Techniques for detecting, quantifying and localizing antigens and antibodies — ELISA, Western blotting, immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Below are the protocols, FAQs and technical articles in our knowledge base tagged with this topic.
Malondialdehyde (MDA) is an important small-molecule aldehyde product formed during lipid peroxidation. It is commonly used to evaluate oxidative stress and membrane lipid oxidative damage in cells, tissues, or body-fluid samples. The key to MDA detection is not only obtaining absorbance or ...
Creatinine content detection is commonly used for renal function assessment, urinary indicator normalization, and drug nephrotoxicity studies in serum, plasma, urine, and animal experimental samples. The core differences among detection methods lie in reaction principle, signal generation mode, ...
Peptide synthesis is not a new problem. Since Merrifield established solid-phase peptide synthesis, resin supports, protecting-group strategies, coupling reagents, and heating methods have continued to evolve, with the same fundamental goals: improving chain-extension efficiency, reducing side ...
Flavones are a class of polyphenolic compounds built on the C6–C3–C6 scaffold and represent an important group of plant secondary metabolites. They widely participate in plant stress resistance, signaling regulation, and pigment formation. Natural flavones have high research and application ...
Paeonol (also known as paeonolum; 2-hydroxy-4-methoxyacetophenone) is a representative phenolic aromatic ketone with the molecular formula C9H10O3, molecular weight ~166.17, and CAS No. 552-41-0.
Chlorophyll is a class of green pigments broadly present in higher plants and other photosynthetic organisms, playing a central role in light harvesting and energy transfer during photosynthesis.
D-Glucose is a central substrate for cellular energy metabolism and carbon allocation. Its concentration and temporal dynamics can be used to characterize the functional status of glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, glycogen metabolism, and related biosynthetic networks.
A research “lipid panel” commonly refers to total cholesterol (Total Cholesterol, TC), triglycerides (Triglycerides, TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, LDL-C).
Glutathione (GSH) is one of the most important low-molecular-weight thiols in cells. It participates in reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification, maintains protein thiols in a reduced state, drives the glutathione peroxidase/reductase cycle, and—together with oxidized glutathione ...
Paeoniflorin is a representative monoterpene glycoside enriched in the roots of Paeonia plants and is commonly encountered in medicinal or research materials such as Chishao, Baishao, Mudan, and Zimudan. Its molecular structure contains multiple hydroxyl groups and glycosidic linkages, ...
Betaine , also known as N,N,N-trimethylglycine, is a quaternary ammonium small molecule named after its first isolation from sugar beet. The molecule contains both a quaternary ammonium cationic center and a carboxylate anionic center, giving an overall zwitterionic (inner-salt) structure. This ...
In biological sample analysis, the presence of proteins often interferes with small molecule detection, and some enzyme activities may affect the analysis results. Perchloric acid (PCA) precipitation has become a widely used method due to its ability to efficiently remove proteins and its ...
Beverages, such as common sodas and energy drinks, may contain many polar ingredients that are easily dissolved in the aqueous matrix of the beverage. These ingredients include sweeteners (sugar or sugar substitutes), caffeine, vitamin supplements, amino acids, organic acids, and plant extracts. ...
C2 Strong Anion Exchange Columns
Techniques often explored alongside immunological experiments.
