micrography
It is a kind of technology that uses micrographic device to record the microstructure of the objects observed in the field of view of microscope for further ana
Topic
Botanical experiments
Techniques for detecting, quantifying and localizing antigens and antibodies — ELISA, Western blotting, immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Below are the protocols, FAQs and technical articles in our knowledge base tagged with this topic.
258 resources · protocols, FAQs & articles
Cellular wound healing assay
The cellular wound healing assay is widely used and improved by researchers to study the role of various experimental conditions such as gene knockout and chemo
Determination of chloroplast periplasmic integrity
Determination of chloroplast periplasmic membrane integrity can be used for (1) studies of the molecular mechanisms that promote photosynthesis and (2) detectio
Observation of mitosis in plant cells
Mitosis, also known as indirect division, was first discovered in animals by W. Fleming (1882) and in plants by E. Strasburger (1880). Characterized by the pres
Determination of soluble sugar content in plants (anthrone method)
The determination of soluble sugars in fruits and vegetables can be used to: understand and identify the quality of fruits and vegetables.
Preparation of plant protoplasts
The preparation of plant protoplasts can be used for: (1) due to its ability to regenerate cell walls, carry out successive cell divisions and regenerate comple
Live staining and dead-viable identification of plant cells
In vivo staining can be used to (1) show certain natural structures within the cell using certain non-toxic or minimally toxic dyes, and (2) not affect the life
Determination of chlorophyll content spectrophotometrically
Determination of chlorophyll content can be used to: (1) determine the photosynthetic capacity, i.e., health, of the plant; (2) as data for research to improve
Nitrate reductase activity assay (in vivo method)
Nitrate reductase activity assays can be used to: measure its efficiency in catalyzing the reduction of nitrate to nitrite in plants.
Experiments on the determination of photosynthetic intensity of plants
According to the similarity of the structure and physiological function of the two sides of the leaf midvein, you can first cut off half of the leaf in the dark
Experiments on the substitution of hydrogen and copper for magnesium in chlorophyll
Chlorophyll molecule has a porphyrin ring, its magnesium ions are located in the center of the porphyrin ring, chlorophyll molecule is more unstable, in contact
Experiments on the fluorescence phenomenon of chlorophyll
Matter has different energy states, some electrons in the matter absorbed the energy of light quanta, the matter from the original stable state of the energy le
An experiment to determine the osmotic potential of plant tissues
Plant tissue into a series of increasing concentrations of sucrose or mannitol solution, after a certain period of time to achieve osmotic equilibrium, the cell
Experiments for the determination of photosynthetic intensity
Modified half-leaf method is part of the plant symmetrical leaf shade or remove placed in the dark, the other part is left in the light for photosynthesis, afte
Plant respiration intensity measurement experiment
The intensity of respiration can be expressed as the number of CO2mg released per unit weight of plant material per unit time. The CO2 released by respiration i
Simple identification experiments of plant dehydrogenases
Respiration can be thought of as a series of oxidative and reductive actions, the intermediate steps of which are facilitated by a variety of oxidative and redu
Enzyme activation and inhibition experiments
Understand the activating and inhibiting effects of enzymatic reactions; learn the methods and principles by which activators and inhibitors affect enzymatic re
Experiments on the absorption spectra of chlorophyll and carotenoids
Because chlorophyll and carotenoids have different molecular structures, they have different absorption spectra. Carotenoids absorb blue-violet light and chloro
Catalase activity assay experiment
H2O2 is strongly absorbed at 240 nm, and catalase decomposes hydrogen peroxide, causing the absorbance of the reaction solution (A240) to decrease with reaction
Cellular agglutination reactions and cell membrane permeability
Cell membranes are unit membranes composed of lipid bilayers studded with proteins, which in turn bind to sugar molecules as a branched sugar coat on the cell s
Experiments on the determination of the purity of barley-wheat seeds by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
In this experiment, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is used to extract and separate proteins in seeds, and the authenticity and purity of varieties can be id
Experiments for the observation of protoplasmic movement
Within living cells, the phenomenon of active movement of protoplasm is collectively known as protoplasmic movement. Protoplasmic movement is one of the importa
Ultravital staining and observation of mitochondrial and vesicular lineages
Live staining is a method of staining the cells or tissues of living organisms that can be colored but is not toxic. Its purpose is to show certain structures w
Experiments for the identification of plant resistance
The study of plant stress tolerance is important in scientific research and is closely related to production, so it is often necessary to measure the magnitude
Experiments for the determination of transpiration intensity by weighing and felling
When a branch with leaves is inserted in a burette filled with water, the leaves are still constantly undergoing transpiration. The strength of transpiration va
Experimental volumetric determination of transpiration intensity
When a branch with leaves is inserted in a burette filled with water, the leaves are still constantly undergoing transpiration. The strength of transpiration va
Experiments on the secondary structure of stems
Observe the secondary structure of common plant stems through a microscope, the structural characteristics of the secondary protective tissue peridermis, the st
Seed and Seedling Experiment
Aims and Requirements: To learn the basic morphological structures and types of seeds and types of seedlings. Learn the methods of seed germination and understa
Experimental morphological observations on vesicles in young wheat roots
The tip of the germinating wheat embryonic root was cut (about 1 cm from the tip) and immersed in neutral red solution for live staining for 10-15 min, then rem
Plant cell division and plant meristematic tissue experiments
Source of content: Microbiology Lab.
