Gal-R2-dPEG₂₄, Agonist of GAL 2 receptor, CAS No.rp174101, Agonist of GAL 2 receptor

CAS: rp174101 Cat. No.: rp174101

GRADE & PURITY Moligand™

Specifications

Product Name

Gal-R2-dPEG₂₄, Agonist of GAL 2 receptor, CAS No.rp174101

Grade

Moligand™

Specifications & Purity

Moligand™

Action Type

AGONIST

Mechanism of action

Agonist of GAL 2 receptor

CAS

rp174101

Molecule Type

Peptide

Product Line

Biological Products

Storage and Shipping

Storage

Room temperature

Associated Targets(Human)

GALR2 Tchem Galanin receptor type 2 (0 Activities)

Discover Target: GALR2

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

Genetic information

• Reference:
  • 1. Kinetics and inhibition of recombinant human cystathionine gamma-lyase. Toward the rational control of transsulfuration., The Journal of biological chemistry, Steegborn, C C and 7 more authors.
  • 2. Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Strausberg, Robert L RL and 83 more authors.
  • 3. Genomic basis of cystathioninuria (MIM 219500) revealed by multiple mutations in cystathionine gamma-lyase (CTH)., Human genetics, Wang, Jian J and Hegele, Robert A RA.
  • 4. Cloning and nucleotide sequence of human liver cDNA encoding for cystathionine gamma-lyase., Biochemical and biophysical research communications, Lu, Y Y, O'Dowd, B F BF, Orrego, H H and Israel, Y Y.
  • 5. Single nucleotide polymorphism in CTH associated with variation in plasma homocysteine concentration., Clinical genetics, Wang, J J, Huff, A M AM, Spence, J D JD and Hegele, R A RA.
  • 6. Cystathionine gamma-lyase overexpression inhibits cell proliferation via a H2S-dependent modulation of ERK1/2 phosphorylation and p21Cip/WAK-1., The Journal of biological chemistry, Yang, Guangdong G, Cao, Kun K, Wu, Lingyun L and Wang, Rui R.
  • 7. The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)., Genome research, Gerhard, Daniela S DS and 115 more authors.
  • 8. Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network., Nature, Rual, Jean-François JF and 37 more authors.
  • 9. The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1., Nature, Gregory, S G SG and 178 more authors.
  • 10. Polymorphisms in one-carbon metabolism and trans-sulfuration pathway genes and susceptibility to bladder cancer., International journal of cancer, Moore, Lee E LE and 14 more authors. more
  • 11. Toward a confocal subcellular atlas of the human proteome., Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP, Barbe, Laurent L and 10 more authors.
  • 12. Kinetic properties of polymorphic variants and pathogenic mutants in human cystathionine gamma-lyase., Biochemistry, Zhu, Weidong W, Lin, Alexander A and Banerjee, Ruma R.
  • 13. Pathway-based evaluation of 380 candidate genes and lung cancer susceptibility suggests the importance of the cell cycle pathway., Carcinogenesis, Hosgood, H Dean HD and 12 more authors.
  • 14. Relationship between cystathionine gamma-lyase gene polymorphism and essential hypertension in Northern Chinese Han population., Chinese medical journal, Li, Yun Y and 8 more authors.
  • 15. Active cystathionine beta-synthase can be expressed in heme-free systems in the presence of metal-substituted porphyrins or a chemical chaperone., The Journal of biological chemistry, Majtan, Tomas T, Singh, Laishram R LR, Wang, Liqun L, Kruger, Warren D WD and Kraus, Jan P JP.
  • 16. MALDI-TOF MS genotyping of polymorphisms related to 1-carbon metabolism using common and mass-modified terminators., Clinical chemistry, Meyer, Klaus K, Fredriksen, Ase A and Ueland, Per Magne PM.
  • 17. Structural basis for the inhibition mechanism of human cystathionine gamma-lyase, an enzyme responsible for the production of H(2)S., The Journal of biological chemistry, Sun, Qingxiang Q and 10 more authors.
  • 18. Oral facial clefts and gene polymorphisms in metabolism of folate/one-carbon and vitamin A: a pathway-wide association study., Genetic epidemiology, Boyles, Abee L AL and 16 more authors.
  • 19. Large-scale proteomics and phosphoproteomics of urinary exosomes., Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN, Gonzales, Patricia A PA and 7 more authors.
