Calcium Gluconate Monohydrate - ≥99%,particle , CAS No.66905-23-5

CAS: 66905-23-5 Cat. No.: C1511297 Formula: C₁₂H₂₂CaO₁₄·H₂O Molecular Weight: 448.39

GRADE & PURITY ≥99%, particle

Storage

Room temperature,Desiccated

Shipped In

Normal

Specifications

Specifications & Purity

≥99%,particle

Storage

Room temperature,Desiccated

Shipped In

Normal

Purity

≥99%

Names and Identifiers

Canonical Smiles

O.OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(=O)O[Ca]OC(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO

IUPAC Name

calcium;(2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoate;hydrate

InChIKey

XLNFVCRGJZBQGX-XRDLMGPZSA-L

INCHI

1S/2C6H12O7.Ca.H2O/c2*7-1-2(8)3(9)4(10)5(11)6(12)13;;/h2*2-5,7-11H,1H2,(H,12,13);;1H2/q;;+2;/p-2/t2*2-,3-,4+,5-;;/m11../s1

Isomeric SMILES

C([C@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](C(=O)[O-])O)O)O)O)O.C([C@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](C(=O)[O-])O)O)O)O)O.O.[Ca+2]

Alternate CAS

18016-24-5

Molecular Weight

448.39

Reaxy-Rn

14447306

Reaxys-RN_link_address

https://www.reaxys.com/reaxys/secured/hopinto.do?context=S&query=IDE.XRN=14447306&ln=

Taxonomic Classification

Taxonomy Tree

• Kingdom Organic compounds
  • Superclass Organic oxygen compounds
    • Class Organooxygen compounds
      • Subclass Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates

• Kingdom: Organic compounds
• Superclass: Organic oxygen compounds
• Class: Organooxygen compounds
• Subclass: Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates
• Intermediate Tree Nodes: Not available
• Direct Parent: Sugar acids and derivatives
• Alternative Parents: Medium-chain hydroxy acids and derivatives Medium-chain fatty acids Beta hydroxy acids and derivatives Hydroxy fatty acids Monosaccharides Secondary alcohols 1,2-diols Carboxylic acid salts Carboxylic acids Organic calcium salts Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives Primary alcohols Organic oxides Hydrocarbon derivatives Organic zwitterions Carbonyl compounds
• Molecular Framework: Not available
• Substituents: Gluconic_acid - Medium-chain hydroxy acid - Medium-chain fatty acid - Beta-hydroxy acid - Hydroxy fatty acid - Hydroxy acid - Fatty acyl - Fatty acid - Monosaccharide - 1,2-diol - Carboxylic acid salt - Secondary alcohol - Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives - Carboxylic acid - Carboxylic acid derivative - Organic calcium salt - Polyol - Organic zwitterion - Organic salt - Hydrocarbon derivative - Organic oxide - Alcohol - Carbonyl group - Primary alcohol - Aliphatic acyclic compound
• Description: This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as sugar acids and derivatives. These are compounds containing a saccharide unit which bears a carboxylic acid group.
• External Descriptors: Not available

Data sources

1. Djoumbou Feunang Y, Eisner R, Knox C, Chepelev L, Hastings J, Owen G, Fahy E, Steinbeck C, Subramanian S, Bolton E, Greiner R, and Wishart DS. ClassyFire: Automated Chemical Classification With A Comprehensive, Computable Taxonomy. Journal of Cheminformatics, 2016, 8:61.

DOI: 10.1186/s13321-016-0174-y

Chemical and Physical Properties

• Melt Point(°C): ca 195° dec.
• Molecular Weight: 430.370 g/mol
• Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 10
• Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 14
• Rotatable Bond Count: 8
• Exact Mass: 430.064 Da
• Monoisotopic Mass: 430.064 Da
• Topological Polar Surface Area: 283.000 Ų
• Heavy Atom Count: 27
• Formal Charge: 0
• Complexity: 165.000
• Isotope Atom Count: 0
• Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
• Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 8
• Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
• Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
• The total count of all stereochemical bonds: 0
• Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 3

XLogP3

Application Protocols

No item-specific, tested application protocols are provided for this SKU. Below are general laboratory procedures (literature/practice) for common uses; adjust to your system and consult the CoA/SDS.

