Germinone A , CAS No.2375197-79-6

CAS: 2375197-79-6 Cat. No.: G1448493 Formula: C₁₇H₁₃NO₅ Molecular Weight: 311.29

Storage

Store at -20°C

Shipped In

Ice chest + Ice pads

Overview

Germinone A is a potent HTL/KAI2 agonist with germination-inducing activity for thermo-inhibited Arabidopsis seed. Germinone A can be utilized in seed germination research.

Specifications

Storage

Store at -20°C

Shipped In

Ice chest + Ice pads

This product requires cold chain shipping. Ground and other economy services are not available.

Names and Identifiers

Molecular Weight

311.29

Application Protocols

No tested application protocols are provided for this item. The following are general, non-clinical guidelines for preparing and using small-molecule standards in research.

• Stock preparation (general)

  • Weigh an accurately measured amount in a low-humidity environment. Dissolve to prepare a concentrated stock (e.g., 10–50 mM) in DMSO or ethanol. Vortex and, if needed, sonicate briefly. Filter through 0.22 µm PTFE if particulates remain.
  • Aliquot into amber vials or low-bind tubes to avoid repeated freeze–thaw cycles; store at −20 °C or below per Product Data.

• Working solutions for bioassays (general)

  • Dilute the organic stock into pre-equilibrated assay buffer, targeting ≤1% v/v final organic. Mix thoroughly to prevent localized precipitation; inspect for haze or precipitate.
  • Include vehicle controls matching the final co-solvent concentration.

• Analytical use (general)

  • Create a calibration series (e.g., 0.1–50 µM) in the mobile phase for LC–UV/LC–MS. Verify linearity and stability over the run window.
  • For stability-indicating methods, assess peak purity and check for degradants under light, heat, and pH stress.

Item-specific validated applications, recommended dilutions, and positive controls: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Biological Roles

• Item-specific (Product Data)

  • No biological function or pathway data are provided for Germinone A in this entry.

• General guidance

  • If Germinone A is a natural product or secondary metabolite (name suggests a biosynthetic origin), its biological role, if any, must be sourced from primary literature (consult via CAS 2375197-79-6). Potential contexts include plant defense metabolites, microbial signaling molecules, or pathway intermediates—these are examples only and are not specific to this product.
  • For research-only applications, Germinone A could serve as:
    • A standard for profiling biosynthetic pathways using LC–MS.
    • A probe for binding studies (e.g., thermal shift assays, SPR) once a putative target is identified in the literature.
    • A marker compound in botanical authentication or metabolomic fingerprinting, if applicable.

• Experimental considerations (general)

  • Confirm identity and purity prior to biological testing to avoid confounding effects.
  • Establish solubility limits in assay buffers to prevent aggregation artifacts.
  • Implement orthogonal readouts and counter-screens to control for nonspecific reactivity or fluorescence/absorbance interference.

No specific biological roles or targets are specified for this item; consult literature and SDS/CoA for further details.

Buffer Applications

Germinone A is not presented as a buffering agent, and no pKa or ionic properties are provided.

• Item-specific (Product Data)

  • No buffer-related specifications are available for this item.

• Practical notes (general guidance)

  • If using in biochemical assays, prepare a concentrated stock in DMSO or ethanol, then dilute into the assay buffer (e.g., PBS, HEPES, Tris) keeping final organic content as low as possible (commonly ≤1% v/v; verify system tolerance).
  • Filter stocks (0.22 µm PTFE) when compatible to remove particulates; avoid adsorption losses by using low-binding plastics or silanized glass if the compound is hydrophobic.
  • If ionizable functionality is later confirmed (via literature), adjust buffer pH to maintain the desired protonation state; validate by UV–Vis or LC–MS to ensure stability.

• Not applicable

  • Formulation recipes, buffering capacity ranges, and ionic strength recommendations are not applicable without compound-specific acid–base data.

Item-specific buffer performance data: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Green Alternatives

Because item-specific solvent and process parameters are not provided, consider greener choices during dissolution, analysis, and any preparative handling.

• Greener solvent options (general guidance)

  • Replace chlorinated solvents (e.g., DCM) with ethyl acetate or 2-MeTHF when feasible for extractions and sample prep.
  • Use ethanol or isopropanol in place of methanol where assay compatibility allows.
  • Favor acetonitrile/water gradients for LC over more hazardous alternatives; consider methanol/water when UV or detector response permits.

