2-Ethylpyrimidine-5-carbaldehyde - ≥95% , CAS No.205518-89-4

CAS: 205518-89-4 Cat. No.: E1073484 Fórmula: C₇H₈N₂O Peso molecular: 136.15 PubChem CID: 3160971

GRADE & PURITY ≥95%

Storage

Room temperature

Specifications

Especificaciones y pureza

≥95%

Condiciones de almacenamiento de almacenamiento

Room temperature

Pureza

≥95%

Nombres e identificadores

• Sonrisas canónicas: CCC1=NC=C(C=N1)C=O
• IUPAC Name: 2-ethylpyrimidine-5-carbaldehyde
• InChIKey: CBKMQAVGQAQPJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
• INCHI: 1S/C7H8N2O/c1-2-7-8-3-6(5-10)4-9-7/h3-5H,2H2,1H3
• Isómeros SMILES: CCC1=NC=C(C=N1)C=O
• PubChem CID: 3160971
• Peso molecular: 136.15

Taxonomic Classification

Taxonomy Tree

• Kingdom Organic compounds
  • Superclass Organic oxygen compounds
    • Clase Organooxygen compounds
      • Subclass Carbonyl compounds
        • Level5 Aldehydes
          • Level6 Aryl-aldehydes

• Kingdom: Organic compounds
• Superclass: Organic oxygen compounds
• Clase: Organooxygen compounds
• Subclass: Carbonyl compounds
• Intermediate Tree Nodes: Aldehydes
• Direct Parent: Aryl-aldehydes
• Alternative Parents: Pyrimidines and pyrimidine derivatives Heteroaromatic compounds Azacyclic compounds Organonitrogen compounds Organic oxides Hydrocarbon derivatives
• Molecular Framework: Aromatic heteromonocyclic compounds
• Substituents: Aryl-aldehyde - Pyrimidine - Heteroaromatic compound - Azacycle - Organoheterocyclic compound - Organic nitrogen compound - Organic oxide - Hydrocarbon derivative - Organonitrogen compound - Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound
• Descripción: This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as aryl-aldehydes. These are compounds containing an aldehyde group directly attached to an aromatic ring.
• External Descriptors: Not available

Data sources

1. Djoumbou Feunang Y, Eisner R, Knox C, Chepelev L, Hastings J, Owen G, Fahy E, Steinbeck C, Subramanian S, Bolton E, Greiner R, and Wishart DS. ClassyFire: Automated Chemical Classification With A Comprehensive, Computable Taxonomy. Journal of Cheminformatics, 2016, 8:61.

DOI: 10.1186/s13321-016-0174-y

Propiedades químicas y físicas

• Peso molecular: 136.150 g/mol
• XLogP3: 0.500
• Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
• Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
• Rotatable Bond Count: 2
• Exact Mass: 136.064 Da
• Monoisotopic Mass: 136.064 Da
• Topological Polar Surface Area: 42.900 Ų
• Heavy Atom Count: 10
• Formal Charge: 0
• Complexity: 108.000
• Isotope Atom Count: 0
• Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
• Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
• Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
• Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
• The total count of all stereochemical bonds: 0
• Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1

Application Protocols

As a small-molecule building block, this item does not have standardized biological application protocols like WB, IHC, IF, or FC.

• General laboratory protocols where this aldehyde is commonly employed (literature)
  • Reductive amination (small-scale, 0.2–1 mmol): Dissolve aldehyde (1.0 eq) and amine (1.2 eq) in MeOH (0.05–0.1 M). Add AcOH (0.3 eq) and stir 30–60 min at RT. Add NaBH3CN (1.5 eq) portionwise; stir 4–12 h. Quench with saturated NaHCO3, extract with EtOAc, dry, and purify by silica gel.
  • Oxime formation: Dissolve aldehyde in EtOH/H2O (9:1) with NH2OH·HCl (1.5 eq) and NaOAc (2.0 eq); heat to 50–70 °C for 1–3 h; cool and isolate/purify.
  • HWE olefination: Generate anion of phosphonate with NaH (1.2 eq) in dry THF at 0 °C; add aldehyde solution dropwise; warm to RT and stir 2–6 h; quench with NH4Cl and extract.