• Preparation of 100 mL of 100 mM Ca2+ solution:

  1. Calculate mass using MW ≈ 448.39 g/mol for the monohydrate. For 0.1 mol/L Ca2+ from Ca(Glu)2, add 0.05 mol of salt (since each mole supplies 1 mol Ca2+): mass ≈ 0.05 mol × 448.39 g/mol = 22.42 g. Note: Verify hydration state and adjust accordingly.
  2. Add ~70 mL DI water to a beaker, begin stirring, and add the solid gradually. Warm to 30–40 °C if needed.
  3. After dissolution, cool to room temperature, bring volume to 100 mL with DI water, and filter if clarity is required.

• Alginate bead formation (slow-release Ca2+):

  1. Prepare 1–2% (w/v) sodium alginate in water. Degas if necessary.
  2. Prepare 10–50 mM Ca2+ bath from calcium gluconate.
  3. Extrude alginate into the Ca-gluconate bath; allow 5–30 min for gelation. Rinse beads with buffer lacking phosphate.

• Buffer supplementation:

  1. Prepare your base buffer (e.g., 20 mM HEPES, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.4).
  2. Add calcium gluconate to reach 0.5–2 mM Ca2+. Mix thoroughly and check for haze; if present, reduce phosphate/carbonate or add calcium last.

These are example workflows and not product specifications.

Biological Roles

General biochemistry context (literature; no clinical claims):

• Calcium: An essential divalent cation involved in signal transduction, membrane potential stabilization, blood clotting cascades, enzyme activation, and structural roles in bones and cell walls. In vitro, free Ca2+ modulates adhesion, contraction, secretion, and enzyme activities.
• Gluconate: The gluconate anion is the oxidized form of glucose (gluconic acid). It is a polyhydroxy carboxylate that can chelate metal ions. In microbes, gluconate can enter carbohydrate catabolism (e.g., Entner–Doudoroff and pentose phosphate pathways) after conversion to 6-phosphogluconate (literature). In mammalian systems, exogenous gluconate is considered metabolically benign and of low toxicity, though it can weakly complex cations.

Laboratory relevance:

• Media supplementation: Calcium gluconate offers a way to raise Ca2+ activity in cell culture or biochemical assays without chloride or phosphate. The gluconate counterion exerts minimal osmotic and buffering effects at typical concentrations.
• Enzyme/cofactor studies: Controlled Ca2+ addition can probe Ca2+-dependent enzymes and binding proteins (e.g., calmodulin systems), with gluconate exerting weak competitive binding mainly at higher anion concentrations.
• Biomaterials: In hydrogel systems (alginate, pectin, gelatin methacrylate), calcium gluconate can provide a slower, more homogeneous crosslinking front versus strongly dissociated salts, improving gradient-free constructs.

Note: The above describes biochemical roles and laboratory uses. It does not imply suitability for clinical or nutritional applications. Verify endotoxin/bioburden and trace-metal levels with the CoA if using in sensitive biological assays.

Buffer Applications

Applicability: Calcium Gluconate Monohydrate is not a primary buffer component. It is used to supply Ca2+ in buffered systems. The gluconate anion (conjugate acid pKa ~3.6–3.9, literature) offers minimal buffering near physiological pH.

Practical buffer guidance (literature/practice):

• Calcium supplementation: Add to established buffers (e.g., HEPES, Tris, MOPS) to achieve desired free Ca2+. Avoid phosphate buffers to prevent Ca3(PO4)2 precipitation. For carbonate-containing systems, control CO2 to avoid CaCO3 formation.
• Free Ca2+ control: Because gluconate weakly complexes Ca2+, the free Ca2+ concentration will be lower than the analytical Ca2+ concentration. Use speciation calculations or Ca2+-selective electrodes to set target free Ca2+ (particularly in enzyme or channel studies).
• Typical working ranges: Laboratory supplements often range from 0.1 to 10 mM total Ca2+, depending on application. For hydrogel crosslinking, higher concentrations (10–100 mM) may be used.
• Preparation tips: Dissolve in deionized water, filter sterilize if needed (0.22 µm), and mix with the buffer base after pH adjustment. If precipitation occurs upon mixing, reduce phosphate/carbonate concentration, add calcium last, or switch to non-precipitating buffers (e.g., HEPES).