Experiments for the determination of the water potential of plant tissues
The water status of plant tissues can be expressed in terms of water potential (representing the energy level of water). The lower the water potential of a plan
Experiments to determine the degree of water deficit in plants
The proline content in plants increases when they are dehydrated. The proline content in plants reflects the water situation in plants to a certain extent, and
Experiments on oxidation and phosphorylation in isolated mitochondria
When sufficient oxygen is supplied to plant tissues, plant cells can oxidize substrates completely. When glucose is fully oxidized as a respiratory substrate, C
Experiments on the extraction, isolation, properties and quantitative determination of chloroplast pigments
Chloroplast pigment is an important substance for plants to absorb sunlight energy for photosynthesis. This experiment is to learn the extraction and separation
Experiments for the determination of plant wound flow
The amount of wounding is an important indicator of plant root vigor. When the amount of wounding is high, the volume can usually be measured directly, while fo
Stem morphology and primary structure observation experiment
Observe the morphology and primordial structures of common plant stems with the naked eye and microscope. The stem is the central axial part of the plant body.
Experiments for the determination of reducing sugars and total sugars
Grasp the basic principles of quantitative determination of reducing sugar and total sugar, learn the basic operation of colorimetric determination of sugar met
Experiments on the induction, extraction and activity determination of amylase
When barley (or wheat) seeds germinate, the seed embryo produces GA3 that diffuses into the endosperm's pasteurized cells (known as the "target cells" of the GA
Simple identification experiments of plant peroxidases
Catalase is a hemoglobin-like enzyme that contains iron in its composition and catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water and molecular oxygen.
Experiments on the separation of liquid bubbles
Tear the epidermis of purple onion or radish leaves, put it on a slide, add a little drop of water and then cover the coverslip, observe the cells in the prepar
Simple identification experiments of plant oxidizing enzymes
Oxidases dehydrogenate from metabolites and allow them to combine directly with oxygen to produce water or hydrogen peroxide. Examples include cytochrome oxidas
Chlorophyll saponification assay
Chlorophyll is an ester of a dicarboxylic acid that saponifies with a base to form a basic salt of chlorophyllic acid; after the formation of the salt, chloroph
Plant cell structure and plant freehand section observation test
Source of content: Microbiology Lab.
Experiments for the determination of respiratory strength
Respiration intensity is one of the most important indicators of plant life activity and is necessary to be measured in plant physiological research and product
Simple identification experiments of plant peroxidases
Peroxidases are metalloproteins containing iron in the porphyrin ring. Peroxidase forms a compound with hydrogen peroxide in which the hydrogen peroxide is acti
Plant mature tissue observation experiment
Source of content: Microbiology Lab.
Experiments on the separation of chloroplast pigments by paper chromatography
The various pigments in chloroplast pigments have different chemical structures, and thus their physicochemical properties such as polarity, absorption spectra,
Experiments for the determination of root vigor
The root system of plants is the main organ of fertilizer and water absorption, as well as the organ of assimilation, transformation and synthesis of many subst
Separation and fluorescence observation of chloroplasts
Tissue homogenization followed by suspension in isotonic media for differential centrifugation is a common method for separating organelles. The settling rate o
Measurement experiment of amylase activity
Amylase in plants hydrolyzes stored starch into maltose. Amylase is present in almost all plants, with the strongest amylase activity in cereal seeds. There are
Experiments for the quantitative determination of chlorophyll
According to the absorption spectrum of chlorophyll on visible light, the use of spectrophotometer at a particular wavelength to determine its optical density,
Protoplasm isoelectric point measurement experiment
Protoplasm's main constituent -- protein for amphoteric compounds, it is in different pH medium, its dissociation is different: when the medium's pH value is mo
Experiments on the toxic effects of single salts and the antagonism between ions
Observe the toxic effects of single salts on plants or the antagonistic effects between ions; thus, further understand the interaction of mineral elements and p
Solution culture of plants and experiments on symptoms in case of deficiency of essential elements
Solution cultures and sand-based cultures are important methods for studying material nutrition. This experiment studies the techniques of solution culture and
Root Volume Measurement Experiment
The root system is the main organ of the plant body, and its growth is closely related to the speed of water and mineral uptake by the plant. Therefore, it is o
Experimental determination of plant root vigor by alpha-naphthylamine method
This experiment was mainly used to determine plant root vigor.
Plant stomatal detection experiment by fixation method
Through the experiment, master the principle and method of observing the stomatal opening and closing condition of plant leaves by the fixation method.
Experiments on plant stomatal detection by blotting method
Through the experiment, master the principle and method of observing the stomatal opening and closing condition of plant leaves by blotting method.
Plant stomatal infiltration assay experiment
Through the experiment, master the principle and method of observing the stomatal opening and closing condition of plant leaves by the infiltration method.
