dextran sulfates sodium - MW 10000 , CAS No.9011-18-1

CAS: 9011-18-1 Cat. No.: D397439 EC Number: 618-471-1 PubChem CID: 2337

GRADE & PURITY MW 10000

Synonyms

4-aminobenzoic acid-ethyl ester | Anaesthesinum | Benzoak | ETHYL4-AMINOBENZOATE | Norcaine | Norcainum | Aethoform | Anaesthin | Bensokain | HSDB 7225 | BENZOCAINE [USP MONOGRAPH] | CAS-94-09-7 | Benzoic acid, 4-amino-, ethyl ester | Chiggerex | Ethoform

Storage

Store at 2-8°C,Argon charged,Desiccated

Shipped In

Wet ice

Overview

The DSS is supplied as the sodium salt and is stabilized by a small addition of phosphate salts. A certificate of analysis is supplied with each batch. The molecular weight range, sulfur content, moisture etc. are carefully controlled.

Dosage recommendations

A concentration of 2-4% DSS in the drinking water is recommended for obtaining clinical symptoms in mice and variations will depend on the strain, ages, sex and liquid consumption. For rats, somewhat higher concentrations may be required, the recommended dosage is 3.5-5%. The dosage in all experimental animals should also be adjusted in accordance to the requirements of your study – a milder onset of colitis or a more aggressive response. Those wishing to use DSS must consider the purpose of the study and thereby first test a range of doses from 2.5 to 5 % DSS in the drinking water.

Structure

Dextran is a polysaccharide derived from the bacterium Leuconostoc mesenteroides B512F and consists of an α-D-(1 – 6) linear glucan with a low content (ca. 5%) of sidechains linked to the 3-carbon of glucose. DSS is a sulfated derivative of a dextran fraction with a mean molecular weight of 40 kDa. The degree of sulfatation of DSS lies between 16 to 20 %. This is a vital parameter in ensuring potency of the product.

Applications

Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) is used to induce intestinal inflammation in experimental animals.

Specifications

Synonyms

4-aminobenzoic acid-ethyl ester | Anaesthesinum | Benzoak | ETHYL4-AMINOBENZOATE | Norcaine | Norcainum | Aethoform | Anaesthin | Bensokain | HSDB 7225 | BENZOCAINE [USP MONOGRAPH] | CAS-94-09-7 | Benzoic acid, 4-amino-, ethyl ester | Chiggerex | Ethoform

Specifications & Purity

MW 10000

Storage

Store at 2-8°C,Argon charged,Desiccated

Shipped In

Wet ice

This product requires cold chain shipping. Ground and other economy services are not available.

Product Properties

ALogP

1.9

Names and Identifiers

IUPAC Name

ethyl 4-aminobenzoate

InChIKey

BLFLLBZGZJTVJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N

INCHI

1S/C9H11NO2/c1-2-12-9(11)7-3-5-8(10)6-4-7/h3-6H,2,10H2,1H3

Isomeric SMILES

CCOC(=O)C1=CC=C(C=C1)N

WGK Germany

2

RTECS

HH9290000

PubChem CID

2337

Taxonomic Classification

Taxonomy Tree

• Kingdom Organic compounds
  • Superclass Benzenoids
    • Class Benzene and substituted derivatives
      • Subclass Benzoic acids and derivatives

• Kingdom: Organic compounds
• Superclass: Benzenoids
• Class: Benzene and substituted derivatives
• Subclass: Benzoic acids and derivatives
• Intermediate Tree Nodes: Not available
• Direct Parent: Benzoic acid esters
• Alternative Parents: Aminobenzoic acids and derivatives Benzoyl derivatives Aniline and substituted anilines Carboxylic acid esters Amino acids and derivatives Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives Primary amines Organopnictogen compounds Organooxygen compounds Organic oxides Hydrocarbon derivatives
• Molecular Framework: Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds
• Substituents: Aminobenzoic acid or derivatives - Benzoate ester - Benzoyl - Aniline or substituted anilines - Amino acid or derivatives - Carboxylic acid ester - Carboxylic acid derivative - Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives - Amine - Organonitrogen compound - Organooxygen compound - Primary amine - Hydrocarbon derivative - Organic oxide - Organopnictogen compound - Organic oxygen compound - Organic nitrogen compound - Aromatic homomonocyclic compound
• Description: This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzoic acid esters. These are ester derivatives of benzoic acid.
• External Descriptors: substituted aniline - benzoate ester

Data sources

1. Djoumbou Feunang Y, Eisner R, Knox C, Chepelev L, Hastings J, Owen G, Fahy E, Steinbeck C, Subramanian S, Bolton E, Greiner R, and Wishart DS. ClassyFire: Automated Chemical Classification With A Comprehensive, Computable Taxonomy. Journal of Cheminformatics, 2016, 8:61.