  • 20. An association study of 45 folate-related genes in spina bifida: Involvement of cubilin (CUBN) and tRNA aspartic acid methyltransferase 1 (TRDMT1)., Birth defects research. Part A, Clinical and molecular teratology, Franke, Barbara B and 7 more authors.
  • 21. Polymorphisms in innate immunity genes and lung cancer risk in Xuanwei, China., Environmental and molecular mutagenesis, Shen, Min M and 12 more authors.
  • 22. H2S biogenesis by human cystathionine gamma-lyase leads to the novel sulfur metabolites lanthionine and homolanthionine and is responsive to the grade of hyperhomocysteinemia., The Journal of biological chemistry, Chiku, Taurai T and 5 more authors.
  • 23. Variations in folate pathway genes are associated with unexplained female infertility., Fertility and sterility, Altmäe, Signe S and 7 more authors.
  • 24. Bile-acid-activated farnesoid X receptor regulates hydrogen sulfide production and hepatic microcirculation., World journal of gastroenterology, Renga, Barbara B, Mencarelli, Andrea A, Migliorati, Marco M, Distrutti, Eleonora E and Fiorucci, Stefano S.
  • 25. Cystathionine gamma-lyase: Clinical, metabolic, genetic, and structural studies., Molecular genetics and metabolism, Kraus, Jan P JP and 14 more authors.
  • 26. Relative contributions of cystathionine beta-synthase and gamma-cystathionase to H2S biogenesis via alternative trans-sulfuration reactions., The Journal of biological chemistry, Singh, Sangita S, Padovani, Dominique D, Leslie, Rachel A RA, Chiku, Taurai T and Banerjee, Ruma R.
  • 27. PTEN identified as important risk factor of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease., Respiratory medicine, Hosgood, H Dean HD, Menashe, Idan I, He, Xingzhou X, Chanock, Stephen S and Lan, Qing Q.
  • 28. Genetic susceptibility to distinct bladder cancer subphenotypes., European urology, Guey, Lin T LT and 18 more authors.
  • 29. Gene-centric association signals for lipids and apolipoproteins identified via the HumanCVD BeadChip., American journal of human genetics, Talmud, Philippa J PJ and 38 more authors.
  • 30. Integrative predictive model of coronary artery calcification in atherosclerosis., Circulation, McGeachie, Michael M and 13 more authors.
  • 31. Cystathionine beta-synthase 844Ins68 polymorphism is not associated with the levels of homocysteine and cysteine in an Indian population., Biomarkers : biochemical indicators of exposure, response, and susceptibility to chemicals, Kumar, Jitender J, Garg, Gaurav G, Karthikeyan, Ganesan G and Sengupta, Shantanu S.
  • 32. The expression and activity of cystathionine-γ-lyase and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase in human neoplastic cell lines., Amino acids, Jurkowska, Halina H, Placha, Wojciech W, Nagahara, Noriuki N and Wróbel, Maria M.
  • 33. Ancient origin of the CTH alelle carrying the c.200C>T (p.T67I) variant in patients with cystathioninuria., Clinical genetics, Espinós, C C and 8 more authors.
  • 34. Variation at the NFATC2 locus increases the risk of thiazolidinedione-induced edema in the Diabetes REduction Assessment with ramipril and rosiglitazone Medication (DREAM) study., Diabetes care, Bailey, Swneke D SD and 11 more authors.
  • 35. Maternal genes and facial clefts in offspring: a comprehensive search for genetic associations in two population-based cleft studies from Scandinavia., PloS one, Jugessur, Astanand A and 12 more authors.
  • 36. [Expression of cystathionine-γ-lyase/hydrogen sulfide pathway in CVB3-induced myocarditis in mice]., Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics, Hua, Wang W and 6 more authors.
  • 37. Folate-metabolizing gene variants and pregnancy outcome of IVF., Reproductive biomedicine online, Laanpere, M M and 5 more authors.
  • 38. Specificity protein-1 as a critical regulator of human cystathionine gamma-lyase in smooth muscle cells., The Journal of biological chemistry, Yang, Guangdong G, Pei, Yanxi Y, Teng, Huajian H, Cao, Qiuhui Q and Wang, Rui R.
