≥98% for sensitive chromatographic and analytical workflows requiring minimal baseline interference.
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Storage & shipping
Store at -20°C Ships Ice chest + Ice pads Check lot-specific COA for exact specifications.
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Quality documents
SDS, COA, datasheet, and spec sheet available for download. Lot-specific COA accessible via lot number lookup.
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Literature proof
Cited in 0 peer-reviewed publications across chromatography, organic synthesis, and cross-coupling reactions.
Descripción general
Amonafide produces protein-associated DNA-strand breaks through a topoisomerase II-mediated reaction, but does not produce topoisomerase I-mediated DNA cleavage. A DNA intercalator and topoisomerase II inhibitor
Amonafide is a DNA intercalator and Topo II (topoisomerase II) inhibitor for the treatment of neoplastic diseases. Antitumor agent.Selective topoisomerase II inhibitor. Induces DNA single-strand breaks, double-strand breaks, and DNA-protein cross-links. S
Condiciones de almacenamiento de almacenamiento
Store at -20°C
Enviado en
Ice chest + Ice pads
Este producto requiere envío en cadena de frío. Los servicios terrestres y otros servicios económicos no están disponibles.
Tipo de acción
INHIBITOR
Nota
Wherever possible, you should prepare and use solutions on the same day. However, if you need to make up stock solutions in advance, we recommend that you store the solution as aliquots in tightly sealed vials at -20°C. Generally, these will be useable for up to one month. Before use, and prior to opening the vial we recommend that you allow your product to equilibrate to room temperature for at least 1 hour. Need more advice on solubility, usage and handling? Please visit our frequently asked questions (FAQ) page for more details.
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as isoquinolones and derivatives. These are aromatic polycyclic compounds containing a ketone bearing isoquinoline moiety.
External Descriptors
Not available
1. Djoumbou Feunang Y, Eisner R, Knox C, Chepelev L, Hastings J, Owen G, Fahy E, Steinbeck C, Subramanian S, Bolton E, Greiner R, and Wishart DS. ClassyFire: Automated Chemical Classification With A Comprehensive, Computable Taxonomy. Journal of Cheminformatics, 2016, 8:61.
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Application Protocols
No tested applications, validated assay conditions, or recommended dilutions are specified for this item in the provided Product Data.
General research practice (not a product specification):
Compounds of this class are commonly dissolved in anhydrous DMSO to make concentrated stocks (e.g., 10 mM), then diluted into the assay matrix ensuring the final DMSO content is within the tolerance of the biological system. Verify solubility and absence of precipitation at working concentrations.
Please consult your internal SOPs and the primary literature for assay-specific protocols tailored to your experimental system.
Biological Roles
Biological context (general literature; not product-specific claims):
Class/function: Amonafide belongs to the naphthalimide family, which are well-known DNA-interactive agents. Members of this class characteristically intercalate into DNA via their planar aromatic chromophore and can influence processes such as replication and topoisomerase-mediated strand passage in cell-free systems and cultured cells.
Molecular interactions: The extended π-system enables noncovalent intercalation and stacking with nucleobases; a protonated tertiary amine side chain can enhance binding to the polyanionic phosphate backbone through electrostatic interactions. Substituent pattern and protonation state modulate affinity and selectivity (literature observations for the class).
Research utility:
Probe compound for studying DNA topology, cell cycle effects, and DNA damage responses in research models.
Reference scaffold for SAR exploration within naphthalimide analog series, facilitating structure–activity mapping of substituent effects on DNA interaction.
No medical or therapeutic claims are made. This product is provided strictly for research use only, as indicated in the Product Data.
Buffer Applications
Amonafide is not a buffering agent and is not used to maintain pH. However, practical considerations for preparing buffered working solutions in research assays include:
Stock solutions: Commonly prepared in DMSO and subsequently diluted into physiological buffers (e.g., PBS, HBSS, or culture media) to reach the desired final concentration with ≤0.1–0.5% DMSO. Item-specific solubility limits are not provided and must be determined empirically.
pH effects: Protonation of the tertiary amine (where present in the scaffold) can increase aqueous solubility in mildly acidic buffers; ensure final assay pH remains compatible with the biological system.