Plant transpiration rate measurement experiment
Transpiration is an important process of water metabolism in plants. The speed of transpiration is related to the rate of upward transport of mineral salts and
Experiments on the effect of environmental factors on plant water exhalation
To understand the influence of environmental factors on the vital activities of the root system by observing the spitting phenomenon of plants under different e
Experiments for the determination of the total water content of plant tissues
When the plant tissues were in contact with the highly concentrated sugar solution, the bound water remained in the tissues because it was adsorbed by the proto
Observations on the water loss phenotype of isolated leaves of plants and experiments on the determination of their water loss rate
The water loss phenotype of isolated plant leaves and its water loss rate are two important physiological indexes for the study of drought tolerance traits in p
Observational experiments on Hill's reaction
Hill reaction (Hill reaction) is a reaction in which isolated chloroplasts of green plants decompose water in the presence of light, releasing oxygen and at the
Experimental colorimetric determination of inter-root pH
While absorbing nutrients, the plant root system overflows H+, OH-, HCO3- and other organic substances, which changes the inter-root pH, and thus affects the in
Experiments on the growth of pollen tubes and their orientability
Mature pollen falling on the stigma will germinate and grow pollen tubes, and pollen germination can also occur when appropriate conditions (temperature, pH, os
Ethylene-induced female flower formation experiment
Ethylene alters membrane permeability and cell compartmentalization, and induces the synthesis, release or activation of many enzymes (especially degradative en
Experiments on the effects of the ripening action of ethylene
Ethylene is one of the five major endogenous hormones and the only gaseous hormone. Almost all plant tissues have the potential to produce ethylene. Ethylene ha
The "triple reaction" experiment with yellowing pea seedlings
Ethylene is a gaseous hormone that has multiple effects on plant metabolism, growth and development. Treatment of yellowing pea seedlings with ethylene gas inhi
Concentration or potency assay of cytokinin-like substances by the radish cotyledon weight gain method
Cytokinins have the effect of promoting cotyledon enlargement in radish. Over a range of concentrations (0.05 to 50 pp M for 6-BA agonist), cotyledon weight gai
The effect of cytokinins on the growth and senescence of vegetable bean leaves
Cytokinins promote the growth of young leaves and delay the senescence of mature leaves, as well as having a nutrient mobilizing effect. Treatment of some leave
Experiments on the greening and senescence arresting effects of cytokinins
Cytokinin is widely found in plants. It can promote cell division, inhibit the activity of some hydrolytic enzymes such as nuclease and protease, so that macrom
Measurement of gibberellin concentration
Quantitative determination of erythromycin-like substances have many methods: such as barley dextrin layer α-amylase-induced formation method, acid mold leaf g
Concentration or potency of growth hormone analogs determined by the mung bean root formation method
Growth hormone promotes the elongation of the germinal sheath and stem and the development of the fruit, as well as the formation of roots. Within a certain con
Concentration and potency experiments of growth hormone analogs determined by the bud sheath elongation method
Growth hormone (indoleacetic acid) promotes elongation of oat germ sheath cells. In the case where the source of growth hormone is cut off from the apical shoot
Experiments on the determination of the growth zones of stems and leaves of monocotyledonous plants
Different stages in the plant growth cycle show certain rhythmic patterns, and the growth of plants or organs is often limited to certain areas, so the observat
A test for determining the growth zones of leaves of dicotyledonous plants
Different stages in the plant growth cycle show a certain rhythmic pattern, the growth of plants or organs is often limited to certain areas, the observation of
Experiments on the compartmentalized method of measuring the growth area of dicotyledonous plant stems
Different stages in the plant growth cycle show a certain rhythmic pattern, the growth of plants or organs is often limited to certain areas, the observation of
Experiments on the measurement of plant growth zones by the compartmentalization method
Different stages in the plant growth cycle show a certain rhythmic pattern, the growth of plants or organs is often limited to certain areas, the observation of
Fluorescence method to detect seed experiments
Plant seeds often exist in many substances that can produce fluorescence under ultraviolet irradiation, such as certain flavonoids, coumarins, vegetal, phenolic
Seed activity assay by red ink staining
The protoplasmic membrane of living cells has the ability to selectively absorb substances, while the protoplasmic membrane of dead cells loses this ability, so
Solution culture of plants with mineral deficiency experiments
Plants must absorb certain essential mineral elements for their normal growth and development. If an essential element is missing, it will show specific deficie
Experiments on the antagonistic effects of single-salt toxicity and mixed salts
Monosalt toxicity and antagonism are related to hydrophilic colloids in protoplasm and protoplasmic membranes; the higher the ionic valence, the lower the conce
Experiments on the selective uptake of mineral elements by plant roots
Monosalt toxicity and antagonism are related to hydrophilic colloids in protoplasm and protoplasmic membranes; the higher the ionic valence, the lower the conce
Experiments on the determination of water potential in plant tissues by the small fluid flow method
The water status of plant tissues can be expressed in terms of water potential. The magnitude of the water potential of plant tissues can, to a certain extent,
Experiments on the compositional analysis of plant wounding fluids
Plant root system is not only an important organ to absorb water and mineral elements, but also an important synthetic organ, plant absorbed inorganic salts, so
Diffusion Observation Experiment in Small Holes
Experiments to deepen the understanding of efficient diffusion of water through small pores.
Seed Viability Bromothymolan (BTB) Method Identification Experiment
Where viable seeds can constantly respire, absorbing O2 from the air while releasing CO2, CO2 dissolves in water to form H2CO3, which is unstable and dissociate
Experiments for the determination of total amino acids in plant root wound sap
Principles and methods for the determination of total amino acids in plant root wound sap.
Experiments on the analysis of amino acid composition in plant wounding fluids
Principles and methods of analyzing the amino acid composition of plant root wound fluids by paper spectroscopy.