  • 39. Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium., Briefings in bioinformatics, Gaudet, Pascale P, Livstone, Michael S MS, Lewis, Suzanna E SE and Thomas, Paul D PD.
  • 40. Expression of cystathionine β-synthase and cystathionine γ-lyase in human pregnant myometrium and their roles in the control of uterine contractility., PloS one, You, Xing-Ji XJ and 8 more authors.
  • 41. MicroRNA-21 represses human cystathionine gamma-lyase expression by targeting at specificity protein-1 in smooth muscle cells., Journal of cellular physiology, Yang, Guangdong G, Pei, Yanxi Y, Cao, Qiuhui Q and Wang, Rui R.
  • 42. H2S-Induced sulfhydration of the phosphatase PTP1B and its role in the endoplasmic reticulum stress response., Science signaling, Krishnan, Navasona N, Fu, Cexiong C, Pappin, Darryl J DJ and Tonks, Nicholas K NK.
  • 43. Characterization of hydrogen sulfide and its synthases, cystathionine β-synthase and cystathionine γ-lyase, in human prostatic tissue and cells., Urology, Guo, Hui H and 5 more authors.
  • 44. Sp1 is involved in regulation of cystathionine γ-lyase gene expression and biological function by PI3K/Akt pathway in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines., Cellular signalling, Yin, Peng P and 12 more authors.
  • 45. H₂S protects against pressure overload-induced heart failure via upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase., Circulation, Kondo, Kazuhisa K and 14 more authors.
  • 46. Reduced cystathionine γ-lyase and increased miR-21 expression are associated with increased vascular resistance in growth-restricted pregnancies: hydrogen sulfide as a placental vasodilator., The American journal of pathology, Cindrova-Davies, Tereza T and 5 more authors.
  • 47. Dysregulation of hydrogen sulfide producing enzyme cystathionine γ-lyase contributes to maternal hypertension and placental abnormalities in preeclampsia., Circulation, Wang, Keqing K and 14 more authors.
  • 48. Regulation of cystathionine γ-lyase in mammalian cells by hypoxia., Biochemical genetics, Wang, Maoxian M, Guo, Zhanyun Z and Wang, Shilong S.
  • 49. A genome-wide association study of chemotherapy-induced alopecia in breast cancer patients., Breast cancer research : BCR, Chung, Suyoun S and 6 more authors.
  • 50. [Cystathionine γ-lyase]., Postepy higieny i medycyny doswiadczalnej (Online), Jurkowska, Halina H, Kaczor-Kamińska, Marta M, Bronowicka-Adamska, Patrycja P and Wróbel, Maria M.
  • 51. Decreased cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) activity in livers of type 1 diabetic rats and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of type 1 diabetic patients., The Journal of biological chemistry, Manna, Prasenjit P, Gungor, Neslihan N, McVie, Robert R and Jain, Sushil K SK.
  • 52. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)/cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) pathway contributes to the proliferation of hepatoma cells., Mutation research, Pan, Yan Y and 5 more authors.
  • 53. The cystathionine γ-lyase/hydrogen sulfide system maintains cellular glutathione status., The Biochemical journal, Lee, Zheng-Wei ZW, Low, Yi-Lian YL, Huang, Shufen S, Wang, Tianxiao T and Deng, Lih-Wen LW.
  • 54. The binding site for the transcription factor, NF-κB, on the cystathionine γ-lyase promoter is critical for LPS-induced cystathionine γ-lyase expression., International journal of molecular medicine, Wang, Maoxian M, Guo, Zhanyun Z and Wang, Shilong S.
  • 55. Regulation of cystathionine gamma-lyase/H₂S system and its pathological implication., Frontiers in bioscience (Landmark edition), Zhao, Kexin K, Li, Hongzhu H, Li, Shuangshuang S and Yang, Guangdong G.
  • 56. Dysregulation of hydrogen sulphide metabolism impairs oviductal transport of embryos., Nature communications, Ning, Nannan N and 5 more authors.
  • 57. Wnt/β-catenin signaling induces the transcription of cystathionine-γ-lyase, a stimulator of tumor in colon cancer., Cellular signalling, Fan, Kun K and 7 more authors.
  • 58. miRNA-30 family inhibition protects against cardiac ischemic injury by regulating cystathionine-γ-lyase expression., Antioxidants & redox signaling, Shen, Yaqi Y and 7 more authors.
