L-Tryptophan - Moligand™, ≥99% , CAS No.73-22-3

CAS: 73-22-3 Cat. No.: T103480 Formula: C₁₁H₁₂N₂O₂ Peso molecolare: 204.23 Beilstein Registry Number: 86197 Numero EC: 200-795-6

GRADE & PURITY Moligand™, ≥99%

Synonyms

TRP | TRYPTOPHAN [USP MONOGRAPH] | Tryptophanum | Tryptan | 1H-Indole-3-alanine | L-Trp | TRYPTOPHAN [INCI] | (S)-2-Amino-3-(3-indolyl)propionic acid | (S)-Tryptophan | 2a4m | TRYPTOPHAN [USAN] | (-)-Tryptophan | 1qaw | 3-Indol-3-ylalanine | Htrp | TRYPTO

Storage

Room temperature

Shipped In

Normal

Specifications

Sinonimi

TRP | TRYPTOPHAN [USP MONOGRAPH] | Tryptophanum | Tryptan | 1H-Indole-3-alanine | L-Trp | TRYPTOPHAN [INCI] | (S)-2-Amino-3-(3-indolyl)propionic acid | (S)-Tryptophan | 2a4m | TRYPTOPHAN [USAN] | (-)-Tryptophan | 1qaw | 3-Indol-3-ylalanine | Htrp | TRYPTO

Specifiche e purezza

Moligand™, ≥99%

Meccanismi biochimici e fisiologici

Essential amino acid which is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. Used as an antidepressant, anxiolytic and sleep aid. Precursor to niacin, indole alkaloids, serotonin and melatonin.

Condizioni di conservazione di stoccaggio

Room temperature

Spedito in

Normal

Grado

Moligand™

Nota

Wherever possible, you should prepare and use solutions on the same day. However, if you need to make up stock solutions in advance, we recommend that you store the solution as aliquots in tightly sealed vials at -20°C. Generally, these will be useable for up to one month. Before use, and prior to opening the vial we recommend that you allow your product to equilibrate to room temperature for at least 1 hour. Need more advice on solubility, usage and handling? Please visit our frequently asked questions (FAQ) page for more details.

Purezza

≥99%

Nomi e identificatori

Pubchem Sid

488180046

Pubchem Sid Url

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/488180046

Sorrisi canonici

C1=CC=C2C(=C1)C(=CN2)CC(C(=O)O)N

IUPAC Name

(2S)-2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid

InChIKey

QIVBCDIJIAJPQS-VIFPVBQESA-N

INCHI

1S/C11H12N2O2/c12-9(11(14)15)5-7-6-13-10-4-2-1-3-8(7)10/h1-4,6,9,13H,5,12H2,(H,14,15)/t9-/m0/s1

Isomeri SMILES

C1=CC=C2C(=C1)C(=CN2)C[C@@H](C(=O)O)N

Peso molecolare

204.23

Beilstein

86197

Reaxy-Rn

86196

Reaxys-RN_link_address

https://www.reaxys.com/reaxys/secured/hopinto.do?context=S&query=IDE.XRN=86196&ln=

Taxonomic Classification

Taxonomy Tree

• Kingdom Organic compounds
  • Superclass Organoheterocyclic compounds
    • Classe Indoles and derivatives
      • Subclass Indolyl carboxylic acids and derivatives

• Kingdom: Organic compounds
• Superclass: Organoheterocyclic compounds
• Classe: Indoles and derivatives
• Subclass: Indolyl carboxylic acids and derivatives
• Intermediate Tree Nodes: Not available
• Direct Parent: Indolyl carboxylic acids and derivatives
• Alternative Parents: L-alpha-amino acids 3-alkylindoles Aralkylamines Substituted pyrroles Benzenoids Heteroaromatic compounds Amino acids Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives Carboxylic acids Azacyclic compounds Organopnictogen compounds Organic oxides Monoalkylamines Hydrocarbon derivatives Carbonyl compounds
• Molecular Framework: Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
• Substituents: Indolyl carboxylic acid derivative - Alpha-amino acid - Alpha-amino acid or derivatives - L-alpha-amino acid - 3-alkylindole - Indole - Aralkylamine - Benzenoid - Substituted pyrrole - Heteroaromatic compound - Pyrrole - Amino acid or derivatives - Amino acid - Carboxylic acid derivative - Carboxylic acid - Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives - Azacycle - Amine - Primary aliphatic amine - Hydrocarbon derivative - Organic oxide - Organic oxygen compound - Organic nitrogen compound - Carbonyl group - Organonitrogen compound - Organooxygen compound - Primary amine - Organopnictogen compound - Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound
• Descrizione: This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as indolyl carboxylic acids and derivatives. These are compounds containing a carboxylic acid chain (of at least 2 carbon atoms) linked to an indole ring.
• External Descriptors: Common amino acids