Experiments on the effect of growth hormone analogs on root and shoot growth
Growth hormone and synthetic analogs (NAA, IAA, sodium naphthalene acetate, etc.) have a great effect on plant growth, but the effect of different concentration
Experiments for the determination of free proline in plants
Plants grown under normal environmental conditions have low levels of free proline, but under adversity (e.g., drought, cold, salt, etc.) the free proline conte
Experiments for the determination of free water content in plant tissues
Water in plant tissues exists in two different states; bound water that is tightly bound to the protoplasmic colloids, and free water that is not tightly bound
An experiment to determine the activity of abscisic acid by the cotton seedling explant method
Abscisic acid enhances the activity of pectinase and cellulase, causing delamination to occur, leading to shedding. Within a certain concentration range, the sh
Experiments on the effects of growth hormone and ethylene on leaf abscission
The natural regulation of abscission is effected by the inhibitory action of growth hormone supplied from the leaf (or fruit) and the promotional action of ethy
Substantial equivalence (proteomics) experiments
Wheat, as one of the major global crops, is processed into a range of food products for consumer consumption. Therefore, it is of great importance to determine
Substantial equivalence (transcriptomics) experiments
In Western Europe, for transgenic crops to be approved for commercial production, proof of their substantial equivalence to conventionally bred crops needs to b
Fluorescence in situ hybridization for the detection of transgene fragments integrated in plant genomes experiments
Over the past 30 years, fluorescent chromosome analysis techniques have facilitated the understanding of genome construction and deepened knowledge of the organ
Experiments on oat transgenesis and its application in improving osmotic stress tolerance
Oat, a temperate cereal crop widely grown worldwide, lacks tolerance to osmotic stress caused by drought and/or high salt. We have developed a genotype-independ
Experiments on the pathways and rates of water transport in plants and the potential of vascular transport
Experiments to deepen understanding of the pathways and rates of water transport in plants and the potential for vascular transport.
Chromosome number variation experiment
1. to understand the principles and methods of artificially induced polyploid plants and their significance; 2, to observe the various variations in the number
Experiments on the mutagenic effect of radiation on plant chromosomes
Understand the mutagenic effects of physical factors on genetic material through radiation on plants.
Segregation-independent assignment of genes and intercropping experiments
Mendel's laws include the "law of segregation" and the "law of independent distribution". According to the law of segregation, a pair of alleles located on a pa
Experiments on genetic analysis of linked genes
The law of interlocking inheritance describes the relationship between the segregation and combination of interlocking genes located on a pair of homologous chr
Chromosome typing experiment
Analyze morphological features such as chromosome number, size, position of the mitotic grain and follower in plant cells at mid-mitosis, and learn the methods
Experiments on the meiotic preparation of plant pollen mother cells
Meiosis is a specialized type of mitosis that occurs in organisms during the maturation of the gametes formed by the gametocytes, and it consists of two consecu
Experiments for the determination of oxygen radical content in plants
A portion of the oxygen molecules in living organisms, when involved in enzymatic or non-enzymatic reactions, are converted to superoxide anion radicals (O2-) i
Experiments for the determination of the permeability of plant cytoplasmic membranes
The plant cytoplasmic membrane is the interface between the cell and the external environment, and plays an important role in maintaining the cell microenvironm
Experiments for the determination of peroxidase activity in plants
Peroxidase is commonly found in plant tissues, and its activity is related to the metabolic strength and cold and disease resistance of plants, which regulates
Experiments on the observation of photoperiodic phenomena in plants
Under natural light conditions, plants were subjected to short days, intermittent light periods, and intermittent darkness to understand the effects of alternat
Seed viability experiment by fluorescence method
Knowledge of the principles and methods of determining seed viability by the fluorescence method.
Experiments for the rapid determination of seed viability by the peeling method
Seed germination rate is an important symbol for identifying seed quality, and plays an important role in determining the amount of seed to be sown as well as i
Experiments on the seedling-strengthening effect of the plant growth retardant polyazole
Polyconazole is a widely used plant growth retardant in agriculture, which can be effectively used to cultivate strong crop seedlings and improve plant resistan
Experiments on the greening effect of cytokinins on isolated cotyledons
To understand the greening effect of cytokinins on isolated cotyledons and the basic principles and methods.
Experiments on the effect of growth hormone on the rooting of mung bean seedlings
To understand the principles and methods of growth hormone induced adventitious root formation in plants through experiments.
Experiments for the determination of soluble and insoluble protein contents in plants
Senescence is a biological phenomenon that develops in plants over a long period of evolution and natural selection, and it can be manifested at different level
Experiments for the determination of sucrose content in plants
To understand the principles and methods of determining sucrose content in plant tissues.
Experiments for the determination of polyphenol oxidase activity in plants
Experimentally, the assay of polyphenol oxidase activity in plants was mastered.
Experiments for the determination of the physical and chemical properties of chlorophyll
Experiment to understand some of the main physical and chemical properties of chloroplast pigments.
Experiments for the determination of nitrate-nitrogen content in plants
Nitrate nitrogen is the most important source of nitrogen in plants, and the nitrate nitrogen content in plants can reflect the nitrogen supply of the soil, so
Experiments on the effect of light on plant growth
This experiment focuses on observing the effects of light and dark treatments at different times on the morphogenesis of plants, so as to understand that light
Experimental determination of malondialdehyde content in plants
Through the experiment, to master the principle and method of the determination of malondialdehyde content in plants
Acid Indigo Staining for Seed Viability Detection Experiment
Knowledge of the principles and methods of determining seed viability by the staining method
Chromosome structure variation experiment
Understand that when chromosome structure is mutated, chromosome bridges or chromosome breaks can be observed in mitotic cells at later stages, and micronuclei
Experiments on the detection of plant respiration rate by the air flow method
The principles and techniques of determining the rate of plant respiration by the airflow method will be mastered through experiments.