  • 59. Role of the cystathionine γ lyase/hydrogen sulfide pathway in human melanoma progression., Pigment cell & melanoma research, Panza, Elisabetta E and 11 more authors.
  • 60. A proteome-scale map of the human interactome network., Cell, Rolland, Thomas T and 69 more authors.
  • 61. Neurodegeneration in Huntington's disease involves loss of cystathionine γ-lyase., Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.), Paul, Bindu D BD and Snyder, Solomon H SH.
  • 62. The importance of MTHFR, MTR, MTRR and CSE expression levels in Caucasian women with preeclampsia., European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology, Seremak-Mrozikiewicz, Agnieszka A and 6 more authors.
  • 63. The importance of rs1021737 and rs482843 polymorphisms of cystathionine gamma-lyase in the etiology of preeclampsia in the Caucasian population., Ginekologia polska, Mrozikiewicz, Przemysław M PM and 8 more authors.
  • 64. Cystathionine γ-lyase, a H2S-generating enzyme, is a GPBAR1-regulated gene and contributes to vasodilation caused by secondary bile acids., American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology, Renga, Barbara B and 9 more authors.
  • 65. Correlation between the cystathionine-γ-lyase (CES) and the severity of peptic ulcer disease., African health sciences, Chen, Xiong X, Wan, Ying-Chun YC, Guo, Tao T, Xu, Can-Xia CX and Wang, Fen F.
  • 66. MPST but not CSE is the primary regulator of hydrogen sulfide production and function in the coronary artery., American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology, Kuo, Maggie M MM and 10 more authors.
  • 67. Transcriptional Regulation of Cystathionine-γ-Lyase in Endothelial Cells by NADPH Oxidase 4-Dependent Signaling., The Journal of biological chemistry, Mistry, Rajesh K RK and 8 more authors.
  • 68. LPS Up-Regulates Cystathionine γ -Lyase Gene Expression in Primary Human Macrophages via NF-κB/ERK Pathway., Inflammation & allergy drug targets, Badiei, Alireza A, Gieseg, Steven S, Davies, Sian S, Izani Othman, Mohd M and Bhatia, Madhav M.
  • 69. Radiation Exposure Promotes Hepatocarcinoma Cell Invasion through Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition Mediated by H2S/CSE Pathway., Radiation research, Pan, Yan Y, Zhou, Cuiping C, Yuan, Dexiao D, Zhang, Jianghong J and Shao, Chunlin C.
  • 70. Cystathionine γ-lyase(CSE)/hydrogen sulfide system is regulated by miR-216a and influences cholesterol efflux in macrophages via the PI3K/AKT/ABCA1 pathway., Biochemical and biophysical research communications, Gong, Duo D and 15 more authors.
  • 71. MicroRNA-186 promotes macrophage lipid accumulation and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by targeting cystathionine γ-lyase in THP-1 macrophages., Atherosclerosis, Yao, Yan Y and 9 more authors.
  • 72. Cystathionine γ-lyase is expressed in human atherosclerotic plaque microvessels and is involved in micro-angiogenesis., Scientific reports, van den Born, J C JC and 5 more authors.
  • 73. Dichotomous effects of isomeric secondary amines containing an aromatic nitrile and nitro group on human aortic smooth muscle cells via inhibition of cystathionine-γ-lyase., Biochimie, Ji, Yajing Y and 6 more authors.
  • 74. Distinctive expression pattern of cystathionine-β-synthase and cystathionine-γ-lyase identifies mesenchymal stromal cells transition to mineralizing osteoblasts., Journal of cellular physiology, Gambari, Laura L and 6 more authors.
  • 75. Age-Dependent Allergic Asthma Development and Cystathionine Gamma-Lyase Deficiency., Antioxidants & redox signaling, Wang, Peipei P and 6 more authors.
  • 76. Augmented H2S production via cystathionine-beta-synthase upregulation plays a role in pregnancy-associated uterine vasodilation., Biology of reproduction, Sheibani, Lili L and 7 more authors.
  • 77. Total sulfane sulfur bioavailability reflects ethnic and gender disparities in cardiovascular disease., Redox biology, Rajpal, Saurabh S and 12 more authors.
  • 78. Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides., Gene, Maruyama, K K and Sugano, S S.