DOI: 10.1186/s13321-016-0174-y

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PDE5A Tclin Phosphodiesterase 5A (5113 Activities)

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ESR1 Tclin Estrogen receptor alpha (17718 Activities)

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MAOA Tclin Monoamine oxidase A (11911 Activities)

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PTGS1 Tclin Cyclooxygenase-1 (9233 Activities)

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SLC6A2 Tclin Norepinephrine transporter (10102 Activities)

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HTR2C Tclin Serotonin 2c (5-HT2c) receptor (11471 Activities)

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AVPR2 Tclin Vasopressin V2 receptor (2912 Activities)

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OPRD1 Tclin Delta opioid receptor (15096 Activities)

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OPRK1 Tclin Kappa opioid receptor (16155 Activities)

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SLC6A3 Tclin Dopamine transporter (10535 Activities)

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CACNA1C Tclin Voltage-gated L-type calcium channel alpha-1C subunit (766 Activities)

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Agtr2 Angiotensin II type 2 (AT-2) receptor (803 Activities)

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Cckar Cholecystokinin A receptor (90 Activities)

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Scn2a Sodium channel alpha subunits; brain (Types I, II, III) (344 Activities)

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Whole blood (71 Activities)

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Mechanisms of Action

Chemical and Physical Properties

• Solubility: soluble in water
• Sensitivity: Moisture sensitive
• Specific Rotation[α]: 93° (C=6,H2O)
• Molecular Weight: 165.190 g/mol
• XLogP3: 1.900
• Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
• Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
• Rotatable Bond Count: 3
• Exact Mass: 165.079 Da
• Monoisotopic Mass: 165.079 Da
• Topological Polar Surface Area: 52.300 Ų
• Heavy Atom Count: 12
• Formal Charge: 0
• Complexity: 151.000
• Isotope Atom Count: 0
• Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
• Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
• Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
• Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
• The total count of all stereochemical bonds: 0
• Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1

Application Protocols

• Item-specific (Product Data)
  • Manufacturer protocols: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Literature/general protocols (research use only)
  • Preparation of aqueous stock solutions
    • Target concentration: 1–10% (w/v) depending on use.
    • Procedure: Add DSS slowly to ~80% of final volume of water or buffer with gentle stirring to avoid clumping. Stir until fully dissolved (typically minutes to hours depending on MW and concentration). Bring to volume. Optional: Adjust ionic strength with NaCl to tailor viscosity and interactions.
    • Clarification/sterilization: Filter through 0.22 μm PES or PVDF. For highly viscous solutions, use 0.45 μm or prefilter.
  • Polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles (with a polycation)
    • Prepare separate solutions of DSS and the cationic polymer at equal charge concentrations (calculate using sulfur content/DS for DSS and amine content for the polycation).
    • Add the polycation solution dropwise to the DSS solution under stirring. Monitor turbidity and size (DLS). Adjust salt (0–300 mM NaCl) to control complex size and stability.
  • Surface layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly
    • Substrate pre-rinse in buffer (e.g., 10 mM HEPES, 150 mM NaCl). Immerse in DSS (0.5–2 mg/mL) for 5–10 min, rinse, then immerse in polycation of similar concentration. Repeat to desired bilayers. Characterize by QCM-D/ellipsometry/contact angle.
  • Notes
    • Use low-endotoxin water and sterile technique for cell-adjacent research. Validate MW, DS, and sulfur content for quantitative work.

Biological Roles

• Item-specific (Product Data)
  • No biological role claims are specified for this item; For research use only.
• Literature/general background (non-clinical)
  • Origin and analogy: Dextran is a bacterial exopolysaccharide (α-1,6-glucan) produced by Leuconostoc and related genera. Sulfation yields a polyanion that mimics certain features of glycosaminoglycans (e.g., heparan sulfate) in terms of charge density and sulfate presentation.
  • Biomolecular interactions: DSS engages in strong electrostatic interactions with basic proteins, peptides, and polycations. It can sequester or displace cationic ligands, modulate protein–protein interactions, and alter colloidal stability of biomacromolecules in vitro.
  • In vitro systems: Frequently used to probe polyelectrolyte effects on enzymes, to assemble multilayer films with polycations, and to study controlled release from polyelectrolyte complexes.
  • Cell culture/bioprocess context: As a defined anionic excipient or matrix component, DSS can influence adsorption to surfaces, reduce nonspecific binding of basic biomolecules, and serve as a component in purification or formulation screens. Any cell-based use should be qualified for endotoxin and impurities appropriate to the system.
  • Degradation: The dextran backbone is susceptible to hydrolysis and enzymatic cleavage (dextranases) under appropriate conditions; sulfate substitution can modulate susceptibility and interaction with proteins.

