1,700+ technical articles by Aladdin Scientific's scientists on reagent selection, reaction mechanisms, assay design and formulation. New every week.
“Neutral putty,” “821 putty,” and “ordinary interior wall putty” are not standard classifications within the same category. Neutral putty is more of a market term formed according to the acidity/alkalinity or cementitious system characteristics of the formulation. 821 putty is more ...
In personal care and household formulations, many key challenges are related to oil, water, and interfaces. Sebum, oily soils, fragrance oils, and oil-soluble actives usually do not readily enter the aqueous phase; water also does not easily wet oily, waxy, or low-surface-energy surfaces. ...
In personal and household care formulations such as shampoos, body washes, hand soaps, dishwashing detergents, and hard-surface cleaners, foam performance is often directly perceived by consumers and is also commonly used by formulators to assess the state of a formulation system. During product ...
Cationic surfactants are a class of surfactants whose hydrophilic end carries a positive charge in aqueous solution. Like other surfactants, they have an amphiphilic molecular structure: one end is hydrophilic, and the other is hydrophobic. What makes cationic surfactants different is that their ...
A zwitterion refers to a molecule that contains both a formal positive charge and a formal negative charge within the same molecule, while remaining electrically neutral overall. This type of structure is also commonly referred to as an inner salt structure. The International Union of Pure and ...
Amino acid surfactants are a class of surfactants that use amino acids or amino acid-derived structures as hydrophilic groups and typically introduce hydrophobic chains through fatty acyl groups. In personal care cleansing products, the most common types are N-acyl amino acid salts. Typical ...
In daily chemical products, “enzymes” usually do not refer to a single chemical substance, but rather to a class of functional ingredients associated with microbial fermentation, enzymatic transformation, or enzyme activity. They can be used in facial cleansers, body washes, shampoos, ...
Amide bonds, peptide bonds, and ester bonds are widely present in drug molecules, peptides, natural products, fine chemicals, and functional materials. For synthetic chemists, the key question in these reactions is usually not simply “whether the target bond can be formed,” but whether the ...
In metallographic analysis, a sample usually needs to undergo cutting, mounting, grinding, and polishing to obtain a flat observation surface with minimal scratches. After polishing, the metal surface may appear bright and mirror-like, but this does not mean that grains, grain boundaries, phase ...