Application Protocols

No tested application protocols (e.g., WB, IHC, IF, FC, SPR, BLI) are provided for this product. The following are general, non-validated suggestions for handling PEGylated ligands in assay development; adapt and validate locally.

• Stock preparation (general): Dissolve at 10–50 mM in water or DMSO depending on solubility; filter (0.22 μm) if needed. Store aliquots to avoid repeated freeze–thaw.
• Binding assays (general): For SPR/BLI, immobilize onto sensor surfaces via confirmed terminal chemistry (Not specified). Start at 0.1–100 μM analyte; run multi-cycle kinetics with appropriate reference subtraction.
• ELISA-like lectin binding (general): Coat or capture the ligand on plates through a compatible handle (e.g., biotin–streptavidin, if present—Not specified). Titrate lectin from low nM to μM with Ca2+/Mg2+ as required by the lectin class.
• Cell-based assays (exploratory): If used as a probe, keep DMSO ≤0.1–0.5% v/v in final media. Include controls for non-specific PEG binding. Institutional approvals required.

Because terminal groups, affinity, and purity specifications are Not specified for this item, perform pilot experiments to establish feasibility and optimize conditions.

Biological Roles

No item-specific biological characterization is provided in the Product Data. The following describes general roles of galactose motifs and PEGylated presentations in biochemical research (literature/general):

• Carbohydrate recognition: β-D-galactose-containing ligands can engage galactose-binding lectins (e.g., galectins) and certain C-type lectin receptors, enabling studies of carbohydrate–protein interactions, avidity, and specificity.
• Presentation via PEG: Discrete PEG linkers provide hydrophilic, flexible spacing that can reduce non-specific adsorption and crowding on surfaces or macromolecules, preserving accessibility of the galactose headgroup in binding assays.
• Model systems: Galactosyl-PEG constructs are used as model ligands to elucidate structure–activity relationships (SAR) in glycobiology, including effects of ligand density, spacing, and linker length on binding.
• Pharmacokinetic modifiers (general concept): PEGylation often increases hydrodynamic radius and reduces nonspecific interactions in vitro; however, no pharmaceutical or clinical performance is claimed or implied for this specific item.

Important: This product is for research use only. Any cellular or in vivo implications must be established experimentally; no biological activity, target affinity, or mechanism is specified for this item.

Buffer Applications

This product is not a buffering reagent and is not typically used to control pH. No item-specific buffer formulations are provided.

Practical notes (general):

• For preparing stock solutions for biochemical assays, neutral aqueous buffers (e.g., PBS, HEPES, Tris, pH 7.2–7.5) are commonly used if the compound is water-soluble. Verify solubility empirically.
• Avoid buffers containing nucleophiles (primary amines, thiols) if the compound bears reactive termini (e.g., NHS esters, maleimides)—functional groups for this item are Not specified. Use compatible buffers (e.g., phosphate, HEPES) as appropriate.

Conclusion: No dedicated buffer system applies to this item; select buffers based on the biological assay and confirmed functional groups per the CoA/Spec Sheet.

Green Alternatives

Context: For a PEGylated galactosyl ligand, “green alternatives” pertain primarily to solvent choices and process design rather than replacing the active structure.

Greener practices (literature/general):

• Prefer water or aqueous buffers for handling, purification, and assays when solubility allows; minimize use of high-toxicity polar aprotics.
• If organic stock solutions are required, choose ethanol or isopropanol over DMF when compatible.
• Employ microscale reactions, high-throughput miniaturization, and solid-phase capture/release to reduce solvent volumes.
• For couplings (if applicable), consider enzymatic or aqueous click methods (Cu-free SPAAC) to avoid heavy metals and reduce waste, contingent on the item’s actual terminal groups (Not specified).

Illustrative comparison (general guidance):

• Water/EtOH vs DMSO/DMF: Lower toxicity and easier waste handling; may require longer dissolution times or modest heating.
• Cu-free click (SPAAC) vs CuAAC: Avoids copper catalysts and chelators; may need strained alkynes (cyclooctynes) and can be costlier.