These are illustrative, literature-style procedures intended for trained chemists. Always adjust stoichiometry, solvent, and temperature based on pilot experiments and consult primary literature.

Biological Roles

This product is supplied strictly for research use; no clinical or diagnostic applications are intended.

• General context (literature)

  • Pyrimidines are fundamental heterocycles found in nucleobases (cytosine, uracil, thymine). Substitution on the ring modulates hydrogen-bonding and electronic properties that influence biomolecular recognition.
  • 2-Ethylpyrimidine-5-carbaldehyde is a synthetic derivative; it is not a natural metabolite. However, as a heteroaryl aldehyde, it can serve as a versatile handle for preparing libraries of pyrimidine-containing analogs used in target-binding studies, enzyme probe development, or as intermediates en route to nucleobase mimetics.

• Biochemical reactivity considerations

  • The aldehyde can reversibly form Schiff bases with primary amines (e.g., lysine side chains) under physiological-like conditions, which is leveraged in bioconjugation strategies after subsequent reduction (reductive amination). Such reactions are typically run in buffered aqueous-organic media and are pH-dependent (optimal around pH 5.5–6.5 for imine formation, literature).
  • The diazine nitrogens are weakly basic and act as H-bond acceptors, potentially engaging in noncovalent interactions with protein residues or nucleic acids in binding assays; these are research hypotheses and require empirical validation.

• ADME/tox surrogates

  • The 2-ethyl substituent modestly increases lipophilicity compared to unsubstituted pyrimidine aldehydes, which can alter passive permeability in cell-based research assays (interpret results with appropriate controls).

No specific biological role or pathway membership is assigned to this compound; any use should be framed as an intermediate or probe precursor in laboratory research.

Buffer Applications

This compound is a small-molecule heteroaromatic aldehyde and is not used as a primary buffering agent.

• Practical notes for bioconjugation/derivatization workflows (general, literature)
  • Imine formation with amines is favored in mildly acidic buffers (pH ~5.5–6.5). Common choices: sodium acetate (50–200 mM), citrate-phosphate, or MES. Include 10–30% ethanol or acetonitrile if solubility is limiting.
  • For oxime ligation (with aminooxy reagents), pH ~4.5–5.0 (acetate buffer) often maximizes rate and selectivity; anilinium catalysts or p-phenylenediamine derivatives can accelerate at neutral pH (literature).
  • Reductive amination step: After imine formation, introduce NaBH3CN or NaBH(OAc)3 in the same buffer/organic cosolvent; maintain pH 5–6 for cyanoborohydride stability.

If you require an actual buffering component, refer to Aladdin’s dedicated buffer reagents; this aldehyde serves only as a reactive partner within those buffered systems.

Green Alternatives

• Solvent substitution (general, literature-guided)

  • Replace chlorinated solvents: Use ethyl acetate, 2-MeTHF, CPME, or propylene carbonate when feasible, especially for condensations and reductive aminations.
  • Alcohol choices: Prefer ethanol or isopropanol over methanol when compatible with reaction rates/selectivity.
  • Aqueous/solvent-minimized methods: For oxime/hydrazone formation and some imine condensations, buffered aqueous ethanol can reduce VOC usage.

• Energy and process considerations

  • Run condensations at ambient temperature with water scavenging (molecular sieves) rather than reflux/Dean–Stark where kinetics allow.
  • Employ flow chemistry for exotherm control in reductions/olefinations to reduce solvent inventory and improve safety.

• Reagent selection

  • Reductive amination: Swap NaBH3CN (cyanide-containing) for NaBH(OAc)3 or catalytic hydrogenation (H2/Pd, H2/Raney Ni) where compatible.
  • Oxidations: Use Pinnick oxidation (NaClO2, buffered) or TEMPO/bleach systems in place of chromium(VI) oxidants.

• Comparison snapshot (general)

  • DCM vs EtOAc: EtOAc offers lower toxicity and renewable sourcing potential; may require slightly higher volumes for equivalent solubility.
  • THF vs 2-MeTHF: 2-MeTHF is bio-derived, forms fewer peroxides, and enables easier phase separation; may have higher boiling point affecting removal.
  • DMF/DMSO vs MeCN/Green ethers: MeCN and 2-MeTHF often give comparable rates for imine/Wittig chemistry with improved EHS profiles; ensure reagent solubility.