Plant DNA extraction and quantitative analysis experiments
The cells of young tissues are in the stage of exuberant division, with larger nuclei and less cytoplasm, high concentration of nucleic acid, and fewer inclusio
Barley transformation experiment by gene gun method
Microparticle bombardment, also known as the gene gun method, has been widely used in the genetic transformation of cereal crops. This method brings DNA directl
Gene insertion site and pattern experiments
The study of insertion patterns and loci of exogenous genes in transgenic plants greatly contributes to the understanding of the mechanisms of integration, expr
Experiments on the oxygen requirement for rice seed germination
Through the experiment, it is proved that the normal germination and growth of seeds of higher plants must have sufficient oxygen, even for flooded plants such
Tests for the determination of the rate of respiration of plant tissues by Watt's respirator
Determination of plant respiration rate by Watt's micro respirometer is a classical method of determination, and the basic principles and techniques of this met
Plant Root Tip Pressing Experiment
The root tip compression technique can be used to: study chromosome number and morphology in mid-stage plants.
Micronucleus assay experiments on mutagenic substances
1. Understanding the methods and significance of micronucleus determination 2、Searching for new testing systems and new safer and more effective plant mutagen
In vivo assay of nitrate reductase activity in objects
Nitrate reductase (NR) is a key enzyme in the process of nitrate assimilation, which plays an important role in plant growth and development, and the determinat
Experimental determination of ascorbic acid oxidase activity in plants
There are five terminal oxidative enzymes in plants, including ascorbate oxidase, polyphenol oxidase, cytochrome oxidase, flavinase, and alternate oxidase. This
Experimental determination of nitrate reductase activity in plants by the in vitro method
Nitrate reductase (NR) is a key enzyme in the process of nitrate assimilation, which plays an important role in plant growth and development, and the determinat
Experiments on efficient Agrobacterium transformation methods in wheat mediated by in situ plant inoculation
This chapter details a reproducible method of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of spring wheat by direct inoculation of Agrobacterium sap into immature see
Chromosome observation experiments in meiosis of plant pollen mother cells
Meiosis is a specialized type of cell division in which the sex mother cell divides to form gametes. In this process, chromosomes are replicated once and the ce
Wheat Flower Organ Transformation Experiment
This chapter describes a method similar to the Arabidopsis inflorescence imbibition method for the transformation of wheat floral organs. Instead of relying on
Experimental methods of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of barley
Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of barley has been widely utilized over the last decade and it offers advantages over gene gun-mediated transgenic techniq
Experiments on the induction of α-amylase formation by gibberellin
Gibberellins are produced in the dextrinous layer of the embryo after water absorption and germination of barley or wheat seeds. These gibberellins, when releas
TPS-1 Plant Photosynthetic System Measurement Experiment
The TPS is an open gas circuit system for the simultaneous determination of photosynthetic and respiration rates and transpiration rates in plant leaves. When m
Two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (DIGE) experiments on tomato leaves and roots
We can analyze the differential expression of proteins in two different tissues and organs of the same plant by two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel elec
Experiments on Plant Damage from Undesirable Environments
When plant tissues are subjected to drought or other adverse conditions, the protoplasmic structure of the cells will be injured, especially the membrane system
An experiment to investigate the population size and age structure of plant populations
Source: Experiments in Botany
Plant Pollen Morphology Observation Research Experiment
Source: Experiments in Botany
Observation and Recording Experiments on Plant Waiting Periods
Source: Experiments in Botany
Observational experiments on flowering and pollination processes
Source: Experiments in Botany
Observational experiments on plant morphological diversity
Source: Experiments in Botany
Using plant protein microarrays to study protein phosphorylation experiments
Identification of protein kinase substrates is a major focus of protein kinase research and provides evidence for resolving signal transduction pathways and the
Experiments on the construction of plant protein microarrays and the study of antigen-antibody interactions
The completion of the Arabidopsis and rice genome sequencing projects has greatly supported the application of proteomics methods such as protein microarray tec
Electroelution of intact proteins from SDS-PAGE gels and their analysis by MALDI-TOF MS
A method has been developed for extracting intact proteins from SDS-PAGE gels and analyzing them by MALDI-TOF MS to determine their molecular mass. This method
Identification and analysis of plant protein complexes by blue-green nondenaturing gel electrophoresis experiments
High-resolution protein separation is an essential requirement for proteomics studies, and protein separation relies heavily on 2D IEF/SDS-PAGE; unfortunately,
2-DE PROTICdb database experiment for proteomics
PROTICdb is a web-based database designed primarily to store and analyze plant proteomic data obtained by 2D polyacrylamide electrophoresis and mass spectrometr
Isolation and characterization of membrane proteins and their functional analysis-GFC/IEC/SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF-MS experiments
Prior to the identification of membrane proteins by matrix-assisted laser-resolved time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), these proteins need to be se
Nanoscale two-dimensional liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry of rice leaf and root proteins
In this chapter, we present a detailed experimental method for the large-scale identification of proteins in rice leaf and root tissues using 2D liquid chromato
Protein identification using nanoscale liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
Tandem mass spectrometry is an effective technique for peptide characterization based on the fragmentation pattern of the peptide, also known as MS/MS scanning.