Note: No item-specific process mass intensity (PMI), E-factor, or solvent recommendations are provided; consult the CoA/Spec Sheet and adapt to your laboratory’s green chemistry policies.

Pharmaceutical Uses

No pharmacopeial status, excipient role, or GMP-related information is provided for this item. The product is designated For research use only.

General context (literature/general; not specific to this item):

• PEGylated saccharide ligands are sometimes investigated in early-stage research as targeting moieties or solubility modifiers; however, such discussions are exploratory and not indicative of suitability for pharmaceutical manufacture.
• Without item-specific residual solvent limits, endotoxin data, bioburden, or GMP documentation, this reagent should not be used in any clinical or manufacturing application.

For this item:

• Regulatory/compendial listings: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Recommended use domain: Discovery and laboratory research only.
• If you require a version suitable for regulated workflows, contact us regarding custom specifications, documentation, and change control.

Physical Properties

Item-specific physicochemical data are not provided in the Product Data.

• Appearance: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Molecular Weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Molecular Formula: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Melting point: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Boiling point: Not applicable for typical PEGylated glycoconjugates (decompose before boiling at 1 atm). Specific data Not specified.
• Density: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Refractive index: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• pKa: Not applicable/unknown; depends on terminal functional groups (not provided). Not specified.
• LogP: Typically very low (highly hydrophilic) for PEGylated materials, but exact value Not specified for this item. Literature expectation only.
• Solubility: Often highly soluble in water and polar protic/aprotic solvents for PEGylated constructs; exact solubility and solvent recommendations are Not specified for this item; verify with small-scale trials and consult CoA/Spec Sheet.

Notes (general/literature):

• Discrete PEG24 spacers confer water solubility and reduce aggregation. Actual solubility, hygroscopicity, and glass transition behavior can vary with the terminal groups and the carbohydrate headgroup. Validate experimentally under your laboratory conditions.

Quality & Grades

• Grade/Purity listing: Moligand™ (as provided in Product Data).

What this means (general explanation):

• Moligand™ is used in our catalog to designate compounds curated for molecular screening/ligand discovery workflows. While the exact purity specification, counterions, and stabilizers for this item are Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet, the designation indicates suitability for research applications in discovery assays.

Key quality considerations for this item:

• Monodispersity: Discrete PEG (dPEG) architectures are typically monodisperse. Verification of exact chain length and mass should be taken from the CoA (e.g., HRMS, LC-MS, HPLC chromatogram). Item-specific data Not specified here.
• Residual solvents/metals/UV cutoff: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Stabilizers/additives: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Recommended verification by end user:

• Confirm identity and purity via orthogonal methods suitable to your application (e.g., LC-MS, MALDI, HPLC/UPLC with appropriate detection).
• If performing quantitative bioconjugations or surface immobilizations, confirm functional group loading (if applicable) using a suitable assay (e.g., TNBS for amines, Ellman’s for thiols), guided by the CoA.

Compliance note: For research use only, not for diagnostic or therapeutic use.

Reaction & Applications

Manufacturer Applications: Not specified beyond inclusion in the small-molecule/compound library. The points below expand on typical uses of PEGylated galactosyl ligands in research (literature/general; not item-specific claims):

• Affinity and recognition studies: Galactose motifs are commonly used to probe interactions with galactose-binding lectins (e.g., galectins) and carbohydrate-recognition domains, enabling ELISA-like binding assays, SPR, BLI, or ITC when immobilized or presented in solution.
• Surface presentation: A dPEG₂₄ spacer provides flexible, hydrophilic spacing that can reduce steric hindrance and nonspecific adsorption upon immobilization on gold, silica, or polymer surfaces (through appropriate terminal chemistry, which is Not specified for this item).
• Multivalency and spacing: The defined PEG length can be exploited to modulate ligand spacing and avidity in cluster-binding phenomena; systematic variation of PEG length is a common strategy in glycobiology.
• Library screening: As a Moligand™ entry, it may serve as a test article in phenotypic or target-based screens where carbohydrate recognition or hydrophilic ligands are of interest.
• Conjugation: If the item bears reactive termini (e.g., NHS, azide/alkyne, maleimide/thiol—Not specified), it could be used to couple galactosyl ligands to proteins, nanoparticles, or surfaces. Verify functional groups from the CoA/Spec Sheet before planning chemistry.

