabilization but dissolves fewer additives.
  • Water vs PBS: Water reduces ionic screening; PBS offers buffering but may promote aggregation if surface charge is low.

Storage and Reconstitution

• Item-specific storage

  • Storage conditions: Store at 2–8°C (provided).
  • Shipped in: Wet ice (provided).
  • Appearance/formulation, concentration, excipients: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

• General storage guidance for QDs (literature/best practice)

  • Protect from light to preserve photoluminescence and ligand integrity.
  • Avoid freezing unless explicitly validated; freeze–thaw can cause aggregation and PL loss, especially for aqueous formulations.
  • For organics-dispersed QDs, tightly cap to minimize solvent evaporation and oxygen ingress; store under inert atmosphere if air-sensitive compositions are suspected.
  • For aqueous formulations, maintain pH/ionic strength consistent with the supplied buffer; microbial growth can be limited with sterile technique and, where appropriate, filtration into sterile vials.

• Reconstitution and handling (if applicable; not item-specific)

  • If supplied as a dispersion: Gently invert or low-speed vortex to homogenize; avoid foaming. Sonicate briefly (bath sonicator, 1–3 min) to break soft agglomerates, monitoring PL to avoid heating.
  • If supplied lyophilized: Reconstitute with the recommended solvent/buffer from the CoA; add in small aliquots with gentle mixing. Allow complete dissolution/dispersion before use.
  • After any buffer exchange or dilution, confirm absorption/PL and check for scattering increases (aggregation) by DLS or turbidity.

For definitive shelf life, allowable freeze–thaw cycles, and compatible solvents/buffers, consult the product’s CoA and SDS.

Structure and Identity

Brief description: This product consists of fluorescent semiconductor nanocrystals (quantum dots, QDs) designed for research use as bright, photostable emitters.

• Item-specific identifiers
  • CAS: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
  • Molecular formula: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
  • Molecular weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
  • SMILES / InChI / InChIKey: Not applicable to nanocrystal ensembles; Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Structural features (general, literature)
  • Core–shell architecture is typical for high quantum yield QDs (e.g., CdSe/CdS, CdSe/ZnS, InP/ZnS, perovskite CsPbX3, or carbon/graphitic cores). Exact composition for this item is not specified.
  • Surface is passivated with organic ligands (e.g., oleic acid/oleylamine for hydrophobic dispersions) or polymer/ionic coatings (e.g., PEG, carboxylates, zwitterions) for aqueous compatibility. Specific ligand chemistry for this item is not specified.
  • Particle morphology commonly near-spherical or rod-like; emission color is size/composition-dependent due to quantum confinement (literature).
• 2D description in words (general)
  • An inorganic semiconductor nanocrystal “core” surrounded by one or more passivation “shell” layers, encapsulated by an outer organic ligand/capping layer that defines solubility and provides conjugation handles. No discrete small-molecule structure applies.
• Identity confirmation (general best practices)
  • Typical characterization: UV–vis absorption, photoluminescence (PL) peak/quantum yield, TEM/DLS for size/dispersion, PXRD for crystallinity, ICP-OES for elemental makeup, and FTIR/NMR/XPS for surface ligands (literature guidance).

Synthetic Utility

While not reagents in classical organic synthesis, quantum dots (QDs) function as nanoscale photonic/semiconducting building blocks in materials synthesis and device prototyping.

• Roles in materials synthesis (general)

  • As programmable chromophores: emission color tuned by size/composition enables spectral engineering in films, inks, and composites.
  • As energy/electron mediators: facilitate charge or exciton transfer within hybrid systems (QD–polymer, QD–metal, QD–MOF) to tune optoelectronic responses.
  • As seeds/templates: serve as nucleation centers for overgrowth (e.g., core–shell, dot-in-rod) or heterostructures (Janus, graded shells) to manipulate band alignment (literature).

• Surface chemistry as synthetic handle

  • Ligand exchange to install functional groups (thiols, phosphonic acids, carboxylates, zwitterions, azide/alkyne) for assembly, patterning, or bioconjugation.
  • Polymer encapsulation or amphiphile wrapping to transfer QDs between solvents and stabilize in complex matrices.

• Device prototyping (general)

  • Incorporation into down-conversion layers, photodetectors, sensors, or photocatalytic electrodes; processing via spin-coating, inkjet printing, or blade coating with appropriate binders.

Item-specific composition, ligand identity, and processing windows (solids loading, curing temperatures) are not specified for this product; consult CoA/Spec Sheet and optimize empirically for your platform.

Target Specificity

Not applicable. This product is a nanomaterial (fluorescent quantum dots), not an antibody or biologic with defined antigen/epitope specificity. No clone, isotype, species reactivity, or epitope information applies. For functionalization toward specific targets, see Bioconjugation notes under Reaction Conditions and Buffer Applications.