• Waste minimization

  • Capture aldehyde-containing off-gas with activated carbon.
  • Neutralize and segregate borohydride or oxidant-containing aqueous waste; avoid mixing oxidants and reductants.

Pharmaceutical Uses

No pharmacopeial grade or excipient status is specified for this item; it is provided for research use only.

• Formulation/manufacturing context (general, literature)

  • Role as an intermediate: Heteroaryl aldehydes such as 2-ethylpyrimidine-5-carbaldehyde are common key intermediates in medicinal chemistry programs, enabling rapid appendage of side chains via reductive amination, olefination, or amide homologation (oxidation to acid, coupling).
  • Salt formation: Aldehydes themselves do not form stable salts; downstream amines or acids derived from this aldehyde can be converted to salts during preformulation.
  • Impurity control: Aldehyde oxidation to the corresponding acid and formation of imine-related species are typical impurity pathways; control with oxygen-exclusion packaging and short residence times in solution.

• Developability considerations

  • Reactivity: High chemical reactivity relative to typical drug substances makes aldehydes unsuitable as final APIs; hence their use is upstream as building blocks.
  • Analytical: Monitor by HPLC/UPLC with diode array at 250–290 nm; confirm identity by MS (M+H)+ consistent with the literature formula (e.g., m/z ~137 for C7H9N2O, literature) and by NMR (aldehydic proton ~10 ppm, literature).

Any mention of pharmaceutical relevance above is limited to process/intermediate roles in research and development, not therapeutic use.

Physical Properties

• Item-specific specifications

  • Appearance: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
  • Grade/Purity: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
  • Density, refractive index, UV cutoff, water/peroxide/metal limits: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
  • Melting point / boiling point: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
  • Solubility (spec): Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

• Literature/general expectations for closely related pyrimidine-5-carbaldehydes (for planning only; confirm experimentally)

  • Physical state: Low-molecular-weight heteroaryl aldehydes are commonly pale liquids or low-melting solids; the planar diazine ring and small alkyl substituent often produce modest volatility and noticeable odor.
  • Polarity: Moderately polar due to the aldehyde carbonyl and diazine nitrogens; capable of hydrogen-bond acceptance (no strong donation).
  • Solubility profile (qualitative, literature): Good solubility in polar aprotic solvents (DMF, DMSO, acetonitrile), chlorinated solvents (DCM, CHCl3), and esters (EtOAc); miscibility with alcohols (MeOH, EtOH) is usually high; water solubility is expected to be limited to moderate.
  • Acid/base behavior: The ring nitrogens are weak bases; the aldehyde does not ionize in water but participates in hydrate formation in strongly aqueous environments.
  • Partitioning: Heteroaryl aldehydes of this size typically exhibit low-to-moderate cLogP; expect facile extraction into moderately polar organics.

• Practical notes

  • Sensitivity: Aldehydes can oxidize to the corresponding acid and can polymerize/condense under basic conditions; minimize exposure to air/base and strong light.
  • Spectroscopy: Aldehyde C=O stretch typically ~1680–1720 cm−1 (IR, literature); aldehydic proton ~9.6–10.2 ppm (1H NMR, literature).

Quality and Grades

• Item-specific status

  • Grade/Purity: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
  • Stabilizers/Inhibitors: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

• How to interpret grades (general guidance)

  • Research grade: Suitable for general synthetic and discovery research. Typical control of organic/metallic impurities sufficient for most reaction development. If low UV absorbance or trace-metal limits are critical (e.g., photophysics, catalysis), request a full specification and CoA.
  • Analytical/HPLC grade (if applicable): Characterized by low non-volatile residue and minimal UV-absorbing impurities for chromatographic work. For aldehydes, stabilizers are rarely used; instead, freshness and storage under inert gas are preferred to maintain aldehyde content.
  • Pharma/USP/EP grades: Not applicable unless explicitly stated; this product is for research use only.

• Practical QC considerations for aldehydes (general best practices)

  • Assay determination: 1H NMR integration of aldehydic proton vs ring/ethyl protons; GC or HPLC area% with calibrated response factors; IR verification of C=O.
  • Degradation markers: Carboxylic acid (oxidation), dimers/Schiff bases (reaction with amines), acetals (reaction with alcohols under acid). Monitor headspace oxygen and storage duration.
  • Water content: Aldehydes can form hydrates; Karl Fischer titration can be informative if hydrolytic sensitivity is a concern (item-specific limits: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet).