Recipes (illustrative, not item specs):

• HEPES-buffered saline without phosphate: 20 mM HEPES, 150 mM NaCl, 1–2 mM Ca2+ (from calcium gluconate), pH 7.4.

Note: These are general laboratory practices, not product specifications. Confirm compatibility with your system.

Green Alternatives

Perspective: Calcium Gluconate Monohydrate itself is a relatively low-toxicity, water-compatible salt that aligns well with green chemistry principles for aqueous processes. Opportunities for greener choices relate mainly to the selection of the calcium source and solvent system for your application.

Comparison (literature-based, general guidance):

• Calcium sources:
  • Calcium gluconate: Benign organic counterion; moderate solubility; buffers free Ca2+ via weak chelation—useful for controlled release in gelation of biopolymers. Preferred when avoiding chloride or nitrate and when working in water at ambient conditions.
  • Calcium chloride: Highly soluble and inexpensive but hygroscopic and introduces chloride (can affect corrosion, downstream waste). Generates brines with high ionic strength.
  • Calcium lactate/acetate: Organic counterions with relatively good aqueous solubility and biodegradability; select based on needed free Ca2+ and compatibility with your matrix.
• Solvent/medium: Favor water as the reaction/processing medium. Avoid organic cosolvents when possible; if viscosity control is needed, glycerol or propylene glycol are preferable to VOCs.

Trade-offs:

• Gluconate anion can chelate and reduce free Ca2+, which is beneficial for controlled release but may be a drawback when immediate, high free Ca2+ is required—then CaCl2 may be greener overall by reducing mass and energy (less heating to dissolve) despite chloride in waste.

Implementation tips:

• Use room-temperature aqueous processing, minimize heating, and avoid phosphate to prevent wasteful precipitation.
• Optimize stoichiometry to reduce excess calcium and downstream neutralization or filtration needs.

Pharmaceutical Uses

Scope note: The following describes general formulation roles for calcium gluconate as a substance. It does not make therapeutic claims and does not imply a particular regulatory grade for this SKU. This product is for research use only.

Formulation and manufacturing context (literature/general):

• Excipient/nutrient salt: Calcium gluconate is widely used as a calcium source in aqueous formulations because its organic counterion is relatively non-irritating and compatible with many excipients. Monohydrate form provides consistent assay for Ca2+ content.
• Compendial status: Monographs for Calcium Gluconate (anhydrous/monohydrate and injectable) exist in major pharmacopeias (e.g., USP/EP, literature). These monographs specify assay, identification, impurities, loss on drying, pH, and elemental impurities. Such status is not implied for this SKU unless stated on the CoA.
• Processing notes: Readily processed in aqueous systems; solutions may require gentle heating to achieve target concentrations. Because gluconate can chelate metals, container/closure choices should consider potential interaction with multivalent ions (e.g., avoid residual phosphate cleaners).
• Compatibility: Generally compatible with many hydrophilic polymers, sugars, polyols, and amino acids. Incompatible with phosphates and carbonates due to precipitation of calcium salts.
• Quality considerations: For regulated use, control bioburden/endotoxin, assay for Ca2+ content, residual solvents (typically none), and verify hydration state. Particle size may affect dissolution rate and filtration.

For this catalog item: No claim is made regarding USP/EP grade or suitability for human or veterinary use. Consult the CoA/Spec Sheet for exact grade and impurity limits.