• Comparison (general)

  • Ethyl acetate: biodegradable, low toxicity; moderate polarity; limited for highly polar analytes.
  • 2-MeTHF: bio-based, broader solubility than EtOAc; may contain peroxides—monitor and stabilize appropriately.
  • Ethanol: renewable, good biocompatibility; lower solvating power vs DMSO/DMF.

• Operational practices

  • Miniaturize experiments to reduce solvent volumes.
  • Implement closed-vial sonication and low-dead-volume filtration to cut waste.
  • Segregate and recycle appropriate solvent streams where infrastructure exists.

Item-specific process mass intensity, EHS metrics, and solvent compatibility are not specified for this item; refer to your institutional green-chemistry guidelines.

Pharmaceutical Uses

No pharmacopeial status or excipient role is provided for Germinone A. This product is supplied strictly for research use only (Product Data: Research Use Note).

• Item-specific (Product Data)

  • Research use only; not for human or veterinary use.

• General research/formulation context (non-clinical)

  • In preclinical research, small molecules may be formulated for in vitro or ex vivo studies to assess physicochemical behavior (solubility, stability, permeability). Any such use must adhere to institutional safety and ethical guidelines.
  • For analytical method development, Germinone A could serve as a system suitability or reference standard if recognized in your specific research context (confirm via literature).

• Compliance considerations

  • No statements of GMP, ICH, or compendial compliance are made. Do not use in clinical, diagnostic, or therapeutic applications.

Item-specific pharmacopeial listings, impurity profiles, residual solvent limits, and stability-indicating methods: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Physical Properties

Item-specific physicochemical properties were not provided in the catalog entry.

• Item-specific (Product Data)

  • Appearance: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
  • Molecular weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

• Literature/general property guidance (not specific to this item)

  • Without structural data, properties such as melting point, boiling point, density, refractive index, logP, pKa, and solubility cannot be inferred.
  • For practical handling, determine solubility empirically at small scale across a solvent panel (e.g., DMSO, methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile, isopropanol, DMF, ethyl acetate, water, and buffered aqueous with 1–5% co-solvent). Record qualitative outcomes (clear, hazy, precipitated) at room temperature and upon gentle warming (≤40 °C).
  • If an extinction coefficient is required for assay quantitation, measure UV–Vis in a suitable solvent and construct a calibration curve using an analytical balance-verified standard mass.

• Notes on stability (general)

  • Absent specific data, assume sensitivity to moisture, heat, and light may be possible for natural-product-like small molecules. Work under low-light, use dry solvents, and minimize exposure above ambient temperatures until item-specific stability is verified.

All numeric values are not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Quality & Grades

• Item-specific (Product Data)

  • Grade/purity: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
  • Stabilizers/additives: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

• Guidance on interpreting grades (general)

  • Research-grade small molecules are typically qualified by identity (NMR/HRMS), purity (HPLC/UPLC with UV/ELSD/charged aerosol; sometimes qNMR), and residual solvents (GC). If chiral, enantiomeric excess (ee) may be provided by chiral HPLC.
  • When grade is unspecified, request a current Certificate of Analysis detailing: assay purity (%), chromatographic method and detection wavelength, water/volatile content (Karl Fischer/LOD), residual solvents, and, if applicable, ash or inorganic residue.

• UV background considerations (general)

  • For bioassays relying on absorbance/fluorescence, low-UV-absorbing impurities are desirable. If HPLC-grade attributes or low-UV specifications are critical, please contact us to confirm suitability.

• Batch-to-batch consistency

  • Natural product-type materials can show variability. We recommend reserving a lot for critical studies and documenting analytical fingerprints (HPLC retention time, MS, and NMR) for comparability.

• Documentation

  • If your application requires compliance with specific compendial or analytical criteria, request the latest CoA/Spec Sheet prior to use.

Reaction & Applications

• Item-specific (Product Data)

  • No specific synthetic/reaction application notes were provided for Germinone A.

• Likely research uses (general, non-clinical)

  • As a defined small-molecule standard in natural products or metabolomics workflows: method development, retention time/ion ratio referencing, and calibration for LC–MS/MS or GC–MS (if volatile/derivatized).
  • Tool compound for exploratory biology: target deconvolution screens, phenotypic assays, and chemical probe development, contingent on literature describing Germinone A’s bioactivity (consult primary sources via CAS 2375197-79-6).
  • Quality control marker for plant or microbial extracts, if Germinone A is a known constituent of a specific organism (verify in literature).