Data sources

1. Djoumbou Feunang Y, Eisner R, Knox C, Chepelev L, Hastings J, Owen G, Fahy E, Steinbeck C, Subramanian S, Bolton E, Greiner R, and Wishart DS. ClassyFire: Automated Chemical Classification With A Comprehensive, Computable Taxonomy. Journal of Cheminformatics, 2016, 8:61.

DOI: 10.1186/s13321-016-0174-y

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Meccanismi d'azione

Proprietà chimiche e fisiche

• Solubilità: Slightly soluble in water; Degree of Solubility in water: 11.4 g/l 25 °C; Slightly soluble in Ethanol; Very slightly soluble in Alcohol; Insoluble in Chloroform,Ether
• Rotazione specifica [α]: -30.5 to -32.5 deg(C=1, H2O)
• Punto di fusione (°C): 277°C
• Peso molecolare: 204.220 g/mol
• XLogP3: -1.100
• Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 3
• Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
• Rotatable Bond Count: 3
• Exact Mass: 204.09 Da
• Monoisotopic Mass: 204.09 Da
• Topological Polar Surface Area: 79.100 Ų
• Heavy Atom Count: 15
• Formal Charge: 0
• Complexity: 245.000
• Isotope Atom Count: 0
• Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 1
• Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
• Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
• Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
• The total count of all stereochemical bonds: 0
• Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1

Application Protocols

No item-specific, validated protocols are provided for SKU T103480. Refer to your laboratory SOPs. General literature practices include:

• Preparation of aqueous stocks

  • Weigh appropriate mass to achieve 1–100 mM final concentration; dissolve in water acidified with dilute HCl or basified with NaOH to enhance solubility; adjust to the desired buffer and pH; filter (0.22 μm) if required.

• Fluorescence standardization

  • Prepare serial dilutions (e.g., 1–50 μM) in phosphate buffer, pH 7.4; excite at 280–295 nm; record emission 300–450 nm; minimize light exposure and avoid quenchers.

• Peptide synthesis (solution or solid-phase)

  • Use protected derivatives (e.g., Fmoc-L-Trp-OH) under standard coupling cycles; protect indole if side reactions are observed.

These are general literature guidelines and not validated for this specific item; adjust to your system and regulatory requirements.

Biological Roles

Literature/general information for L-tryptophan (no medical/clinical claims):

• Essential amino acid

  • Incorporated into proteins via ribosomal translation (codon UGG). The indole side chain contributes to protein folding, π–π stacking, cation–π interactions, and membrane association.

• Spectroscopic probe

  • Endogenous tryptophan residues serve as intrinsic fluorophores in proteins, reporting on conformational changes and local environment via shifts in emission maxima and quantum yield.

• Metabolic pathways

  • Precursor to indolealkyl metabolites including serotonin and melatonin via the tryptophan hydroxylase pathway.
  • Precursor to kynurenine, quinolinic acid, and ultimately NAD+/NADP+ through the kynurenine pathway.
  • Catabolism intersects immune-relevant pathways (e.g., indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) in cell biology studies.

• Cell culture/media

  • Component of many defined media and feeds used in research cell culture; concentration must be controlled to avoid depletion or light-induced degradation.

• Reactivity in biological matrices

  • Susceptible to photooxidation and reactive oxygen species; experimental designs often minimize light/oxidant exposure when assaying proteins/peptides rich in tryptophan.