Filtration: If precipitate forms upon dilution, consider gentle warming, sonication, or slight adjustment of pH/ionic strength; filter through 0.2 µm to ensure optical clarity for spectroscopic or imaging assays.
Item-specific buffer recipes or validated conditions are not provided for this product.
Green Alternatives
Green chemistry alternatives generally apply to solvents and process reagents. Amonafide is a bioactive research compound, not a process solvent or auxiliary, so conventional “green replacement” analysis is not directly applicable.
Considerations for greener practice when handling this compound:
Solvent minimization: Use the minimum DMSO/DMF required to achieve target concentration; prefer aqueous buffers for final working solutions where feasible and compatible with assay biology.
Safer solvent choices: If solubility allows, consider replacing DMF/NMP with DMSO or ethanol (subject to assay tolerance). Validate stability in any alternative solvent.
Waste reduction: Prepare small aliquots to reduce discard of aged solutions. Combine compatible waste streams to minimize container count, while following local regulations.
Energy use: Store at the recommended temperature (−20°C) but avoid unnecessary freeze–thaw cycles by aliquoting, thus reducing repeated cooling/heating.
Tradeoffs:
Lower-toxicity solvents may reduce solubility or stability of polyaromatic compounds, potentially affecting assay performance. Any change should be validated with control experiments.
Pharmaceutical Uses
Formulation and manufacturing context (non-clinical, general information):
Role: Amonafide is a bioactive small molecule used in research; it is not an excipient. No pharmacopeial monograph or compendial status is provided in the Product Data.
Development studies (general research practice): When used as a tool compound, researchers may explore salt formation to enhance aqueous solubility for in vitro dosing solutions, evaluate stability in common vehicles (e.g., 0.9% NaCl with co-solvent, acetate/citrate buffers), and assess adsorption to plastics or filters. Such activities are part of preclinical research workflows and are not product specifications.
Item-specific regulatory status, GMP qualifications, residual solvent limits, or excipient compatibility: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet. This product is labeled for research use only and is not intended for human or veterinary use.
Physical Properties
Item-specific physicochemical specifications (BP, MP, density, elemental analysis, water/peroxide/metal limits, UV cutoff): Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
General/literature expectations for naphthalimide research compounds (informational, not product specifications):
Physical state/appearance: Typically isolated as a crystalline solid or solid powder; strongly colored due to extended conjugation.
Acid/base behavior: Contains a tertiary amine (conjugate acid pKa often in the ~7–9 range for related N,N-dialkylaminoethyl naphthalimides), enabling formation of water-soluble salts. Exact pKa for this item is not specified.
Solubility profile:
High solubility in polar aprotic organic solvents (DMSO, DMF) commonly used for assay stock solutions.
Limited aqueous solubility at neutral pH in the free-base form; solubility increases in acidic media or as a salt. Quantitative values are not specified for this item.
Spectroscopic character:
Strong UV–visible absorption due to the polycyclic chromophore; useful for concentration tracking by UV–Vis. Exact λmax and ε are not specified for this item.
Always consult the product’s CoA or Spec Sheet for authoritative, item-specific properties and test methods.
Quality and Grades
Grade/Purity: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Appearance: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Context for research-grade small molecules (general guidance):
Research-grade reference compounds are typically provided at high chemical purity suitable for biochemical screening, target validation, and SAR studies. Purity is commonly verified by a combination of HPLC/UPLC, NMR, and MS. Exact test methods, acceptance criteria, and UV background specifications (if any) must be confirmed on the CoA for this lot.
Impurities and stabilizers: No stabilizer is indicated in the Product Data. If a salt form or stabilizer is used for this item, it will be called out on the label/CoA. Absence of such notation should not be taken as confirmation of the free-base vs salt form—verify on documentation.
