GRADE & PURITYBioReagent?BioReagent grade — tested suitable for life-science and molecular-biology use. Use for cell culture, assays, and biochemical work needing biological compatibility.
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Application Protocols
No vendor-validated biological application protocols (e.g., WB, IHC, IF, FC) are provided for this small-molecule reagent. For analytical colorimetric uses (e.g., sialic-acid assays), consult primary literature or standard biochemical methods and optimize for your instrumentation, pathlength, and matrix.
Biological Roles
This product is supplied for research use only. Resorcinol is not an endogenous metabolite but, as a phenolic compound, it exhibits interactions relevant to biochemical systems (literature/general):
Enzyme interactions: Phenolic compounds can act as substrates or inhibitors for oxidoreductases (e.g., peroxidases, tyrosinase), often undergoing oxidative coupling to quinonoid species. Specific inhibition constants are system-dependent and not specified for this item.
Antioxidant/redox behavior: The dihydroxy motif can scavenge radicals or be oxidized to semiquinone/quinone forms, impacting colorimetric assays and redox balance in vitro.
Protein/nucleic acid interactions: Hydrogen bonding and π–π interactions can lead to weak, reversible binding; at higher concentrations, phenols may precipitate proteins or interfere with enzyme assays.
Analytical biochemistry: Resorcinol participates in classical carbohydrate color reactions (e.g., sialic-acid determinations under strongly acidic conditions), serving as a chromogenic reagent rather than a biological buffer or nutrient.
No medical, diagnostic, or therapeutic use is implied. Researchers should validate concentration ranges and matrix effects in their specific in vitro or cell-free systems before adoption.
Buffer Applications
Resorcinol is not a buffering agent and is not typically used to prepare pH-stabilizing solutions. Instead, it is employed as a reagent in colorimetric assays or as a synthetic substrate. For experiments requiring controlled pH, select an appropriate buffer system (e.g., phosphate, Tris, HEPES) and then dissolve resorcinol into that medium as needed. If using basic buffers (pH >9), note that phenolate formation will increase solubility and reactivity (literature).
Green Alternatives
Selection of resorcinol versus alternatives should weigh hazard, sourcing, and lifecycle impacts.
Context and trade-offs (literature/general):
Compared to hydroquinone and catechol (other dihydroxybenzenes), resorcinol has a similar toxicological profile; all require careful handling. Using aqueous media for reactions (e.g., RF resin formation) can reduce solvent impact versus polar aprotics.
Bio-based phenolic feedstocks (e.g., cardanol, lignin-derived phenolics) can partially replace resorcinol in certain resin systems, lowering petrochemical dependence at potential cost to performance or cure kinetics.
Greener processing tips:
Favor water or bio-derived alcohols (ethanol) over DMF/DMSO/acetone when feasible; employ solvent recycling.
Use catalytic, room-temperature conditions for O-alkylation (phase-transfer catalysis) to reduce energy input.
For colorimetric assays, microplate formats minimize reagent consumption and waste.
Comparison snapshot (general):
Resorcinol vs catechol/hydroquinone: Similar reactivity; choice is dictated by substitution pattern needs. No clear green winner; assess hazard and exposure controls.
RF vs phenol–formaldehyde: RF can cure at lower temperatures and in water-rich media, potentially reducing energy and solvent footprints, but formaldehyde remains a shared concern; consider formaldehyde scavengers.
Pharmaceutical Uses
No clinical or therapeutic claims are made for this product. From a formulation/manufacturing perspective (literature/general):
Compendial context: Resorcinol has pharmacopeial monographs (e.g., USP/Ph. Eur.) describing identity and quality tests for materials intended for certain non-injectable applications. This product is sold as BioReagent for research use; pharmacopeial compliance for drug manufacturing is Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Analytical reagent: Used in colorimetric determinations (e.g., carbohydrates/sialic acids) that may support process analytics or excipient characterization.
Compatibility: Phenolic compounds can undergo oxidative discoloration; excipient matrices containing peroxides or metal traces may accelerate oxidation. Antioxidants/chelators (e.g., sodium metabisulfite, EDTA) are sometimes used in development contexts; suitability must be verified case by case.
Any use in pharmaceutical manufacturing would require qualification to the relevant pharmacopeial and GMP standards, which are outside the scope of this research-grade listing.