Protein Edman sequencing experiments on 2D gels
Immunoblotting using polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF ) membranes is the most commonly used method for Edman sequencing. Protein samples are transferred from a 2
Experiments in multivariate analysis of proteomic data
We provide background on multivariate analysis of proteomics data and also provide methods for data transformation of different data packages. This technique ca
Experiments on the quantitative analysis of two-dimensional gels
Two-dimensional electrophoresis, as an important experimental tool for comparative proteomics studies, has been applied to conveniently reflect the differences
Extraction and solubilization experiments of plant plasma membrane proteins
In all living cells the plasma membrane (PM ) exists as an interface between the cytoplasm and the environment and is one of the most complex and differentiated
Alfalfa stem cell wall protein extraction experiment
The plant cell wall is a highly dynamic and chemically active component of the plant cell. The main components of the cell wall are polysaccharides, as well as
Plant mitochondria preparation and its substructure hierarchical separation experiments
Plant cell mitochondria perform a number of important biochemical processes. The most important of these is the oxidative degradation of organic acids via the t
Experimental proteomic analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana chloroplasts
This chapter describes a simple and practical method for large-scale isolation and purification of chloroplasts. The advantages of this method are high yield, l
Xylem and phloem sap protein extraction experiments
It is well known that the xylem and primordial vasculature in higher plants are responsible for the long-distance transport of small nutrient molecules. However
Proteomic study of recalcitrant plant tissues (protein extraction by phenol method) Experiments
Another feasible method for protein extraction, besides the classical trichloroacetic acid (TCA ) /acetone precipitation method, is phenol extraction, which can
Plant whole protein extraction by trichloroacetic acid-acetone method
In this chapter we describe an efficient method suitable for whole protein extraction from various plant tissues. The method utilizes trichloroacetic acid and a
Experiments on the observation of anthocyanin and inorganic salt crystallization in plant cells
Source: Experiments in Botany
Seed plant identification experiments
Plant identification is a means of determining the name of a plant, checking the name of a plant rather than fixing a name. Nomenclature is to name a newly disc
Experiments on the design and management of field trials of transgenic crops
With the development of transgenic technology systems, the transfer of heterologous genes into the plant genome has become possible, which provides a new avenue
Experiments for the determination of root vigor by the TTC method
Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) is a redox substance with a standard redox potential of 80 millivolts. It is a colorless solution when dissolved in water, b
Phytoplankton survey and identification experiments
Source: Experiments in Botany
Observational experiments on pollen germination and pollen tube growth
Source: Experiments in Botany
Cereal plant seed protein extraction experiment
Seeds may contain different components, like starch and polysaccharides, which can severely reduce the amount of protein extracted. The proteins in cereal plant
Bidirectional gel fluorescence staining and imaging experiments
Staining of biphasic gel electrophoresis is a crucial step in comparative proteomics studies regarding the number of proteins to be measured, the accurate quant
Root meristem cell nuclear protein extraction experiment
The isolation and extraction of nuclear proteins has facilitated the study of plant proteomics. This technique relies on subcellular isolation with which the pr
Nuclear Protein Extraction Experiment
The integrity of the proteome of subcellular components such as the nucleus is largely determined by whether or not other cellular contaminants are removed from
RNA-mediated gene silencing assay
Down-regulation of endogenous gene expression by post-transcriptional horizontal gene silencing (PTGS) is a key to characterize plant gene function. Many RNA le
Protein extraction experiments on woody plants
Within this chapter, we present a protocol for extracting total protein from wood-forming tissues (secondary xylem in differentiation). This protocol has been u
Experiments on the solubilization of proteins by descaling and leaving agents prior to bidirectional electrophoresis
Because of its outstanding ability to separate total proteins, bidirectional gel electrophoresis can be applied to the separation of all types of proteins. Howe
Peptide mass fingerprinting and protein identification by MALDI-TOF method
MALDI-TOF peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) is a faster and more convenient method for identifying proteins. The genomes studied have been sequenced and annotat
Substantial equivalence (metabolomics) experiments
Modern "metabolomics" methods can be used to automatically compare the levels of a number of structurally different compounds in a large number of samples. The
Experiments on bidirectional electrophoresis techniques in plant proteomics
Bidirectional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry for protein identification using fixed pH gradients (IPGs ) are currently the main techniques for proteo
Plant proteomics and glycosylation experiments
Like other eukaryotic cells, glycosylation is one of the most studied post-translational events in plant cells. Depending on the type of connection between the
Determination of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activity
Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate synthase/oxygenase (Rubisco) is an important regulatory enzyme of photosynthesis with a dual role. One is to catalyze the fixation of
Observation and Determination of Hill's Reaction
Hill reaction (Hill reaction) is a reaction in which the isolated chloroplasts of green plants decompose water in the light, release oxygen, and at the same tim
Determination of the degree of adversity injury to plant tissues
To master the principle of cell injury and the measurement of cell injury in plants in the presence of adversity or other injuries; to master the determination
Observations on plant vernalization and photoperiodic phenomena
The developmental process of plant flower buds is often influenced by environmental factors . In particular, temperature and photoperiod are affected. The study
Isolation and preparation of plant chloroplasts
The isolation and preparation of plant chloroplasts is an important technical condition for the study of the structure and function of chloroplasts and the mech
Determination of pollen tube growth in plants
Familiarize yourself with methods of determining pollen tube growth and the major factors affecting growth.
Determination of plant hormones by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Plant growth and development, gene expression, and response to environmental stimuli are governed by hormone balance in the body. However, due to the extremely
Determination of plant mineral elements by atomic absorption
Plant mineral elements are essential for plant growth, and most of them are involved in metabolic activities as necessary components of coenzymes or cofactors.