Trace contaminants (water content, residual solvents, metal content, UV cutoff): Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Practical notes:
For analytical work (e.g., dose–response curves), verify purity by an orthogonal method when necessary, especially after extended storage or repeated thawing of DMSO stocks.
Record lot numbers for reproducibility across screening campaigns.
Reaction and Applications
This product is a bioactive small molecule used primarily as a screening/reference compound rather than as a synthetic reagent or solvent. As such, it is not typically applied to drive organic reactions or serve as a catalyst.
Relevant applications (research context):
Chemical biology tool compound: Employed to probe DNA-interactive mechanisms and related cellular responses in vitro and in cell-based systems (literature, class behavior).
Assay development: Utilized as a positive control or benchmark in studies where naphthalimide scaffolds are relevant to mechanism-of-action investigations.
If you require a reagent-grade material for use as a reactant, catalyst, or solvent in named organic transformations, please see other Aladdin Scientific listings designed for synthetic applications. For this item, prioritize sections Biological Roles and Storage & Reconstitution.
Reaction Conditions
Not typically applicable. Amonafide is a finished small-molecule research compound rather than a reagent or catalyst. It is not commonly used to promote or mediate chemical reactions, so no standard reaction conditions are associated with its use.
If you require guidance on reaction conditions for synthesizing naphthalimide analogs (general literature context, not specific to this item):
Formation of naphthalimides often proceeds by condensation of 1,8-naphthalic anhydride with primary or secondary amines in high-boiling polar aprotic solvents (e.g., DMF) or under melt conditions, sometimes with catalytic acids, at 100–180°C until imide formation is complete. Workups typically involve precipitation and recrystallization.
Aromatic amination or substitution on the naphthalene ring may require directed electrophilic/nucleophilic conditions, or modern cross-coupling where halogen handles are present. These are general strategies and not protocols for this specific product.
For this catalog item, prioritize analytical handling, solution preparation, and storage rather than reaction setup.
Safety and Handling
Regulatory/GHS details for this specific item:
Signal Word: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
Hazard (H) Statements: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
GHS Classification and Pictograms: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
General laboratory safety guidance (informational; defer to the current SDS):
Potential hazards: Polycyclic, DNA-interactive research compounds may be harmful if swallowed, inhaled, or absorbed through skin; avoid exposure. Handle in a fume hood to minimize inhalation risk and environmental release.
PPE: Lab coat, safety glasses, and appropriate chemically resistant gloves (e.g., nitrile). Avoid skin/eye contact; wash thoroughly after handling.
Handling: Minimize dust formation; use closed containers. Prepare solutions using appropriate ventilation. Avoid contact with strong oxidizers and strong acids/bases until compatibility is known.
First aid (overview):
Inhalation: Move to fresh air; seek medical attention if symptoms persist.
Skin/eye contact: Rinse with copious water for at least 15 minutes; remove contaminated clothing; seek medical attention as needed.
Ingestion: Rinse mouth; do not induce vomiting; seek medical attention.
Spill/accidental release: Avoid dust; collect with inert absorbent; dispose in accordance with institutional and local regulations.
Waste: Treat as hazardous organic waste; segregate halogenated vs non-halogenated solvents if applicable.
Authoritative safety information resides in the product’s SDS. Research use only.
Solvent Selection
Item-specific solubility data are not provided. The following guidance reflects general practices for naphthalimide-class research compounds and should be validated empirically for this item.
Primary stock preparation:
DMSO is typically preferred for preparing concentrated stocks (e.g., 10–50 mM), owing to good solubility and compatibility with most biochemical and cell-based assays at ≤0.5% v/v final.
DMF and NMP are alternative solvents when DMSO is insufficient; confirm assay compatibility.
Aqueous work:
The free base often exhibits limited aqueous solubility at neutral pH; solubility can increase upon slight acidification (e.g., dilute HCl) or when using a salt form. Buffer compatibility and pH should be optimized to avoid compound precipitation upon dilution from DMSO.