• Practical tips (general)

  • Establish an analytical ID panel on receipt: 1H NMR, LC–HRMS, and HPLC purity at ≥2 wavelengths to detect coeluting UV-silent impurities.
  • For bioassays, prepare a concentrated DMSO stock (e.g., 10–50 mM) and aliquot to minimize freeze–thaw.
  • If stability is uncertain, include time-course controls and re-check purity post-assay by LC.

• Synthetic chemistry context

  • If Germinone A is a complex scaffold, it may be a target rather than a reagent. In such cases, it is used to benchmark total/semisynthesis routes and to validate stereochemical assignments via spectral matching. Item-specific reactivity data are not available in this entry.

Reaction Conditions

No reaction conditions specific to Germinone A are provided in the product data.

• General guidance for handling unknown small molecules in synthesis

  • Begin with compatibility micro-screens to map tolerance to acids/bases (0.1–1 M HCl/H2SO4 and NaOH/K2CO3), oxidants/reductants (e.g., mCPBA, DDQ, NaBH4), and temperatures (0–80 °C) in benign solvents (EtOAc, MeOH, MeCN).
  • Use analytical-scale monitoring (TLC, LC–MS) to rapidly identify degradation pathways before scale-up.
  • For chiral molecules, evaluate epimerization risk under basic or acidic conditions using chiral HPLC or optical rotation.

• Solvent choices (general)

  • Choose the mildest solvent that dissolves the compound well; begin with alcohols or acetonitrile. Move to DMF/DMSO only if needed, mindful of workup challenges.

• Catalysts and temperatures

  • Without functional-group information, specific catalysts and temperatures cannot be recommended. Tailor to the determined structure and desired transformation.

• Yields and timelines

  • Expected yields, rates, and optimal times are structure- and reaction-specific and are not available for this item.

Item-specific reaction parameters: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet and literature via CAS 2375197-79-6.

Safety & Handling

Safety information in the catalog entry is incomplete; always consult the SDS for authoritative guidance.

• Item-specific (Product Data)

  • GHS classification: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
  • Signal word / H-statements / pictograms: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
  • Storage: Store at −20 °C (Product Data). Shipped in an ice chest with ice pads to maintain a cold chain.

• General laboratory precautions (general guidance)

  • Wear appropriate PPE: lab coat, safety glasses, and suitable chemical-resistant gloves.
  • Handle inside a chemical fume hood to avoid inhalation of dusts/aerosols or solvent vapors.
  • Avoid skin/eye contact and ingestion; wash thoroughly after handling.
  • Prevent cross-contamination; use clean spatulas, solvent-rinsed glassware, and dedicated weigh boats.

• Incompatibilities (general, structure-agnostic)

  • Until specific data are known, avoid strong oxidizers/reductants, strong acids/bases, and reactive metals. Segregate from foodstuffs and incompatible chemicals.

• First-aid overview (general)

  • Skin/eye contact: Rinse with water for ≥15 minutes; remove contaminated clothing; seek medical attention if irritation persists.
  • Inhalation: Move to fresh air; seek medical attention if symptoms occur.
  • Ingestion: Rinse mouth; do not induce vomiting; seek medical attention.

Definitive hazard classification, exposure limits, and spill/fire-fighting measures: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.

Solvent Selection

Item-specific solubility and polarity data are not provided; empirical screening is recommended.

• Practical solvent screening workflow (general guidance)

  • Start with high-solvating, assay-compatible solvents: DMSO, DMF, methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile.
  • For less polar candidates, test ethyl acetate, isopropanol, MTBE, 2-MeTHF, toluene, and dichloromethane (for analytical sample prep only, as appropriate).
  • Aqueous compatibility: Prepare serial dilutions from a DMSO or alcohol stock into buffers; keep final organic ≤1–2% v/v for enzyme/cell assays (verify tolerance for your system).

• Tips

  • Warm gently (≤40 °C) and sonicate to aid dissolution; avoid overheating sensitive compounds.
  • Use anhydrous grades if moisture sensitivity is suspected; store working solutions in amber vials under inert gas when feasible.
  • Record qualitative solubility and stability over 24–48 h to detect delayed precipitation or degradation.