Buffer Applications

L-tryptophan is not itself a buffering agent. However, it is routinely prepared and used in buffered solutions for spectroscopy and biochemical studies.

• Practical guidance (literature/general)

  • Stock solutions: dissolve in water adjusted to pH 2–4 (dilute HCl) or pH 9–11 (NaOH) to enhance solubility; typical stock ranges 1–100 mM depending on application.
  • Common buffers: phosphate (pH 6–8), acetate (pH 4–5.5), Tris (pH 7–9). Prepare the tryptophan stock in a slightly acidic/basic solution, then mix into the final buffer to target pH while avoiding precipitation near pI (~5.9).
  • Spectroscopy: for fluorescence, use low-absorbance buffers and avoid components that quench indole fluorescence (e.g., iodide, heavy metals). Keep ionic strength moderate and remove particulates by 0.22 μm filtration.

• Recipes and specs

  • Exact buffer recipes, concentrations, and filter-sterilization parameters are application-dependent and Not specified for this item; refer to your protocol/SOP.

• Stability considerations

  • Minimize light exposure and air/oxidants; consider adding inert gas overlay for long measurements. Prepare fresh solutions when high photochemical fidelity is required.

Green Alternatives

Given L-tryptophan’s inherent suitability for aqueous systems, greener strategies focus on solvent selection and minimizing protecting-group waste.

• Prefer aqueous over aprotic polar solvents (literature/general)

  • Use water or aqueous buffers for dissolution, analytics, and biocatalysis instead of DMSO/DMF when feasible.

• Protected derivatives vs direct use

  • Direct aqueous-phase transformations (e.g., enzymatic couplings) can avoid protection/deprotection steps and associated solvent-intensive workups.

• Example comparison (literature/general)

  • Aqueous buffer (pH-adjusted) vs DMSO stocks
    • Greenness: water is renewable, low-toxicity; DMSO has higher life-cycle impact.
    • Performance: aqueous stocks are ideal for biological assays; DMSO enables higher concentrations but may interfere with sensitive systems.
  • Enzymatic peptide ligation (e.g., sortase, ligases) vs traditional carbodiimide couplings
    • Greenness: enzyme methods often run in water at ambient temperature with fewer hazardous reagents.

• Waste minimization

  • Use solid-phase peptide synthesis with greener solvents where validated (e.g., Me-THF or green DMF replacements under development), and optimize coupling to reduce excess reagents.

• Note

  • Item-specific green certifications are Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Pharmaceutical Uses

No therapeutic claims. The following are literature/general roles of L-tryptophan in formulation and manufacturing contexts:

• Excipient/processing roles (literature/general)

  • Amino acid excipient in some biopharmaceutical formulations, contributing to protein stabilization via preferential interactions and UV screening.
  • Component of amino acid mixtures and cell culture media used in bioprocess development.

• Compendial status

  • L-Tryptophan monographs exist in major pharmacopeias (e.g., USP/EP/JP) for suitable grades; compliance status for this specific item is Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

• Quality considerations

  • Enantiomeric purity (L-enantiomer content), related indole impurities, residual solvents, and bioburden/endotoxin may be critical for regulated uses; for this research-use-only product, confirm fit-for-purpose via CoA.

• Handling in formulation

  • Protect from light/oxidation to limit indole degradation. Control pH away from pI to maintain solubility in aqueous preparations.

• Note

  • This product is designated For research use only (as provided) and is not intended for human or animal therapeutic use.

Physical Properties

Note: Values below are literature/general references for L-tryptophan; they are not item-specific specifications for SKU T103480.

• Appearance: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Melting point: ~289–290 °C (decomposes) (literature)
• Boiling point: Not applicable (decomposes before boiling) (literature)
• Density (solid): Not commonly reported; Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Solubility (literature)
  • Water (25 °C): ~10–12 g/L; solubility increases in acidic or basic media due to ionization
  • Insoluble in nonpolar solvents; sparingly soluble in many alcohols; limited solubility in DMSO/DMF unless warmed or ionized
• pKa values (literature)
  • pKa1 (–CO2H): ~2.38
  • pKa2 (–NH3+): ~9.39
  • Indole N is very weakly acidic (pKa << 0; not protonated under neutral conditions)
• Isoelectric point pI: ~5.89 (literature)
• LogP/logD (literature)
  • XlogP3 (neutral): approximately −1.1; note that the zwitterionic form dominates near neutral pH and governs partitioning
• UV/Vis (literature)
  • Strong UV absorbance near 280 nm; ε280 ≈ 5,500 M−1 cm−1 in aqueous solution depending on pH and ionic strength
• Optical rotation (literature)
  • [α]D may vary with concentration and solvent; commonly reported around −30° to −32° (c ≈ 1, H2O), but exact value depends on conditions. Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Quality and Grades