Reaction and Applications

• Typical reaction families using heteroaryl aldehydes (literature)

  • Condensations: Knoevenagel with active methylenes; imine/Schiff base formation with amines/anilines; oxime/hydrazone formation with hydroxylamine/hydrazines.
  • Carbon–carbon bond formation: Wittig/Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons to alkenes; Corey–Fuchs or Takai-type homologations to vinyl/alkenyl halides (via intermediate transformations); cyanohydrin formation and subsequent elaboration.
  • Reductive transformations: NaBH4/DIBAL-H/Catalytic hydrogenation to the corresponding benzyl-type alcohol; reductive amination (NaBH3CN, NaBH(OAc)3, or H2/Pd) to secondary/tertiary amines.
  • Oxidations/derivatizations: Oxidation to the carboxylic acid (e.g., Ag2O, TEMPO/bleach, Pinnick); acetal protection for multi-step sequences.

• Utility of the pyrimidine core

  • The 1,3-diazine ring modulates electronics (ring is relatively electron-deficient), accelerating nucleophilic additions and facilitating condensations under milder conditions than comparable carbocyclic aromatics.
  • The 2-ethyl substituent provides a small hydrophobic handle affecting lipophilicity and enabling downstream C–H functionalization at the benzylic (α-ethyl) position.

• Practical guidance

  • Maintain anhydrous conditions for base-mediated olefinations/condensations; aldehyde hydration will reduce effective concentration.
  • For reductive amination on electron-poor heteroaryl aldehydes, pre-form the iminium (trace acid, 0.2–0.5 equiv AcOH) before adding the reductant to improve conversion.
  • Monitor for side reactions: Self-aldol/aldol-like condensations are less problematic for aromatic aldehydes, but imine dimerization with adventitious ammonia/primary amines can occur; keep amines stoichiometric and exclude ammonia sources.
  • Workup: Quench borohydride reductants carefully; remove excess amines by acidic washes; use bisulfite adduct formation (if needed) for purification/trapping of the aldehyde.

Reaction Conditions

All conditions below are general literature guidance for heteroaryl aldehydes; optimize for your system.

• Imine/Schiff base formation and reductive amination

  • Conditions: Aldehyde (1.0 eq), amine (1.1–1.5 eq), AcOH (0.2–0.5 eq) in MeOH or EtOH; stir 0.5–3 h at RT to form imine. Then add NaBH3CN (1.2–2.0 eq) and maintain pH 5–6 for 2–12 h. Alternative: NaBH(OAc)3 in DCE/MeCN with AcOH at RT.
  • Notes: Exclude excess water to avoid hydrate formation; monitor by TLC/HPLC at 254–280 nm.

• Wittig/Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons olefination

  • Typical: Phosphonium ylide or phosphonate (1.2–1.5 eq), base (NaH, KOtBu, or DBU), dry THF or toluene; 0 °C to RT, 1–6 h. HWE favors E-alkenes with electron-withdrawing substituents.
  • Notes: The electron-poor pyrimidine ring usually accelerates aldehyde consumption; maintain anhydrous, oxygen-free conditions.

• Knoevenagel condensation

  • Conditions: Active methylene (1.1–1.5 eq), base (piperidine, ammonium acetate, or DBU), solvent (EtOH, toluene, or 2-MeTHF), 25–80 °C, 1–8 h. Water removal (sieves or Dean–Stark) improves conversion.

• Reduction to alcohol

  • Conditions: NaBH4 (1.2–2.0 eq) in MeOH or EtOH at 0–25 °C, 0.5–2 h; or DIBAL-H (1.1 eq) in toluene at −78 to 0 °C.

• Oxidation to acid (Pinnick)

  • Conditions: NaClO2 (1.5–2.0 eq), NaH2PO4 buffer (pH ~6.5), 2-methyl-2-butene (scavenger), t-BuOH/H2O, 0–25 °C, 1–3 h.

• Workup/analysis

  • Quench borohydrides with acetone then water; extract with EtOAc. For basic condensations, neutralize before chromatography. Monitor by 1H NMR (aldehyde ~9.6–10.2 ppm disappearance) and LC–MS.