• Comparison notes (general)

  • DMSO offers broad solubilization but can interfere with some assays above ~1% v/v.
  • Methanol/ethanol are more biocompatible at modest percentages but have lower solvating power for hydrophobic scaffolds.
  • Acetonitrile is excellent for LC and some extractions; evaluate toxicity constraints in bioassays.

Item-specific solubility values: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Storage & Reconstitution

• Item-specific (Product Data)

  • Storage: Store at −20 °C.
  • Shipping: Ice chest + ice pads to maintain cold conditions.

• General best practices

  • Upon receipt, allow the sealed container to equilibrate to room temperature before opening to minimize moisture condensation. If supplied as a solid, handle quickly in a low-humidity environment; if supplied in solution, keep cold and protected from light during handling.
  • Protect from light (amber vials/foil) unless stability data indicate insensitivity.
  • Maintain desiccation where possible (desiccant pouch or inert-atmosphere storage) to mitigate hydrolysis.
  • Prepare concentrated stock solutions in dry, high-purity solvents (commonly DMSO or ethanol). Record exact concentration from gravimetric preparation.
  • Aliquot stocks into single-use portions to avoid repeated freeze–thaw; store aliquots at −20 °C or lower. Avoid frost-free freezers that cycle temperatures.

• Reconstitution and stability

  • Solvent choice and maximal solubility: Not specified for this item; determine empirically on small scale.
  • Solution stability, freeze–thaw tolerance, and light/moisture sensitivity: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet and verify experimentally (e.g., periodic LC–MS checks over storage).

For research use only. Consult the product CoA and SDS for definitive handling and stability parameters.

Structure & Identity

Brief overview: Germinone A is listed under life-science research reagents. Item-specific identifiers are largely not provided for this catalog entry.

• Item-specific (Product Data)

  • Product name: Germinone A (SKU: G1448493)
  • CAS: 2375197-79-6
  • Molecular formula: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
  • Molecular weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
  • SMILES: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
  • InChIKey: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

• Structural features (general guidance)

  • The specific functional groups, ring systems, stereochemistry, and overall scaffold for Germinone A are not provided in the product data.
  • If structural elucidation is required for your work (e.g., dereplication, metabolomics), we recommend retrieving structural data via the CAS number in primary literature or databases and verifying by NMR/HRMS upon receipt.

• 2D structure description (general)

  • Not available from the provided data. If needed, consult literature and confirm identity using orthogonal methods (1H/13C NMR, HSQC/HMBC, HRMS, and, if chiral, optical rotation or chiral HPLC).

• Synonyms and registry links

  • No alternate names or CIDs were supplied in this entry; consult CAS-linked resources for cross-references.

Synthetic Utility

• Item-specific (Product Data)

  • No functional-group or reactivity information is provided for Germinone A.

• General perspective

  • If Germinone A is a structurally complex natural product, it is primarily a target molecule rather than a synthetic reagent or building block. Its utility in synthesis would then be:
    • Benchmarking total or semi-synthetic routes by spectral comparison and chromatographic co-injection.
    • Serving as an authentic standard to validate absolute/relative stereochemistry assignments.
    • Enabling SAR studies when analogs are prepared; Germinone A provides the parent scaffold for comparison in biological assays.
  • If, conversely, Germinone A possesses a handle amenable to diversification (e.g., phenolic OH, activated halide, unsaturated moieties), late-stage functionalization could be explored. Such strategies require structure-specific data not provided here.

• Practical recommendations

  • Obtain full structural data (NMR, HRMS, potential X-ray) and assess functional-group compatibility before planning transformations.
  • Establish stability to acids/bases, redox conditions, and heat on milligram scale screens prior to any derivatization work.

Item-specific reactivity, protecting-group strategies, and named-reaction suitability: Not specified for this item; refer to primary literature.

Target Specificity

This section is primarily relevant to biological macromolecules (e.g., antibodies, enzymes). Germinone A is supplied as a small-molecule research reagent, and no target-binding specificity is provided.

• Item-specific (Product Data)

  • Target, epitope, clone, species reactivity, and isotype: Not applicable/not specified for this item.

• General note

  • If Germinone A has reported targets in the literature, validate binding using orthogonal assays (e.g., biochemical IC50/Ki, SPR, ITC, CETSA) and confirm specificity with counter-screens and selectivity panels. These details are not part of this product listing and should be sourced from peer-reviewed studies.