Reaction Conditions

No item-specific reactive handles or conditions are provided. The following are general conditions commonly employed for PEGylated linker conjugations (literature/general). Only apply if confirmed compatible with this item’s terminal groups per CoA/Spec Sheet.

• Amide coupling (if NHS-ester present; Not specified):
  • Solvent: pH 7.4–8.5 phosphate or HEPES buffer; or DMF/DMSO cosolvent ≤20%.
  • Temperature: 0–25°C; reaction time 0.5–2 h.
  • Quench unreacted NHS with Tris or ethanolamine after coupling.
• Thiol–maleimide addition (if maleimide present; Not specified):
  • Solvent: pH 6.5–7.0 buffer to minimize maleimide hydrolysis.
  • Temperature: 4–25°C; reaction time 0.5–2 h.
  • Use degassed buffers to limit thiol oxidation.
• CuAAC click (if azide/alkyne present; Not specified):
  • Solvent: tBuOH/H2O or DMSO/H2O; CuSO4 + sodium ascorbate + TBTA/THPTA ligand.
  • Temperature: rt; time 0.5–4 h. Remove copper by chelation/desalting.
• SPAAC click (if strained alkyne present; Not specified):
  • Solvent: Aqueous buffer; rt; 0.5–4 h; metal-free.

Analytical control:

• Monitor by LC-MS or MALDI-TOF; purify by SEC, HIC, or RP-HPLC as appropriate. Confirm degree of substitution or surface coverage by colorimetric or MS-based assays.

Safety & Handling

Authoritative safety information should be taken from the item-specific SDS.

• GHS Classification: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
• Signal Word: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
• Hazard (H) Statements: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
• Pictograms: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.

General handling guidance (for PEGylated glycoconjugates; literature/general):

• PPE: Use lab coat, safety glasses, and suitable chemical-resistant gloves. Avoid inhalation of dust/aerosols; handle powders in a fume hood or ventilated enclosure.
• Incompatibilities: Strong oxidizers and strong acids/bases may degrade carbohydrate or PEG moieties. Avoid prolonged exposure to elevated temperatures that may promote hydrolysis/oxidation.
• Hygiene: Prevent contamination of reagent by moisture; keep containers tightly closed. Use clean, dry tools for weighing/aliquoting.
• First aid (overview): If inhaled, move to fresh air; in case of skin/eye contact, rinse with water for several minutes; if ingested, rinse mouth and seek medical advice. Always follow institutional protocols and SDS guidance.
• Waste: Dispose according to local regulations for organic laboratory chemicals. PEG-containing waste streams should not be discharged untreated.

Special risks: Product is not an ether solvent; peroxide formation is not a concern. Dust formation may cause nuisance dust—minimize aerosol generation.

Solvent Selection

Item-specific solubility data are not provided. The following guidance is based on general behavior of PEGylated glycoconjugates (literature/general):

• Polarity/miscibility: dPEG-containing molecules commonly dissolve well in water and polar solvents (MeOH, EtOH, isopropanol), as well as certain polar aprotics (DMSO, DMF). Carbohydrate headgroups further bias toward aqueous solubility. Actual behavior depends on terminal groups; verify experimentally.
• Suggested dissolution sequence: Start with water or aqueous buffer (pH 6.5–7.5), then try 1:1 water/MeOH or water/ACN, and finally neat DMSO for stock solutions when compatible with assays.
• Filtration: Use 0.22–0.45 μm PTFE or PES filters for particulate removal. Viscosity of concentrated PEG solutions may slow filtration.
• Avoid: Strongly nonpolar solvents (hexanes, toluene) are typically poor for PEGylated constructs. If surface immobilization on hydrophobic matrices is intended, co-solvents (DMSO/DMF) may be used to wet the surface.

Comparison (general):

• Water: Preferred for bioassays when solubility permits; minimal solvent artifacts.
• DMSO: Excellent solvency and stability; common for high-concentration stocks in screening; ensure final assay DMSO ≤1–2% v/v to reduce biological interference.
• DMF/ACN: Useful for coupling/immobilization chemistries; confirm compatibility with substrates and catalysts.