Buffer Applications

• Applicability statement: Dextran sulfate sodium is not a buffering agent and does not provide a defined pH buffering range.
• Practical lab use (literature/general)
  • Solution preparation: Commonly prepared as 0.1–10% (w/v) aqueous solutions depending on application. Use deionized water or the working buffer (e.g., PBS, Tris-buffered saline) to reach target ionic strength.
  • pH effects: DSS is fully ionized over a broad pH range; the solution pH will largely reflect the diluent buffer. Avoid strong acid/base during preparation to minimize backbone hydrolysis or desulfation.
  • Filtration/sterilization: Solutions can be sterile-filtered (e.g., 0.22 μm PES) if bioburden control is required. Viscosity increases with concentration and MW, which may necessitate lower flow rates during filtration.
  • Compatibility: Can precipitate in buffers containing high levels of multivalent cations (e.g., Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+). If precipitation is observed, reduce divalent cation concentration or add monovalent salt to screen specific interactions.
  • Storage: Short-term storage of working solutions at 2–8°C is typical; for extended storage, freeze aliquots to limit microbial growth and hydrolysis (see Storage & Reconstitution for item-specific storage of the solid).

Green Alternatives

• Context: DSS is a water-soluble, carbohydrate-based polyanion. Selection often balances biodegradability, origin, and performance against available synthetic polyanions.
• Literature/general comparison (not item-specific)
  • Versus petroleum-derived polyanions
    • Poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS): Synthetic, robust, high charge; less biodegradable. DSS offers a renewable carbohydrate backbone and is readily handled in water.
    • Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA): Water-soluble weak polyanion; pH-dependent ionization; widely available and inexpensive. DSS provides pH-independent strong acidity and glycan-like interactions.
  • Versus natural polysaccharides
    • Alginate, carrageenan: Naturally anionic; alginate chelates Ca2+ (gelation). DSS supplies sulfate groups akin to glycosaminoglycans, with tunable DS and typically higher, pH-independent charge density.
  • Green chemistry considerations
    • Solvent: Aqueous processing minimizes organic solvent use.
    • Biobased feedstock: Dextran originates from microbial fermentation of sucrose; sulfation adds processing steps that may involve sulfurylating reagents—suppliers differ in greener sulfation methodologies.
    • End-of-life: DSS is expected to be more biodegradable than aromatic polyanions; verify biodegradation data for your application.
• Practical takeaways
  • Choose DSS when you need a strong, biobased polyanion processed in water.
  • Consider alginate or hyaluronan for milder, Ca2+-responsive or enzymatically degradable systems; consider PSS for maximum chemical robustness in harsh conditions.

Pharmaceutical Uses

• Applicability statement: No therapeutic or clinical claims are made. The following notes concern formulation/manufacturing contexts in research and development.
• Literature/general roles (not item-specific)
  • Process aid/excipient: As a high-charge-density polyanion, DSS can function as a viscosity modifier, dispersant, or stabilizer in aqueous systems for R&D formulation screening.
  • Biomolecule handling: Its strong anionic character can reduce nonspecific adsorption of cationic proteins/peptides to processing equipment and surfaces.
  • Chromatography/membranes: Sulfated polysaccharide functionality is used to impart strong cation-exchange character to resins or membranes for downstream processing development.
  • Comparative considerations: Compared with animal-derived sulfated glycans (e.g., heparin), DSS offers a non-animal, carbohydrate-based alternative with tunable sulfation. Endotoxin and impurity profiles must be controlled when interfacing with biological manufacturing.
  • Regulatory status: Pharmacopeial monographs may exist for dextran, but sulfated dextran specifications are application-specific; verify all compliance, residual solvent, bioburden, and elemental impurity requirements for any regulated use.