Physical Properties
Item-specific specifications are not provided in the Product Data; consult the CoA/Spec Sheet for authoritative values. The following are typical literature values for resorcinol (for reference only):
Appearance: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Melting point: ~110–111 °C (literature)
Boiling point: ~277–281 °C at 1 atm; may partially decompose on prolonged heating (literature)
Density (solid): ~1.28 g/cm³ at 20–25 °C (literature)
Vapor pressure: very low at ambient temperature (literature)
Solubility (qualitative): Freely soluble in water, ethanol, methanol, acetone; moderately soluble in diethyl ether and other polar organics; low solubility in nonpolar hydrocarbons (literature)
UV absorbance: strong phenolic/aromatic bands in near-UV; precise cutoffs/epsilon Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Refractive index: Not applicable to a crystalline solid; solution nD depends on solvent and concentration (literature)
Notes for practitioners:
The dihydroxy substitution increases water solubility relative to phenol; neutral-to-basic conditions further enhance solubility via phenolate formation.
Hygroscopic uptake and hydrogen bonding can influence melting behavior; dry before critical mass-balance applications if necessary (verify by CoA).
Quality and Grades
Item-specific grade (Product Data): BioReagent.
What BioReagent grade typically implies (general guidance):
Intended for biological and biochemical research workflows (not for human/animal use). Emphasis on low levels of contaminants that might interfere with enzymatic assays, cell-free systems, or spectroscopic measurements.
Typical focus areas include: low inorganic residue/ash, controlled trace metal background, and minimized UV-active impurities. Exact numeric limits for this item are Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Relevance to resorcinol use-cases:
Colorimetric/analytical assays: Resorcinol is used in several classical color reactions (e.g., sialic-acid colorimetry in strong acid). BioReagent grade helps reduce background absorbance and side-color formation from aromatic impurities.
Polymer/condensation chemistry interfacing with bioanalytical workflows: Cleaner starting material improves reproducibility of resin formation and downstream analyses.
Stabilizers/antioxidants:
No stabilizer is listed in the Product Data for this item. If stabilization, water content, or inhibitor levels are critical for your method, verify with the current CoA/Spec Sheet.
Documentation and lot control:
For regulated or trace-analytical contexts, request lot-specific CoA detailing assay/purity basis, residual solvents, water content (e.g., KF), and any applicable spectrophotometric tests. Where required, consider pre-qualification against your method’s acceptance criteria.
Reaction and Applications
Resorcinol is a versatile meta-dihydric phenol valued for both synthetic chemistry and analytical workflows.
Polymer and materials synthesis (literature):
Resorcinol–formaldehyde (RF) condensation under acidic or basic catalysis yields resol/novolac-type resins; RF gels and aerogels serve as carbon precursors and adsorbents. Reaction parameters (pH, temperature, R/F ratio) control crosslink density and porosity.
Electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS):
Two activating OH groups drive rapid EAS (e.g., halogenation, nitration, sulfonation). Substitution typically occurs ortho/para to OH; with a meta diol scaffold, regiocontrol can give 2,4- and 4,6-disubstituted products.
O-Functionalization:
O-alkylation with alkyl halides or sulfate esters under basic conditions (K2CO3/Cs2CO3, DMF/DMSO/acetone) affords mono- or di-ethers. O-acylation with acyl chlorides or anhydrides (Et3N, pyridine) gives esters useful as protecting groups or intermediates.
Azo coupling and analytical colorimetry:
Couples with diazonium salts under mildly basic to neutral conditions to form deeply colored azo dyes (analytical determination of diazonium or phenolic substrates). Resorcinol-based color reactions are used in carbohydrate analysis, including classic sialic-acid assays in strong acid media (literature).
Heterocycle and ligand synthesis:
As a 1,3-diol equivalent on an arene, resorcinol forms calix[4]resorcinarenes via condensation with aldehydes; its phenolates chelate metals, useful in coordination chemistry and as antioxidant motifs.
Practical tips:
Drying: If water content matters for condensation equilibria, dry under vacuum at ambient-to-moderate temperature.
For RF resins: Monitor pH and temperature; gel times can range from minutes to hours depending on catalyst loading.
Reaction Conditions
The following generalized, literature-based conditions illustrate typical uses; adjust to your substrate, scale, and safety constraints. These are not item-specific specifications.