Polarity and miscibility (general):
Naphthalimide cores are aromatic and hydrophobic; tertiary amine side chains confer some basicity and ionizable character. Expect better solubility in polar aprotics than in nonpolar hydrocarbons or ethers.
DMF: similar solvating power; consider toxicity/volatility and assay limits.
Aqueous buffers: often require co-solvent (DMSO 0.1–1%) or salt formation to maintain clarity.
Always verify concentration by UV–Vis or analytical HPLC when possible, and filter solutions (0.2 µm PTFE) if particulate is observed.
Storage and Reconstitution
Storage (Product Data): Store at −20°C. Shipped in an ice chest with ice pads to maintain cold-chain integrity.
Container: Keep tightly closed in the original, light-protective container if supplied; minimize headspace and exposure to ambient humidity.
Stability: Item-specific shelf life and retest dates are not specified; refer to label and CoA. Inspect material periodically for discoloration or changes in HPLC purity.
Reconstitution (item-specific instructions): Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
General recommendations for research compounds (informational only):
Stock preparation: Prepare fresh solutions in anhydrous DMSO or another suitable solvent immediately before use. Filter sterilize through 0.2 µm if sterility is required for cell-based assays.
Aliquoting: To avoid repeated freeze–thaw cycles, prepare single-use aliquots of solid or DMSO stock and store at −20°C in tightly sealed, chemically compatible vials.
Handling at the bench: Allow cold vials to equilibrate to room temperature in a desiccated environment before opening to prevent moisture uptake and condensation.
Research use only, as indicated in the Product Data.
Structure and Identity
Amonafide is a naphthalimide-class, DNA-interactive small molecule commonly used as a research tool compound in chemical biology and screening libraries.
Item identifiers (Product Data):
SKU: A126932
Product Name: Amonafide
CAS: 69408-81-7; PubChem CID: 50515
InChIKey: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
SMILES: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Composition:
Molecular Formula (literature): Not specified here; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Molecular Weight (literature): Not specified here; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Structural class and features (general chemistry knowledge):
Naphthalene-1,8-dicarboximide (naphthalimide) core fused to an aromatic system.
Contains an imide functional group (cyclic diimide), an anilide-like aromatic amine substituent, and a dialkylaminoethyl side chain bearing a tertiary amine (basic center) in typical analogs of this class.
Planar polycyclic aromatic chromophore capable of π–π stacking and intercalation with polynucleotides (literature, class behavior).
2D description in words (general):
A rigid, planar naphthalene ring system bearing a cyclic imide across the 1,8-positions; an amino substituent on the aromatic ring; and a pendant, short-chain tertiary aminoalkyl side chain attached to the imide nitrogen. No stereocenters are present in the canonical structure for this class.
Note: Exact structural descriptors (SMILES, InChI, formula, MW) specific to this catalog item are not provided above and should be confirmed from the item’s Certificate of Analysis (CoA) or specification sheet.
Synthetic Utility
This product is supplied as a defined bioactive compound and is not typically employed as a building block or reagent in routine synthetic sequences. Consequently, it does not have broad synthetic utility in the way that common reagents or monomers do.
Contextual notes (general chemistry of the scaffold):
The naphthalimide core can, in principle, be diversified at the imide nitrogen and at select aromatic positions. In medicinal chemistry programs, closely related analogs are synthesized from 1,8-naphthalic anhydride via imidization with amines, followed by directed aromatic substitutions to introduce amino functionalities (literature context). These remarks are provided only to situate the scaffold within synthetic chemistry and are not instructions to modify this catalog item.
If your goal is to prepare analogs or conjugates, consider sourcing appropriate naphthalic anhydrides or substituted naphthalimide intermediates from Aladdin Scientific that are designed for derivatization. For this specific product, see sections Biological Roles and Storage & Reconstitution for practical use as a reference compound.
Target Specificity
Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Note: While naphthalimide-class compounds are often studied for DNA-interactive properties in research settings (general literature), Aladdin provides no item-specific target or binding data for this product in the supplied Product Data.
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