Physical Properties

• Item-specific (Product Data)
  • Appearance: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
  • Molecular weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Literature/general values and behavior (not item specifications)
  • Physical state: Typically provided as a hygroscopic, free-flowing powder or flakes; readily forms clear to slightly opalescent aqueous solutions.
  • Solubility: Highly soluble in water and physiological saline; insoluble in most nonpolar and moderately polar organic solvents. Solubility can decrease in the presence of multivalent cations (e.g., Ca2+, Mg2+) due to polyelectrolyte complexation/precipitation.
  • pKa: Sulfate half-esters are strong acids (pKa << 1, literature); anionic across the entire biological pH range.
  • Charge density: Increases with degree of sulfation; high linear charge density yields strong interactions with cationic species and proteins.
  • Viscosity: Aqueous solution viscosity rises with concentration and molecular weight; shear-thinning behavior is common for polyelectrolyte solutions.
  • Thermal transitions: No discrete melting/boiling points (polymer/biopolymer). Materials decompose before melt; glass-transition-like behavior may be observed in dried samples depending on water content.
  • Hygroscopicity: Pronounced; absorbs atmospheric moisture affecting weight and solution preparation accuracy.
  • Density, refractive index, UV cutoff: Not specified for this item; typical values vary with MW, sulfur content, and hydration.
  • Incompatibilities (physicochemical): Can form complexes/precipitates with polycations (e.g., chitosan, poly-L-lysine) and with high concentrations of multivalent metal ions.

Quality & Grades

• Item-specific (Product Data)
  • Grade/purity: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
  • Stabilizers/additives: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• How DSS quality is typically defined (literature/general)
  • Molecular weight profile: Reported as average molecular weight(s) (e.g., Mw, Mn) and polydispersity index. Application performance (e.g., binding, rheology) is highly MW-dependent.
  • Sulfur content and degree of sulfation (DS): Total sulfur (%) and DS per glucose determine charge density and interaction strength with proteins, nucleic acids, and polycations.
  • Counter-ion content: Sodium is the primary counter-ion; residual inorganic salts (Na2SO4, NaCl) are sometimes reported.
  • Endotoxin/bioburden: For cell-based assays, low endotoxin and microbial limits are often required. If relevant, verify via CoA.
  • Ash and moisture: Residual ash (inorganics) and water content affect assay normalization; hygroscopicity necessitates reporting water by Karl Fischer for accurate dosing.
  • UV absorbance/organic impurities: For optical or bioassay work, low UV-absorbing impurities are preferred; some grades specify A260/A280 ratios.
  • Batch-to-batch consistency: Polymers are inherently polydisperse; rigorous lot qualification (MW, DS, sulfur content, conductivity, pH of 1% solution) supports reproducibility.
  • What to verify for this item: Since specific grade is not listed, confirm with the CoA the MW range, DS/sulfur %, moisture, endotoxin/bioburden, and any passing criteria relevant to your workflow.

Reaction & Applications

• Item-specific (Product Data)
  • Manufacturer applications: Not specified.
• Literature/general applications (non-clinical, research/lab only)
  • Biopolymer polyanion: Useful for forming polyelectrolyte complexes with cationic polymers/peptides (e.g., chitosan, poly-L-lysine) to create hydrogels, coatings, and encapsulation matrices. Tunable complexation via ionic strength and DS.
  • Protein and dye interactions: Serves as a high-charge-density competitor or precipitant for basic proteins; can modulate enzyme activities in vitro by electrostatic interactions (assay development and mechanistic studies).
  • Affinity and separation: Employed to modify chromatography resins or membranes to introduce strong cation-exchange-like functionality via sulfate groups.
  • Nanomaterials: Acts as a stabilizer and capping agent for inorganic nanoparticles synthesized in water (e.g., metal oxides), providing colloidal stability via electrostatic repulsion.
  • Surface engineering: Layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly with polycations enables thin films for biosensors and antifouling coatings; DSS contributes hydrophilicity and negative charge.
  • Nucleic acid systems: Interacts with cationic transfection reagents and polyplexes as a defined anionic competitor/control in biophysical studies.
  • Reaction notes
    • Does not participate as a classical low–molecular weight reagent; reactivity is centered on sulfate esters (strong acid groups) and residual hydroxyls on the carbohydrate backbone.
    • Backbone modification (e.g., periodate oxidation to dialdehydes) enables subsequent ligations (Schiff base formation/reductive amination) to introduce labels or crosslinkers.