O-Alkylation (Williamson-type etherification):
Conditions: Resorcinol (1.0 eq), alkyl halide (1.1–2.0 eq), K2CO3 or Cs2CO3 (2.0–3.0 eq), DMF or acetone, 25–60 °C, 2–16 h.
Notes: For selective mono-etherification, limit base and electrophile equivalents; for di-ether formation, use excess base/electrophile.
O-Acylation (ester formation):
Conditions: Resorcinol (1.0 eq), acyl chloride/anhydride (1.1–2.0 eq), Et3N or pyridine (2.0 eq), DCM/THF, 0–25 °C, 1–4 h.
Notes: DMAP (0.05–0.10 eq) accelerates acylation; protect from moisture/HCl.
Azo coupling (analytical dye formation):
Conditions: Prepare diazonium salt (Ar–N2+), maintain 0–5 °C; couple into resorcinol in aqueous ethanol at pH 8–10 (NaHCO3/Na2CO3), 0–10 °C, 0.5–2 h.
Notes: pH control is critical for color intensity and selectivity.
Resorcinol–formaldehyde resin:
Basic catalysis: Resorcinol/formaldehyde (R/F ~0.5–1.0), Na2CO3 or NaOH catalyst (0.5–2 wt% of resorcinol), water solvent; 20–80 °C until gelation (minutes–hours), then cure 60–120 °C.
Acid catalysis: HCl or H2SO4 (dilute), similar R/F; typically faster gelation; monitor exotherm.
Electrophilic substitutions (e.g., nitration):
Mild nitration: HNO3/Ac2O at 0–10 °C to reduce over-nitration; times 0.5–2 h.
Halogenation: Br2 in AcOH or CHCl3 at 0–25 °C; monitor to avoid polysubstitution.
Yields and selectivities are substrate- and condition-dependent; consult primary literature and run small-scale pilots. Employ appropriate safety measures for diazonium chemistry and exothermic condensations.
Safety and Handling
Always consult the product-specific SDS for authoritative hazard, handling, and first-aid information. The following are general, literature-based considerations for resorcinol (reference only):
GHS classification (typical, literature): Acute Toxicity Category 4 (oral/dermal), Skin Irrit. 2, Eye Irrit. 2, Skin Sens. 1; Aquatic Chronic 3. Exact classification/pictograms for this item are Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
Signal word/pictograms: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
Primary hazards: Harmful if swallowed or in contact with skin; causes skin and eye irritation; may cause allergic skin reaction. Dusts can irritate respiratory tract.
Special risks: Phenolic compounds can be absorbed through skin; prolonged or high exposure may cause systemic effects (literature). Not a peroxide-forming solvent.
Incompatibilities: Strong oxidizers (risk of exothermic oxidation), strong bases (rapid phenolate formation; may enhance reactivity), strong acids (can accelerate electrophilic substitution/condensation), acylating/alkylating agents (O-alkylation/acylation). Avoid reactive metals in strongly basic solutions due to phenolate corrosion.
PPE: Lab coat, nitrile gloves, splash goggles as minimum. Use in a fume hood to minimize inhalation of dust/aerosols.
First-aid (overview; defer to SDS):
Skin: Remove contaminated clothing, wash with soap and water.
Eyes: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes; remove contacts if present and easy.
Inhalation: Move to fresh air; seek medical attention if symptoms persist.
Ingestion: Rinse mouth; do not induce vomiting unless directed by medical personnel.
Storage: See dedicated Storage tab; for this item, Product Data indicates room temperature and normal shipping.
Solvent Selection
Because resorcinol is a crystalline solid rather than a solvent, “solvent selection” pertains to choosing appropriate media to dissolve or react it.
Polarity/solubility profile (literature):
Freely soluble in polar protic solvents (water, ethanol, methanol) and polar aprotic solvents (DMSO, DMF, acetone).
Limited solubility in nonpolar solvents (e.g., hexanes, toluene at room temperature); solubility improves with temperature and with base (phenolate formation).
Practical choices by application:
Aqueous chemistry and analytics: Use water or aqueous buffer; mild base (e.g., NaHCO3/NaOH to pH ~9–10) greatly increases solubility by forming the phenolate.
Nucleophilic O-alkylation/O-acylation: DMF, DMSO, or acetone with K2CO3/Cs2CO3 for SN2-type O-alkylations; acylations in pyridine or Et3N-containing polar solvents.
Electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS): Glacial acetic acid, nitrobenzene, or polyphosphoric acid can be used depending on the transformation; aqueous acid for azo coupling with diazonium salts.
Comparison and tips:
For high concentrations, DMSO or hot ethanol/water often outperform acetonitrile or ethers.
Avoid strongly nonpolar media unless using phase-transfer catalysis or elevated temperatures.
If UV/Vis work is planned, choose spectrophotometric-grade solvents to minimize background.
Storage and Reconstitution
Storage (Product Data): Store at room temperature. Shipped under normal conditions.
Container: Keep tightly closed in a dry, well-ventilated place. Use amber or opaque containers to minimize light-induced discoloration (literature).
Stability: Phenolic solids can gradually discolor (pink/brown) upon exposure to air/light due to slow oxidation (literature). This typically does not indicate loss of assay but may affect spectrophotometric baselines; verify against acceptance criteria.
Reconstitution/dissolution:
Solvents: Water, ethanol, methanol, acetone, DMSO (literature). For highly concentrated aqueous stocks, gentle warming or slight basification (pH 9–10) increases solubility via phenolate formation.
Filtration: If clarity is required for spectrophotometry, filter through 0.2–0.45 µm PTFE or PES after dissolution.
Stock solutions: For reproducibility, prepare fresh or store aliquots to limit air exposure. Protect from light if used in colorimetric assays.
Freeze–thaw: Not applicable to the solid. For solutions, avoid repeated freeze–thaw; prepare single-use aliquots.
Specifications: Any item-specific limits (e.g., water content, UV cutoff, metal content) are Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Structure and Identity
Resorcinol (benzene-1,3-diol) is an activated dihydroxybenzene with hydroxyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions (meta relationship) on a benzene ring.
Item-specific identifiers (Product Data):
SKU: R755569
CAS: 108-46-3
CID: 5054 (PubChem)
Grade: BioReagent
Research Use: For research use only
Structure descriptors (literature; for reference):
Aromatic ring bearing two phenolic OH groups in the meta orientation (1,3-diol).
Strongly activating and ortho/para-directing OH groups for electrophilic aromatic substitution, with combined effects giving characteristic substitution patterns from a meta-diol scaffold.
Hydrogen-bond donor/acceptor functionality (intra- and intermolecular H-bonding possible), influencing crystallinity and solubility.
2D description in words:
A six-membered planar benzene ring with hydroxyl substituents at positions 1 and 3; remaining ring carbons are unsubstituted sp2 carbons. No stereocenters or heteroatoms other than two oxygens.
Synthetic Utility
Resorcinol’s 1,3-diphenolic framework imparts high nucleophilicity and strong activation toward electrophilic substitution, enabling diverse transformations (literature/general):
Electrophilic aromatic substitution: Rapid halogenation, nitration, sulfonation. The OH groups direct ortho/para, with meta relationship shaping regiochemical outcomes; protection can refine selectivity.
O-Functionalization: Formation of mono-/di-ethers (Williamson ether synthesis) and esters (acylations). These derivatives serve as protecting groups or as handles for further elaboration (e.g., Mitsunobu inversion on derived alcohols is not applicable here; rather, Mitsunobu can effect selective O-alkylation under mild conditions).
Condensation with carbonyls: With aldehydes/ketones (notably formaldehyde) to produce resins, calix[4]resorcinarenes (macrocycles) under acid catalysis, and benzopyrans through intramolecular cyclizations.
Metal complexation: Phenolates chelate main-group and transition metals; resorcinol-derived ligands and resins are used in ion capture and catalysis.
Azo coupling: Efficient coupling with diazonium salts generates dyes/pigments and analytical probes.
Retrosynthetic utility: As a synthon for 1,3,5-substituted arenes via stepwise protection/substitution; oxidative dearomatization (e.g., to quinones) provides entry to cyclohexadienone scaffolds.
Practical considerations:
Base choice (K2CO3 vs NaH): Controls mono- vs di-deprotonation and therefore selectivity in O-functionalization.
Solvent effects: Polar aprotics favor SN2 etherifications; protic/acidic media favor EAS or condensation.
Regiochemistry: Temporary O-protection (benzyl, silyl, carbonate) often improves control in multi-step sequences.
Target Specificity
Not applicable. This product is a small-molecule chemical reagent, not a biological targeting reagent (e.g., antibody, probe). No antigen/epitope, species reactivity, clone, or isotype information applies.
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