Physical Properties

Item-specific properties: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Literature/general (for Calcium Gluconate Monohydrate; not item specs):

• Physical state: White to off-white, odorless, crystalline solid (literature)
• Molecular weight: ~448.39 g/mol (monohydrate)
• Solubility: Moderately soluble in water; literature reports on the order of a few grams per 100 mL at 20–25 °C; practically insoluble in ethanol and many organic solvents. Solubility increases with temperature.
• pKa of conjugate acid (gluconic acid): ~3.6–3.9 (literature). As a calcium salt, solution pH is mildly acidic to near-neutral depending on concentration and CO2 exposure.
• Hygroscopicity: Mildly hygroscopic; contains one water of crystallization (monohydrate). Can pick up additional moisture under high humidity.
• Thermal behavior: Loses water of crystallization on heating; decomposes at elevated temperature to calcium oxides/carbonates with caramelization of the organic moiety (literature). A sharp melting point is not typically observed due to decomposition.
• Density: Reported in literature near 1.5–1.7 g/cm³ for related hydrates; specific value for the monohydrate varies by packing and is not standardized.
• Optical activity: The gluconate anion derives from D-glucose; optical rotation is attributable to the carbohydrate backbone in solution (literature).

Caveat: Values above are representative literature information for context and method development and are not specifications for SKU C1511297.

Quality & Grades

Item-specific grade/purity statements: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Context for this compound type (general guidance for professional users):

• Typical grades found in the market include reagent grade, food/feed grade, and compendial pharmaceutical grades (e.g., USP/EP) for calcium gluconate. Each grade differs in allowable impurities (metals, residual solvents, microbial limits) and assay.
• Reagent-grade material is appropriate for most research applications, solution preparation, and materials synthesis where compendial documentation is not required.
• Compendial/Ph. Eur./USP grades (literature) include tests for identity (IR, wet chemistry), assay (complexometric Ca2+ content or titration after ignition), related substances (organic impurities), water of hydration (loss on drying), pH of solution, and heavy metals/elemental impurities (per ICH Q3D). These are critical in regulated manufacturing contexts but are not implied for this SKU unless explicitly stated on the CoA.
• Hydration state: This listing is the monohydrate. Hydration influences assay (percent Ca2+ by mass) and solution preparation. Confirm hydration state on the CoA for accurate molarity/normality calculations.
• Stabilizers: Not typically required. No stabilizer is indicated for this item; if a stabilizer is present in a specific lot, it will be disclosed on the CoA.

Recommendation: For analytical or cell-culture workflows sensitive to trace metals or bioburden, request the latest CoA/Spec Sheet to verify grade, elemental profile, microbial limits, and loss-on-drying.

Reaction & Applications

Research and manufacturing contexts where Calcium Gluconate Monohydrate is valuable (literature/practice):

• Calcium source in aqueous systems: Provides Ca2+ with a relatively benign organic counterion. Useful where chloride, nitrate, or acetate must be avoided.
• Biomaterials and polymer crosslinking: Controlled release of Ca2+ for ionic gelation of alginate and pectin. Gluconate can reduce the free Ca2+ activity compared with CaCl2, affording slower, more uniform gelation and improved mechanical homogeneity.
• Coordination/templating chemistry: Precursor to calcium carbonate or calcium oxide materials via thermal treatment; can act as a sacrificial organic template leaving Ca-based inorganic phases.
• Analytical chemistry: Standard/calibration matrix where Ca2+ is needed with minimal interference from strongly coordinating anions. Also used to adjust ionic strength without chloride.
• Electrochemistry/corrosion: Calcium gluconate solutions are explored as corrosion inhibitors and benign electrolytes in certain systems (literature), leveraging gluconate’s chelation of Fe2+/Fe3+.
• Bioprocessing: Supplementation of culture media or process buffers with Ca2+ to modulate cell adhesion, enzyme stability, or aggregation phenomena, avoiding chloride or phosphate load (application-specific; confirm compatibility).

Practical tips:

• Dissolution: Slowly add to warm deionized water with strong stirring; allow time for wetting. Adjust pH only after dissolution. Filter if particulates persist.
• Precipitation control: Avoid phosphate and high carbonate; purge with N2/Ar for sensitive work to limit CO2 uptake and CaCO3 formation.
• Assay/molarity: Use the monohydrate formula weight (~448.39 g/mol) for molarity calculations unless the CoA indicates a different hydration state.