Reaction Conditions

• Item-specific (Product Data)
  • No reaction conditions are specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Literature/general conditions for common DSS modifications (guidance only)
  • Periodate oxidation (introduce aldehydes on dextran backbone)
    • Solvent: Water; pH ~3–5 (acetate buffer) to minimize β-elimination.
    • Reagents: Sodium periodate (0.1–1.0 eq per glucosidic unit targeted for oxidation).
    • Temperature/time: 0–25°C, 1–24 h, protected from light. Quench excess periodate with ethylene glycol; dialyze to remove salts.
  • Reductive amination (post-oxidation conjugation)
    • Mix oxidized DSS with amine-bearing ligand in aqueous buffer (pH ~6–7), add NaBH3CN (or picoline borane) and stir at RT to 37°C for several hours to overnight.
  • Layer-by-layer film assembly
    • Alternate deposition of DSS (e.g., 0.1–2 mg/mL in 0.1–0.5 M NaCl) and a polycation (e.g., poly(allylamine)) onto charged substrates; rinse between steps. Film thickness and roughness tuned by ionic strength and DS.
  • Polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) formation
    • Combine DSS with a cationic polymer/peptide at defined charge ratios (N+/S−). Conduct titrations in low to moderate ionic strength buffers; adjust salt to modulate turbidity and particle size.
  • Stability considerations
    • Avoid strong acids/bases and elevated temperatures that promote hydrolysis/desulfation. Multivalent cations may induce gelation/precipitation; include chelators or limit divalent ions when undesired.

Safety & Handling

• Item-specific (Product Data)
  • Storage: Store at 2–8°C, under argon, desiccated. Shipped on wet ice.
  • GHS/Signal word/H-statements/Pictograms: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
• General safety guidance (literature/standard lab practice; defer to SDS for authoritative information)
  • Hazard overview: Dextran sulfate sodium is a high–molecular weight, strongly anionic polymer. While not typically acutely toxic, it may cause irritation to eyes, skin, and respiratory tract, especially as dust/aerosol. Avoid generating dust and inhalation of powders.
  • PPE: Laboratory coat, safety glasses/goggles, and suitable gloves (e.g., nitrile). Use a dust mask/respirator if dust cannot be controlled; handle powders in a fume hood or powder cabinet.
  • Incompatibilities: Avoid contact with strong oxidizers. May form insoluble complexes with cationic polymers and with multivalent metal salts; avoid mixing unless complexation/precipitation is intended.
  • First aid (overview): Inhalation—move to fresh air; seek medical advice if symptoms persist. Skin—wash with soap and water. Eyes—rinse cautiously with water for several minutes; remove contact lenses if present. Ingestion—rinse mouth; seek advice if unwell. Always consult the SDS for detailed instructions.
  • Environmental precautions: Water-soluble polyelectrolyte; avoid uncontrolled releases to drains where high ionic loads may impact wastewater systems.
  • Handling tips: Because of hygroscopicity and electrostatic cling, accurately weigh using pre-dried containers and antistatic measures. Close containers promptly; purge headspace with inert gas if feasible (as per provided storage guidance).

Solvent Selection

• Item-specific (Product Data)
  • No solvent recommendations are specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Literature/general guidance for dextran sulfate sodium (polyanionic polysaccharide)
  • Primary solvent: Water is the solvent of choice. Rapidly dissolves in deionized water, PBS, and isotonic saline. Gentle stirring minimizes foaming.
  • Polarity/ionics: As a strong polyelectrolyte, solubility is governed by ionic strength and counter-ion type. High ionic strength can screen charges (lower viscosity) but multivalent cations may cause complexation/precipitation.
  • Co-solvents: Poorly soluble in alcohols and most organic solvents. If needed for film casting or coatings, water–alcohol mixtures at low alcohol fraction can be used, but watch for phase separation.
  • pH considerations: Fully ionized across typical pH 2–12; extreme acidic hydrolysis (strong mineral acids, heat) cleaves glycosidic bonds; strong base may lead to desulfation over time.
  • Comparison (use-cases)
    • DSS vs heparin: DSS is synthetic/semi-synthetic and non-biologic in origin, often favored when consistent supply and defined DS are desired; heparin offers distinct sulfation patterns and higher charge density but is animal-derived.
    • DSS vs poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS): DSS is biodegradable and hydrophilic (carbohydrate backbone), advantageous for aqueous bioprocessing and biocompatibility; PSS dissolves broadly in water but is aromatic/synthetic and less biodegradable.