Safety and Handling

• Item-specific hazard information

  • GHS classification: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
  • Signal word / H-statements / Pictograms: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
  • Research use note: For research use only.

• General safety considerations for heteroaromatic aldehydes (literature-based; adopt conservative controls)

  • Hazards: May cause skin/eye irritation and respiratory tract irritation. Aldehydes can be sensitizers in some cases; treat as harmful if inhaled or swallowed. Some heteroaryl aldehydes have moderate acute toxicity; avoid exposure.
  • PPE: Wear lab coat, safety glasses or splash goggles, and appropriate chemically resistant gloves (e.g., nitrile). Use in a chemical fume hood to avoid inhalation of vapors.
  • Handling: Avoid contact with strong bases (risk of self-condensation), strong oxidizers (risk of exothermic oxidation), and strong reducing agents (uncontrolled reduction). Prevent prolonged air exposure to limit oxidation to carboxylic acids.
  • Storage incompatibilities: Keep away from bases, amines (will form imines/Schiff bases), and reactive metals. Segregate from oxidizers.
  • Spill/first aid (overview; defer to SDS): For small spills, absorb with inert material (vermiculite) and dispose per regulations. In case of skin contact, wash with soap and water. For eye exposure, rinse cautiously with water for several minutes and seek medical attention. If inhaled, move to fresh air; if ingested, rinse mouth—do not induce vomiting; seek medical attention.
  • Fire safety: Combustible organic. Use CO2, dry chemical, or foam. Vapors may be irritating—fight fire from upwind with SCBA.

Always consult the product’s SDS for authoritative, item-specific hazard and response information.

Solvent Selection

• Polarity and miscibility (literature-based expectations)

  • Polarity class: Moderately polar, heteroaromatic aldehyde; strong H-bond acceptor, weak donor.
  • Likely miscibility: High solubility in DCM, chloroform, acetonitrile, acetone, ethyl acetate, THF, alcohols; limited water solubility.
  • Dielectric context: Solvents with ε ~9–40 (e.g., EtOAc, MeCN, DMF) typically dissolve such substrates well and support polar transition states (e.g., imine formation, Wittig).

• Choosing solvents by transformation

  • Reductive amination: Alcoholic solvents (MeOH/EtOH/iPrOH) or MeCN with a mild acid additive; avoid excess water to limit hydrate formation.
  • Wittig/HWE/Knoevenagel: Toluene, THF, or DMF depending on base and reagent solubility; maintain anhydrous conditions.
  • Oxime/hydrazone formation: Alcoholic or aqueous-alcoholic media with acetate buffering; remove water (Dean–Stark or molecular sieves) to drive equilibrium.
  • Nucleophilic additions (e.g., cyanohydrin formation): Polar aprotics (MeCN, DMF) or biphasic setups with phase-transfer catalysts.

• Comparison notes (general)

  • DCM vs EtOAc: DCM maximizes solubility and phase separation but is less green. EtOAc provides reasonable solubility with lower toxicity and easier disposal.
  • MeOH/EtOH vs iPrOH: Increasing steric bulk reduces imine formation rate but can aid selectivity in reductive amination.
  • 2-MeTHF/CPME: Useful greener ethers for moisture-sensitive base-mediated condensations; better phase behavior than THF in workups.

• Practical tips

  • Dry solvents (molecular sieves) limit aldehyde hydration and improve yields in condensations.
  • For analytical HPLC, choose low-UV-absorbing solvents and monitor at 250–290 nm where the pyrimidine chromophore absorbs moderately.

Storage and Reconstitution

• Item-specific storage/shipping

  • Storage conditions: Room temperature (per Product Data).
  • Shipped in: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

• General best practices for aldehydes

  • Atmosphere: Store under inert gas (nitrogen or argon) in tightly sealed amber glass to minimize oxidation to the corresponding acid and prevent polymerization/condensation. While room temperature storage is acceptable per the listing, cooler storage (2–8 °C) can further extend shelf life if compatible with your handling procedures.
  • Moisture/light: Keep dry; use freshly dried solvents when making solutions. Protect from prolonged light exposure.
  • Solutions: Prepare fresh solutions when possible. If storage is required, keep at ≤4 °C under inert gas in dry solvents (e.g., anhydrous MeCN, toluene, or EtOAc). Clearly label with preparation date and concentration.
  • Handling: Minimize headspace oxygen; consider septum-capped vials for repeated access. Avoid basic residues in glassware that could catalyze side reactions.