• Item-specific grade

  • Grade: Moligand™ (as provided). Specific acceptance criteria (purity assay, metals, residual solvents, UV cutoff, microbial limits) are Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

• About Moligand™ grade (general description)

  • The Moligand™ line is positioned for research use in synthesis and life-science workflows where batch-to-batch consistency and well-controlled impurities are important. Typical expectations include tight control of organic impurities, moisture, and form (salt/tautomer/solvate) suitable for reproducible experimental outcomes. Exact specifications, if any (e.g., chiral purity, heavy metals), must be confirmed on the lot-specific CoA.

• What to verify for L-tryptophan (practical guidance)

  • Enantiomeric purity (L-isomer content) and overall assay (e.g., HPLC) are critical for biochemical and peptide applications.
  • Water content (Karl Fischer), inorganic ions (e.g., sulfate, chloride), and bioburden/endotoxin may be relevant for sensitive biological assays. Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
  • Particle size and flow properties may influence dissolution and weighing precision in formulation or media prep.

• Stabilizers/antioxidants

  • None indicated in Product Data. If stabilizers are present, they will be listed on the CoA/SDS. Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Reaction and Applications

This product is primarily used as a biochemical standard and chiral building block, with additional roles in spectroscopy.

• Biochemical and analytical uses (literature/general)

  • UV/fluorescence standard: strong absorbance at 280 nm and fluorescence emission ~350 nm (excitation 280–295 nm) make L-tryptophan a common calibration and protein quantitation aid.
  • Media/component: used in defined media or as a supplement in biochemical studies and enzyme assays (non-sterile laboratory use unless otherwise specified).
  • Derivatization for chromatography: reacts with OPA, FMOC-Cl, dansyl chloride for amino analysis by HPLC; conditions typically mild and aqueous.

• Synthetic/chiral pool applications (literature/general)

  • Chiral building block in peptide synthesis (via Fmoc/Boc-protected derivatives, and methyl/tert-butyl esters of the carboxyl group).
  • Indole functionalization: electrophilic substitution (e.g., halogenation) at C-2/C-3 after appropriate protection; enables cross-coupling (e.g., Suzuki) on derived halides.
  • Amide couplings: EDCI, HATU, or DIC/HOBt in DMF/NMP/MeCN with base (DIPEA) at 0–25 °C, typically 0.5–12 h for peptide extensions.

• Practical tips

  • Protect the α-amine (e.g., Fmoc/Boc) and carboxyl (ester) under peptide coupling to prevent oligomerization and racemization.
  • The indole ring is prone to oxidation and electrophilic attack; avoid harsh oxidants and strong acids. Work under inert atmosphere for sensitive transformations.
  • Maintain pH control in aqueous systems to ensure solubility; avoid precipitation near the isoelectric point during formulation or assay setup.

Reaction Conditions

General literature guidance for transformations involving L-tryptophan and its protected derivatives:

• Peptide coupling

  • Solvents: DMF, NMP, or MeCN; for SPPS, DMF or greener validated alternatives.
  • Reagents: HATU/HBTU (1.0–1.2 equiv), DIPEA (2–4 equiv) or EDCI (1.1–1.5 equiv) with HOBt/Oxyma.
  • Temperature/time: 0–25 °C, 15 min–12 h depending on sterics; monitor by HPLC/MS. Avoid prolonged basic conditions to minimize racemization.