Storage & Reconstitution

• Item-specific (Product Data)
  • Storage conditions (solid): Store at 2–8°C, under argon, desiccated.
  • Shipping: Shipped on wet ice.
• Practical guidance (literature/general)
  • Container: Keep tightly closed in moisture-barrier packaging. Purge headspace with inert gas (N2/Ar) after each use to limit moisture uptake and oxidative degradation pathways.
  • Shelf life: Polysaccharides are generally stable when dry, cool, and protected from moisture; verify retest/expiry on the CoA for this lot.
  • Reconstitution
    • Solvent: Deionized water or application buffer (e.g., PBS). Warm to ambient temperature before opening to avoid condensation.
    • Technique: Add powder gradually with stirring to avoid lumping and static adherence. Allow complete dissolution before pH/salt adjustments.
    • Sterilization: If required, sterile-filter through 0.22 μm. Avoid autoclaving concentrated solutions; heat can promote hydrolysis/desulfation.
  • Storage of solutions
    • Short term: 2–8°C for days to weeks depending on MW and concentration; include bioburden controls (e.g., aseptic filtration).
    • Long term: Aliquot and freeze at −20°C or below to limit microbial growth and chemical degradation. Avoid repeated freeze–thaw; thaw gently at 2–8°C.
  • Handling notes: Hygroscopic—minimize time open to air. Record mass promptly after dispensing to limit moisture bias. For precise dosing, correct for water content if reported on the CoA.

Structure & Identity

• Item-specific (Product Data)
  • SKU: D397439
  • Product name: dextran sulfates sodium
  • CAS: 9011-18-1
  • CID: 2337
  • InChIKey: 27766 (as provided)
  • SMILES: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
  • Molecular formula: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
  • Molecular weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Literature/general description
  • Identity: Sodium dextran sulfate is the sodium salt of a sulfated dextran—an anionic polysaccharide derived from dextran (α-D-glucan) bearing sulfate half-ester groups (–OSO3–) with Na+ counter-ions.
  • Polymer architecture: Predominantly α-(1→6)-linked D-glucose backbone with occasional α-(1→3) branches (typical for dextran). Sulfation occurs at C2, C3, and/or C4 hydroxyls to a degree of sulfation (DS) commonly ~1.5–2.3 per glucose (literature; product-specific DS not provided).
  • Heterogeneity: Being a polydisperse polymer, DSS is characterized by a molecular-weight distribution (often reported as Mw/Mn) and average sulfur content; exact values are material- and lot-specific.
  • 2D structural features (verbal): Repeating pyranose rings connected via α-1,6 glycosidic bonds; each ring bears multiple –O–SO3− groups neutralized by Na+; free hydroxyls may remain depending on DS; occasional short α-1,3 branches off the main chain.
  • Functional groups: Sulfate esters (strongly anionic), acetal/glycosidic linkages, secondary alcohols (partially sulfated).

Synthetic Utility

• Applicability statement: DSS is a macromolecular auxiliary rather than a classical small-molecule reagent.
• Literature/general synthetic roles
  • Functional scaffold: Residual hydroxyls and, after selective chemical activation, newly introduced aldehydes or carboxyls allow covalent attachment of dyes, ligands, or crosslinkers. Examples:
    • Periodate oxidation of vicinal diols on dextran backbone to form dialdehydes, followed by Schiff base formation with amines and NaBH3CN reduction to secondary amines.
    • Carbodiimide chemistry (EDC/NHS) after carboxymethylation to introduce amide-linked functionalities.
  • Polyelectrolyte templating: DSS can direct the growth of inorganic nanoparticles or organize polycationic species via electrostatic assembly; useful in constructing hybrid organic–inorganic materials.
  • Phase behavior modifier: In aqueous biphasic systems (e.g., PEG–salt or polymer–polymer), sulfated dextran can tune partitioning of proteins and nanoparticles through strong electrostatic effects.
  • Catalyst support/microenvironment: Sulfate groups can create local acidic microenvironments and coordinate cationic catalysts or organometallic complexes in water, enabling reusable, water-phase catalytic systems (conceptual; requires case-by-case validation).
  • Retrosynthetic note: As a polymeric auxiliary, DSS is introduced late in a sequence to build materials or conjugates rather than serving as a transformable functional group in classical retrosynthesis.

Target Specificity

• Applicability statement: This product is not an antibody, enzyme, or targeted biological; no target specificity, clone, or isotype information applies.
• Item-specific (Product Data)
  • No antigen/epitope/species reactivity is provided or applicable for dextran sulfate sodium.