• Stability monitoring

  • Check integrity by 1H NMR (aldehydic proton ~9.6–10.2 ppm, literature) or HPLC before critical experiments. The appearance of carboxylic acid signals or loss of aldehyde signal indicates oxidation.

Follow the product’s SDS and CoA for definitive, item-specific guidance.

Structure and Identity

Brief description: 2-Ethylpyrimidine-5-carbaldehyde is a heteroaromatic aldehyde featuring a pyrimidine ring bearing an ethyl substituent at C2 and a formyl group at C5. The ring contains two endocyclic nitrogens (1,3-diazine).

• Item-specific identifiers (from Product Data)

  • SKU: E1073484
  • Product Name: 2-Ethylpyrimidine-5-carbaldehyde
  • CAS: 205518-89-4
  • Storage conditions: Room temperature
  • InChIKey (item record): 39767 (note: appears truncated; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet for full key)
  • SMILES: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
  • Molecular formula: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
  • Molecular weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

• Literature/computed identifiers and features (for reference only; verify against CoA before use)

  • Typical molecular formula (literature): C7H8N2O
  • Typical molecular weight (literature): ~136.15 g/mol
  • Example SMILES (literature): CCc1ncc(C=O)nc1
  • Heteroatoms: Two ring nitrogens; one aldehyde oxygen
  • Functional groups: Aromatic diazine (pyrimidine), aldehyde (–CHO), ethyl (alkyl) substituent
  • Structural description (2D): A six-membered aromatic ring with N atoms at positions 1 and 3; position 2 bears –CH2–CH3; position 5 bears –CHO; remaining ring carbons carry hydrogens. No stereocenters; planar aromatic core.

• Category context

  • Compound type: Heteroaromatic building block (pyrimidine aldehyde), useful in condensation, reductive amination, and Wittig/Knoevenagel transformations.

Synthetic Utility

• Functional groups and handles

  • Aldehyde (C=O, –CHO): Enables condensations (Knoevenagel, imine), nucleophilic additions (cyanide, organometallics—careful with ring basicity), oxidations to acid, reductions to alcohol, protections as acetals.
  • Pyrimidine core: Electron-deficient heteroarene that modulates reactivity and regioselectivity in electrophilic/nucleophilic aromatic substitutions and cross-couplings (after appropriate halogenation).
  • 2-Ethyl substituent: Benzylic-like methylene suitable for selective oxidation (to ketone/acid) or halogenation, offering a branch point for further diversification.

• Retrosynthetic planning (general)

  • Disconnections to alkenes via Wittig/HWE allow installation of vinyl side chains conjugated to the pyrimidine ring (E/Z control via reagent choice).
  • Conversion to carboxylic acid (Pinnick) then to amides/esters expands vectors for SAR exploration.
  • Formation of oximes/hydrazones provides crystalline derivatives for purification or as masked aldehydes for downstream unmasking (e.g., via reduction to amines after Beckmann-type rearrangements of related ketone derivatives).

• Compatibility and selectivity

  • The ring nitrogens can coordinate to Lewis acids/bases; choose catalysts/bases that tolerate heterocycles (e.g., PPh3=CH2 in THF for Wittig, DBU for Knoevenagel with malonates). Strong organolithiums may add to the ring or deprotonate; use milder nucleophiles (e.g., Reformatsky, cuprates) when feasible.

• Purification

  • Aldehydes often streak on silica; pre-add 0.1–1% triethylamine to prevent acetalization/adsorption or use hexane/EtOAc gradients. Bisulfite adduct formation can assist in removing nonpolar impurities.

Target Specificity

This product is a small-molecule chemical building block, not a biological targeting reagent. No antigen/epitope, clone, isotype, or species reactivity applies.

• Item-specific data
  • Target/epitope: Not applicable.
  • Species reactivity: Not applicable.
  • Clone/isotype: Not applicable.

For biochemical studies, any “specificity” relates to the downstream molecules synthesized from this aldehyde, not the aldehyde itself.