• Protection/deprotection

  • Fmoc protection: Fmoc-OSu in aqueous/organic biphasic or DMF with base; deprotect with 20% piperidine in DMF (minutes) for SPPS.
  • Boc protection: Boc2O with base (NaHCO3/Na2CO3) in dioxane/water; deprotect with TFA in CH2Cl2; protect indole N if required.
  • Esterification: MeOH/HCl (cat.) or tert-BuOH with acid catalysts; avoid conditions that promote indole decomposition.

• Indole functionalization

  • Halogenation: NBS/NCS (0.9–1.1 equiv) in DMF/AcOH at 0–25 °C, minutes to hours; monitor to avoid over-bromination.
  • Cross-coupling (on halo-derivatives): Pd(PPh3)4 or Pd(dppf)Cl2 (1–5 mol%), base (K2CO3/Cs2CO3), toluene/THF/H2O or dioxane/H2O, 50–90 °C, 2–16 h.

• Analytical/spectroscopic use

  • UV/Fluorescence: λmax(abs) ~280 nm; emission ~350 nm in water; avoid quenchers and adjust pH away from pI for clear solutions.

• Yields and optimization

  • Highly substrate- and method-dependent; refer to specific procedures. No item-specific reaction performance is specified for SKU T103480.

Safety and Handling

Item-specific hazard classification not provided for SKU T103480. Always consult the product SDS for authoritative information.

• GHS information (item-specific)

  • Signal word: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
  • Hazard statements: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
  • Pictograms: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.

• General safety considerations (literature/general)

  • L-tryptophan is a non-volatile solid; handle as a laboratory chemical. Avoid dust generation and inhalation.
  • Use standard PPE: lab coat, safety glasses, and appropriate chemical-resistant gloves. Employ local exhaust if dust may form.
  • Incompatibilities: strong oxidizers, nitrosating agents; prolonged exposure to strong acids/bases or high heat can cause decomposition and indole oxidation.
  • Thermal hazards: decomposes on strong heating; do not melt for purification.

• First aid (overview; defer to SDS)

  • Inhalation: move to fresh air; seek medical advice if symptoms persist.
  • Skin/eye contact: rinse with water for several minutes; remove contaminated clothing; seek medical attention if irritation persists.
  • Ingestion: rinse mouth; do not induce vomiting; seek medical attention.

• Spill/Disposal (general)

  • Avoid creating dust; collect mechanically or dampen and wipe. Dispose of contents/container in accordance with local regulations and institutional policies.

Solvent Selection

L-Tryptophan is a zwitterionic, aromatic amino acid with limited solubility in neutral water but greatly enhanced solubility when ionized. Solvent choice should consider ionization state, downstream use, and compatibility with analytics.

• Polarity and miscibility (literature/general)

  • Strongly hydrophilic when ionized; minimal solubility in nonpolar solvents.
  • Aqueous buffers (pH <2.5 or >9.5) increase solubility via protonation/deprotonation.
  • Moderate solubility in polar aprotic solvents (DMSO, DMF) can be achieved with warming or minimal base/acid; however, aqueous systems are generally preferred for bioassays.

• Practical selection tips

  • For biochemical assays: dissolve in water or buffer adjusted modestly away from pI (~5.9). pH 2–4 (dilute HCl) or pH 9–11 (NaOH) typically affords clear stocks; neutralize after dilution into assay media.
  • For peptide coupling: use DMF/NMP with protected derivatives (e.g., Fmoc-L-Trp-OH or Boc-L-Trp-OH) to ensure solubility and compatibility with coupling reagents.
  • For fluorescence/UV standards: prepare in phosphate or Tris buffers, avoiding high ionic strength or quenchers (e.g., iodide) when measuring emission.

• Comparison (literature/general)

  • Tryptophan vs tyrosine/phenylalanine: tryptophan exhibits stronger absorbance at 280 nm and higher fluorescence quantum yield; choose tryptophan when higher sensitivity is needed.
  • Aqueous buffer vs DMSO: water/buffer is greener and better for biological relevance; DMSO can be used for concentrated stocks but may impact assays.

Storage and Reconstitution

• Item-specific storage/shipping (from Product Data)

  • Storage Conditions: Room temperature
  • Shipped In: Normal

• Stability notes (general)

  • Keep tightly closed in a dry, well-ventilated place. Protect from light to minimize indole photooxidation. Avoid prolonged exposure to elevated humidity and heat.