Reaction Conditions

General laboratory conditions where Calcium Gluconate Monohydrate is employed (literature guidance; not item specs):

• Dissolution/stock preparation: 0.1–1.0 M stocks can be challenging due to moderate solubility; typical working solutions are 1–100 mM Ca2+. Dissolve in deionized water at 20–40 °C with vigorous stirring; filter (0.22 µm) for clarity/sterility.
• Alginate gelation: 10–100 mM total Ca2+ in aqueous media at room temperature; gelation time from seconds to minutes depending on polymer concentration and ionic strength. Gluconate slows release of free Ca2+, providing more uniform crosslinking than CaCl2.
• Precipitation control: Keep phosphate/carbonate below precipitation thresholds; add calcium last. Work under low-CO2 atmosphere for carbonate-sensitive systems. pH 6.5–7.5 commonly used for biomaterials; slightly acidic conditions increase solubility but may destabilize some matrices.
• Materials preparation: For CaCO3 formation, react aqueous calcium gluconate with carbonate/bicarbonate at ambient temperature; polymorph control (vaterite/aragonite/calcite) depends on temperature, additives, and supersaturation. For CaO, calcine dried solids >700–900 °C under inert or air, per literature protocols.
• Enzymology/biochemistry: Supplement buffers with 0.1–5 mM Ca2+ to probe Ca2+-dependent activity; validate free Ca2+ using chelator background (e.g., EGTA) and speciation models.

Expected outcomes (literature):

• Clear to slightly opalescent solutions in water; precipitation occurs upon mixing with phosphate/carbonate-rich solutions. Gel strengths in alginate increase with Ca2+ concentration and contact time, reaching plateau within minutes to hours.

Safety & Handling

Item-specific GHS/SDS details: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.

General safety guidance (literature/practice; not a substitute for the SDS):

• Hazard profile: Calcium gluconate is generally regarded as low hazard for laboratory handling. Dust may cause mechanical eye or respiratory irritation. Large oral exposures may affect electrolyte balance; avoid ingestion and inhalation of dust.
• PPE: Wear safety glasses, laboratory coat, and appropriate gloves. Use a dust mask or work in a fume hood if generating airborne particulates during weighing or transfer.
• Handling: Avoid dust formation. Do not mix with strong oxidizers. When preparing solutions, add solid slowly to water with stirring to prevent clumping; gentle warming may aid dissolution.
• Incompatibilities: Strong oxidizing agents; strong acids (will protonate gluconate and can release gluconic acid) and strong bases (may alter calcium speciation/precipitate Ca(OH)2 or CaCO3 in CO2-containing environments). Avoid carbonate-rich basic media if precipitation of CaCO3 would be problematic.
• First aid (overview):
  • Inhalation: Move to fresh air; seek medical advice if irritation persists.
  • Eye contact: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes; remove contact lenses if present and easy to do; seek medical attention if irritation continues.
  • Skin contact: Wash with soap and water; remove contaminated clothing.
  • Ingestion: Rinse mouth; do not induce vomiting; seek medical advice.
• Fire: Not flammable as a salt; organic content may char. Use water spray, CO2, foam, or dry chemical. Combustion may produce COx and CaO/CaCO3 residues.

Always consult the product-specific SDS for definitive hazard classification, first-aid, spill, and disposal procedures.

Solvent Selection

Applicability: As an ionic calcium salt, Calcium Gluconate Monohydrate is used primarily in aqueous media. Organic solvents are generally unsuitable due to poor solubility.

General solvent behavior (literature):

• Polarity: Highly polar/ionic; behaves as a strong electrolyte in water.
• Aqueous solubility: Moderate; increases with temperature. Gentle warming and vigorous stirring aid dissolution. Adjusting pH toward mildly acidic can improve gluconate solubility but may change calcium speciation.
• Organic solvents: Practically insoluble in alcohols (ethanol, isopropanol), acetone, and most aprotic organic solvents.
• Mixed solvents: Water–glycerol or water–propylene glycol mixtures can solubilize calcium gluconate better than neat organics, but watch viscosity and complexation.

