Some cells have difficulty maintaining stable adhesion to culture surfaces in vitro and may exhibit slow attachment, insufficient spreading, or detachment after medium replacement. Treating culture surfaces with adhesion factors such as fibronectin, laminin, collagen, vitronectin, and polylysine ...
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease caused by insufficient insulin secretion, insulin resistance, or a combination of both. Natural products possess diverse structural classes and multiple biological targets and can be used in studies of glucose-metabolism regulation, bioactive ...
Palmitoyl Tripeptide-1 and Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4 frequently appear together in formulations designed for firming, reducing the appearance of fine lines, and improving skin elasticity. The two peptides share a similar molecular design: one end consists of a lipophilic palmitoyl chain, while ...
Aldose reductase (ALR2) is a reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent enzyme in the polyol pathway. The human enzyme is encoded by the aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1 gene (AKR1B1). The molecular design of aldose reductase inhibitors (ARIs) generally requires ...
The endoplasmic reticulum maintains protein homeostasis through molecular chaperones, endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation, and endoplasmic reticulum-selective autophagy. Abnormal proteins that can be unfolded are mainly retrotranslocated through ERAD and degraded by the proteasome, ...
Cellular senescence is a stable state of proliferative arrest induced by cellular damage or stress. Persistent accumulation of senescent cells and their senescence-associated secretory phenotype can promote chronic inflammation and tissue dysfunction, whereas senolytics selectively induce ...
Metabolic disorders involve multiple abnormalities, including insulin resistance, dysregulated glucose and lipid metabolism, chronic inflammation, and oxidative stress. Natural products possess diverse structural classes and molecular targets and can improve metabolic homeostasis by regulating ...
Pyroptosis is a proinflammatory form of regulated cell death mediated by pore formation by Gasdermin family proteins. This process is generally initiated by inflammasome assembly and inflammatory caspase activation, leading to increased plasma membrane permeability, cellular swelling and ...
SARS-CoV-2, human immunodeficiency virus, influenza virus, hepatitis C virus, and hepatitis B virus differ in genome composition, entry pathways, and replication strategies. Interventions targeting receptor binding, membrane fusion, nucleic acid replication, protein processing, genome ...
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