Always consult the CoA for any item-specific solvent recommendations when available.

Storage & Reconstitution

• Storage Conditions (from Product Data): Room temperature.
• Shipped In: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Appearance: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General guidance (literature/general; adapt to your lab’s QA):

• Protect from moisture and prolonged exposure to light/air. Store tightly capped in a desiccated environment if possible, even at room temperature.
• For long-term storage, consider cool, dry conditions (e.g., 2–8°C) if compatible with the container and to limit slow hydrolysis/oxidation—consult SDS/CoA for any contradictions to the Product Data.
• Reconstitution: Use high-purity water or assay buffer for aqueous stocks; for poorly soluble cases, use DMSO to make concentrated stocks, then dilute into buffer immediately before use. Verify compatibility of buffers with any reactive termini (Not specified).
• Aliquoting: Prepare single-use aliquots to avoid repeated opening and potential moisture uptake. Label with concentration, solvent, date, and lot.
• Freeze–thaw: If frozen stocks are prepared, avoid multiple freeze–thaw cycles; store at a consistent temperature and thaw once prior to use.

Research Use Note: For research use only.

Structure & Identity

Brief overview: Gal-R2-dPEG₂₄ is listed in our small-molecule/compound library. Based on the naming convention, it likely incorporates a galactose (Gal) motif presented via a discrete PEG24 spacer; however, item-specific structural details are not provided in the Product Data.

• SKU: rp174101
• Product Name: Gal-R2-dPEG₂₄
• CAS: rp174101 (as listed)
• Grade: Moligand™
• Molecular Formula: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Molecular Weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• SMILES: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• InChIKey: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Structural features (general/literature context — not item-specific):

• “Gal” typically denotes a galactosyl headgroup that can engage galactose-recognizing lectins (e.g., galectins, ASGPR) in biochemical assays.
• “dPEG₂₄” generally indicates a discrete polyethylene glycol spacer comprising 24 ethylene glycol repeat units, imparting high hydrophilicity, reduced non-specific adsorption, and controlled nanoscale spacing of the headgroup. Discrete PEGs (dPEG) have monodisperse mass distributions, unlike conventional polydisperse PEGs. (Literature/general)
• “R2” in some linker systems denotes a specific scaffold or valency; exact meaning and terminal functional groups for this item are Not specified; consult the CoA/Spec Sheet.

2D description (general): a carbohydrate headgroup linked via a linear, flexible PEG chain to one or more attachment points. Exact ring substituents, anomeric configuration, and terminal chemistry are Not specified for this item.

Synthetic Utility

Item-specific functional groups are not disclosed. The guidance below reflects typical utility of PEGylated galactosyl ligands (literature/general):

• Modular linker: A dPEG₂₄ spacer offers a defined, hydrophilic handle for conjugation, spacing, and solubility enhancement in complex constructs (e.g., polymer–ligand conjugates, surface-modified materials).
• Bioconjugation: Depending on terminal chemistry (Not specified), common transformations include amide coupling (NHS-ester to amines), thiol–maleimide addition, azide–alkyne cycloadditions (CuAAC or SPAAC), and oxime/hydrazone ligations if aldehyde/ketone handles are present.
• Surface chemistry: PEG linkers reduce non-specific adsorption; galactose headgroups enable selective interactions once properly oriented on gold, silica, or polymer supports via self-assembly or covalent grafting.
• Libraries and SAR: Varying PEG length and valency aids SAR in lectin-binding systems; dPEG₂₄ provides a mid-to-long hydrophilic spacer for spacing-sensitive applications.

Caveats:

• Verify end-group identities and protecting group status from the CoA/Spec Sheet before planning reactions.
• Protect carbohydrate hydroxyls or select orthogonal conditions if side reactions are possible.
• Monitor reactions by LC-MS/UPLC; PEGylated products can show broad chromatographic features—use MS detection and appropriate gradients.

Target Specificity

Item-specific target, antigen, clone, or species reactivity data are not provided for this product.

• Target/Antigen: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Species reactivity: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Assay-validated applications: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Note: While galactose motifs can interact with galactose-binding lectins in general, no binding specificity, affinity, or selectivity is stated or implied for this particular item.