Selection guidance:

• Choose water or buffered saline (without phosphate when free Ca2+ is desired) for preparing stock solutions.
• Avoid phosphate-containing buffers if maintaining Ca2+ in solution is critical, as Ca3(PO4)2 precipitation can occur.
• For alginate gelation or biomaterials work, use deionized water or HEPES/Tris buffers lacking phosphate and carbonate to minimize precipitation.

Comparisons:

• Versus calcium chloride: CaCl2 is much more soluble but introduces chloride and is more hygroscopic—use when high Ca2+ concentration is needed. Calcium gluconate provides Ca2+ with an organic counterion that can chelate and moderate free Ca2+ activity.
• Versus calcium lactate: Similar use; lactate is less complexing than gluconate; choose based on required free Ca2+ and solubility in your matrix.

Structure & Identity

Brief: Calcium Gluconate Monohydrate is an ionic calcium salt of the aldonic acid gluconate, isolated as the monohydrate. It comprises one Ca2+ coordinated by two D-gluconate anions and one lattice water molecule.

Item-specific (from Product Data):

• SKU: C1511297
• Product name: Calcium Gluconate Monohydrate
• CAS: 66905-23-5
• PubChem CID: 23724989
• InChIKey: 421020 (as provided)
• Storage: Room temperature, desiccated; shipped at ambient (Normal)
• Grade/Purity: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Literature/computed identity (not item specifications):

• Preferred IUPAC name (literature): Calcium bis[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoate] monohydrate
• Molecular formula (monohydrate, literature): C12H24CaO15
• Molecular weight (monohydrate, literature): ~448.39 g/mol
• Functional groups: one divalent metal cation (Ca2+); two carboxylate groups (from two gluconate anions); multiple secondary alcohols on each sugar-derived chain; one water of crystallization.
• 2D structural description (literature): Central Ca2+ ion ionically paired with two gluconate anions (each an open-chain, D-configuration hexonic acid with a terminal carboxylate and four adjacent secondary alcohols along the chain), plus one lattice H2O. No covalent Ca–O bonds are shown in line structures; coordination is typically represented by ionic pairing and possible chelation from gluconate oxygens.
• SMILES/InChI (literature): Representative SMILES for the ionic pair exists but varies by notation; not specified here to avoid ambiguity.

Notes: Stereochemistry corresponds to D-gluconate (typical in literature). Always consult the CoA for the exact stereochemical designation and hydration state supplied for this lot.

Synthetic Utility

Chemistry perspective (literature/practice):

• Functional features: Provides Ca2+ as a Lewis acidic, hard cation in water; gluconate is a polyhydroxy carboxylate ligand capable of bidentate/multidentate chelation to metals. The salt is non-volatile and water-processable.
• Inorganic materials precursor: Thermal decomposition yields CaO/CaCO3, enabling use as a benign calcium source for preparing Ca-containing ceramics, catalysts, or as a templating agent in carbon–calcium composites.
• Polymer crosslinking: Controls ionic crosslinking kinetics with alginates/pectins relative to CaCl2, enabling gradient-free gel formation for 3D printing and encapsulation.
• Coordination chemistry: Gluconate ligation stabilizes metal ions in solution; mixed-metal gluconate systems are used to modulate speciation, nucleation, and deposition (e.g., scale control or corrosion inhibition studies).
• Analytical and separations: As an additive, calcium gluconate can adjust ionic strength and Ca2+ activity in capillary electrophoresis or chromatography buffers where chloride or nitrate are undesirable.
• Retrosynthetic role: Serves as a readily available, inexpensive Ca2+ source in aqueous-phase reactions (e.g., transesterifications or acylations catalyzed by Ca2+ under mild conditions, literature), though catalytic efficiency often lags behind stronger Lewis acids.

Practical notes:

• Use the monohydrate formula weight for stoichiometry. Confirm the hydration state on the CoA.
• For materials syntheses, control the atmosphere (CO2) to direct formation towards CaCO3 polymorphs or suppress carbonation if CaO is desired post-calcination.

Target Specificity

Not applicable. This product is a small-molecule inorganic–organic salt, not an antibody, enzyme, or targeted biological reagent. No antigen/epitope or species reactivity applies.