• Reconstitution guidance (literature/general)

  • Water/buffer: To prepare concentrated stocks, dissolve L-tryptophan in water adjusted to pH 2–4 (dilute HCl) or pH 9–11 (NaOH), then dilute into the working buffer and readjust pH as needed.
  • Organic media: For non-aqueous applications, limited solubility in DMSO/DMF can be improved with gentle warming and sonication; consider using protected derivatives for synthetic work.
  • Sterilization: If sterility is required for research applications, filter through a 0.22 μm membrane under aseptic conditions.

• Storage of solutions (general)

  • Short-term (hours–days): 2–8 °C, protected from light.
  • Long-term: Aliquot and store at −20 °C to reduce degradation; avoid repeated freeze–thaw cycles.

• Specifications such as allowable moisture, assay, or stabilizers are Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

• Research Use Note: For research use only (as provided).

Structure and Identity

Overview: L-Tryptophan is an aromatic, proteinogenic α-amino acid bearing an indole side chain and an L-configured stereocenter at the α-carbon.

• Item-specific identifiers (from Product Data)

  • SKU: T103480
  • Product Name: L-Tryptophan
  • CAS: 73-22-3
  • CID: 6305
  • InChIKey: 298119 (as provided)
  • Grade: Moligand™

• Structure description (literature/general)

  • Molecular formula: C11H12N2O2 (literature)
  • Molecular weight: 204.23 g/mol (literature)
  • Stereochemistry: L-configuration at the α-carbon; absolute configuration typically S in the CIP system (literature)
  • Core features: primary α-amine (–NH2), carboxylic acid (–CO2H), and a bicyclic indole (benzene fused to pyrrole) appended via a methylene (–CH2–) at indole C-3 (literature)
  • SMILES (L-isomer, one of several valid): NC@@HC(=O)O (literature)
  • InChIKey (L-tryptophan, literature): QIVBCDIJIAJPQS-VIFPVBQESA-N

• 2D structure in words (literature/general)

  • An α-amino acid backbone (–NH2–CH(R)–CO2H) where R = –CH2–indole. The indole ring comprises a five-membered pyrrolic ring (containing one ring NH) fused to a benzene ring, providing a planar aromatic system capable of π–π interactions and UV absorption near 280 nm.

Synthetic Utility

As a chiral pool molecule, L-tryptophan enables access to complex scaffolds that capitalize on its indole functionality and stereodefined α-center.

• Functional group handles (literature/general)

  • α-Amino and carboxyl groups for amide/peptide couplings; typical protection as Fmoc-L-Trp-OH or Boc-L-Trp-OH, and temporary esterification (Me/tert-Bu esters).
  • Indole ring amenable to electrophilic substitution (C-2/C-3), metalation, and cross-coupling after prior halogenation or directed functionalization.

• Representative transformations

  • Peptide bond formation using carbodiimides (DIC/EDC) or uronium salts (HATU/HBTU) with base (DIPEA), often in DMF/NMP.
  • Side-chain elaboration: C-2 halogenation (NBS/NCS under controlled conditions) followed by Suzuki–Miyaura to install aryl/alkenyl groups; ensure protection to prevent overreaction.
  • Asymmetric syntheses: exploitation of the chiral center in auxiliary-like strategies; conversion to tryptophan-derived oxazolones or N-acyl imidazoliums for stereospecific elaboration.

• Selectivity and protection

  • Indole N is weakly basic; N-protection (e.g., Boc, Ts) can suppress undesired N-alkylation/acyla tion during harsh conditions.
  • Racemization risk during coupling can be mitigated by low temperatures, fast-acting coupling reagents, and additives (e.g., HOAt, Oxyma).

• Retrosynthetic value

  • Serves as a starting point for tryptamine/tryptophol derivatives, β-carbolines, and natural product fragments that retain the indole motif and L-stereochemistry.

Target Specificity

Not applicable. This product is a small-molecule amino acid, not an antibody, enzyme, or affinity reagent. No target/epitope specificity is defined for SKU T103480.