Effect of plant hormones on the formation and differentiation of healing tissues
Plant tissue culture can study the laws of growth and differentiation of cultured parts without interference from other parts of the plant body, and can utilize
Effect of growth hormone analogs on root and shoot growth
Growth hormone and its synthetic analogs have a great influence on plant growth, but different concentrations produce different physiological effects. The effec
Single-salt toxicity and inter-ionic antagonism
The phenomena of single salt toxicity and inter-ionic antagonism are simple experiments to illustrate the importance of the balance of various ions (various ion
Determination of malondialdehyde in plant tissues
Determination of malondialdehyde content in plant tissues is to understand the factors of malondialdehyde (malondialdehyde, MDA ) formation in living organisms;
Assay of nitrate reductase activity
Nitrate reductase is a key enzyme in the metabolic action of plant nitrogen and is associated with the ability of crops to take up and utilize nitrate nitrogen.
Solution culture of plants and observation of deficiency diseases
Essential elements are mineral elements that are necessary to maintain the normal physiological activities of plants. To determine whether various elements are
Determination of plant transpiration rate
The speed of transpiration is related to the speed of mineral salt transportation in the plant and leaf temperature, etc. The transpiration rate can be used as
Seed assay by triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) method
Viable seed embryos undergo continuous redox reactions during respiration, and the hydrogen shed reduces the coenzymes (NAD or NADP). When TTC penetrates into t
Plant DNA Extraction
The extraction of plant DNA is a basic technique in plant molecular biology and genetic engineering research, and several methods such as CTAB method, SDS metho
Fat Extraction - Soxhlet's Fat Extraction Method Experiment
In the determination of the oil content of the sample, usually using organic solvents with a boiling point of less than 60 ℃ as a fat solvent (such as ether an
Phenylalanine deaminase (PAL)
Phenylalanine ammonia-dissolving enzyme (PAD) plays an important role in regulating the formation of secondary substances such as lignin, phytoalexins, flavonoi
Quantitative determination of chloroplast pigments
Plant chloroplast pigment content directly affects plant photosynthesis and crop yield, and is also closely related to the supply of plant water and mineral nut
Determination of stomatal opening and closing conditions in plants
Stomata are the main channel for gas exchange between plant leaves and the outside world, and the distribution, density, shape, size and opening and closing of
Determination of catalase (POD) activity
To understand the principles and methods of colorimetric determination of peroxidase activity.
Measurement of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity
Polyphenol oxidase (PP0) is widely present in plant tissues, and can oxidize phenolic substances to Da substances, but this reaction does not occur frequently i
Determination of ATPase activity in plant tissues
Understand the role of ATPase in plant metabolic processes and the principles and methods of ATPase activity determination.
Determination of coolant content in plant tissues
Phenolic substances in plant tissues are oxidized to Da by polyphenol oxidase, and Da can automatically polymerize into colorful substances and browning occurs.
Determination of leaf photosynthetic rate by the modified half-leaf method
Photosynthesis is a process in which green plants absorb light energy to synthesize CO2 and H2O into organic matter and release O2. Photosynthesis rate is an im
Measurement of vitamin C content
Vitamin C is one of the most important vitamins in human nutrition and a deficiency can lead to scurvy. Fruits and vegetables are the main source of vitamin C f
Determination of ethylene content by gas chromatography
Ethylene (ETHYLENE) is one of the endogenous plant hormones, which exists in the form of a gas and has a variety of physiological functions for the plant body.
Extraction, isolation and observation of physicochemical properties of chloroplast pigments
Chloroplast pigments have the role of absorbing, transferring and converting light energy, extracting and separating chloroplast pigments is the first step in t
Determination of catalase (CAT) activity
When plants age or are exposed to adversity, the metabolism of reactive oxygen species is enhanced in the body resulting in the accumulation of H2O2, which caus
Determination of endogenous hormones in plants by high performance liquid chromatography
Plant endogenous hormones play an extremely important role in regulating the growth and development of plants, and they show obvious physiological effects in ve
Effect of gibberellin on the induced synthesis of alpha-starch
Master the method of determining amylase activity by using gibberellin (GA3)-induced degradation of starch by synthetic a-amylase to diminish the blue-purple co
Experiments on the effect of potassium ions on stomatal openings
The expansion and contraction of the guard cells on both sides of the stomata directly affects the opening and closing of the stomata, which significantly influ
Determination of plant respiration rate
Respiration rate is one of the most important indicators of the strength of plant life activities. The size of the respiration rate of plants varies depending o
Determination of osmotic potential of plant cells
The osmotic potential of plant cells mainly depends on the concentration of solutes in the vesicles, and some plants actively accumulate solutes in their cells
The greening effect of cytokinins on radish cotyledons
Cytokinin can promote cell division, delay aging, etc., so it is often used as a preservative for flowers, fruits and vegetables. Therefore, this experiment is
Determination of gas exchange in plant leaves by LI-6400 portable photosynthesizer
LI-6400 portable photosynthesis instrument to determine the gas exchange of plant leaves is to master the infrared CO2 analyzer method to determine the gas exch
Determination of Ascorbic Acid Peroxidase (AsA-POD) Activity
They should know the role of ascorbate peroxidase (AsA-POD). They should know how to determine ascorbate peroxidase activity spectrophotometrically.
Determination of ascorbic acid content
Ascorbic acid, i.e. vitamin C, is widely found in fresh fruits and vegetables, and it is a highly active substance involved in many metabolic activities. Ascorb
Determination of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in plants
Determination of plant chlorophyll fluorescence parameters is to master the basic principles and methods of portable chlorophyll fluorescence meter to determine
Determination of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase Activity is to understand the function of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) shuttle enzyme and to familiarize with the enzyme coupled as
Determination of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity
To learn and understand the method and principles of the photochemical reduction method of nitro nitro tetrazolium blue chloride (NBT) for the determination of
Determination of malondialdehyde in plant tissue species
To understand the factors of malondialdehyde (MDA ) formation in living organisms; to focus on the principles and methods of MDA determination; to further famil
Determination of nitrate reductase activity
NO3- taken up by plant roots must be metabolically reduced before it can be further utilized by the plant. Nitrate reductase (EC.1.6.6.1, abbreviated as NR) is
Determination of water content of plant tissues
Plant tissue water content is an important indicator of plant water status. Plant tissue water content not only directly affects plant growth, stomatal conditio
Determination of plant tissue water potential
Water potential is the potential energy that drives the movement of water through an organism. Water always moves from a higher to a lower water potential in th
Detection of plant genetic diversity
Genetic diversity is a historical product of organisms formed in the course of long-term evolution and is an important component of biological diversity. The si
Directional growth of plant pollen tubes to ovules
Since the sperm cells of angiosperms are unable to move, the completion of sexual reproduction in angiosperms requires the use of pollen tubes to deliver the sp
Detection of pollen viability and stigma pollinability
The pollination process begins with anther dehiscence and dispersal of mature pollen. Pollen grains carrying male gametes or their precursors are exposed to dry
TUNEL assay for programmed cell death in plants
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a genetically regulated process that actively removes excess, injured cells during plant growth and development or in response to
Plant chromosome karyotyping
Various organisms in nature have relative stability in the form, structure and number of their chromosomes. The complete set of chromosomes contained in the gam
Fluorescent labeling and observation of plant organelles
Plant cells contain abundant organelles, including vesicles, plastids, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, microtubules and microfi
Angiosperm Flower Patterns and Flower Programs
In order to illustrate in a simple way the structure of a flower, the composition, arrangement and interrelationship of its parts, the parts of a flower can be
Determination of plant alkaloid content
Alkaloids are natural nitrogen-containing organic compounds, but do not include amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, chlorophyll, choline, methylamine and othe
Determination of tannin content in sorghum grain
Tannins are generally considered to be water-soluble polyphenolic compounds with a molecular mass of 500-3,000 ku0 In addition to their phenolic properties, tan
Determination of organic acid content in fruits and vegetables
Organic acids are found in a wide range of plant organs and play an important role in metabolism. The content of organic acids varies in different parts of the
Determination of soluble sugar content in plant tissues
Soluble sugar is mostly some sugar with sweet flavor, such as glucose, fructose, sucrose, maltose and so on. Soluble sugar content is an important indicator of
Determination of the rate of oxygen radical production
Understand the principles and methods of hydroxylamine oxidation for the determination of oxygen radicals.
Determination of betaine content in plants
Betaine is a widely distributed cytocompatible substance, and many plants accumulate large amounts of betaine in their cells under salinity and drought stress,
Determination of free proline content in plants
Under normal conditions, the free proline content of plants is very low, but when encountering adversities such as drought, low temperature, salinity and alkali
Determination of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity
Phenylalanine deaminase is a key enzyme in plant secondary metabolism. It catalyzes the deamination of L-phenylalanine. Ammonia is released to form trans-cinnam
Determination of sucrase activity in plant tissues
To understand the method of extracting sucrase from plant tissues and the principle of Nelson's method for determining sucrase activity.
Construction of plant molecular phylogenetic trees
Phylogenetic analysis of plant molecules is mainly based on the use of biomolecular sequences (such as DNA sequences) that carry plant genetic information, and
Determination of total free amino acids in plant tissues
Amino acids are the basic units of proteins and are also the breakdown products of proteins. Nitrogen absorbed and assimilated by plant roots is mainly transpor
freehand sectioning experiments
Freehand sectioning is a method of holding a blade or razor and cutting fresh or fixed material into thin slices, which are then mounted and used for microscopi
In vivo observation of the microfilament skeleton of plant cells
In a broad sense, the cytoskeleton is a type of organelle that contains three different components: microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate fibers. So fa
Observations on the basic structure and posterior contents of plant cells
Cells are the basic units that make up living organisms. Compared with animal cells, plant cells have their own special cell components, such as cell wall and p
Artificially induced conifer trauma Formation of resin canals
Conifers are a group of gymnosperms with slender, needle-like leaves, mostly evergreen, and generally soft, some resin-containing material, consisting mainly of
Determination of cellulase activity
To learn and understand the principles and methods of the 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method for the determination of cellulase activity, and to understand
Determination of phenolic content in plant tissues
Phenolic substances in plant tissues are oxidized to Da by polyphenol oxidase, and Da can automatically polymerize into colorful substances and browning occurs.
Plant paraffin sectioning technique
Due to their large size and opacity, plants cannot be viewed directly under a microscope. To study the internal structure of the plant, the thickness and volume
Observations on pollen germination and pollen tube growth in vitro
After landing on the stigma, pollen, the male gametophyte of plants, grows pollen tubes through germination and transports sperm cells to the embryo sac to comp
Determination of hydrogen peroxide content
Many biotic and abiotic adversities induce the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and h2o2 plays an important role as a signaling molecule in plant stress
Determination of starch content in cereals
Starch is the main storage material of plants, mostly in seeds, roots and tubers. Starch is not only an important nutrient, but also has a wide range of industr
Determination of the content of plant flavonoid compounds
Usually, we call a group of substances with C6-C3 C6 carbon structure as flavonoid compounds, including flavones, flavonols, flavanones, chai- cones, anthocyani
Related topics
Techniques often explored alongside immunological experiments.