GK60 , CAS No.250683-13-7

CAS: 250683-13-7 Cat. No.: G1442459 Formula: C₁₃H₁₄N₂O₂ Molecular Weight: 230.26

Storage

Store at -20°C

Shipped In

Ice chest + Ice pads

Overview

GK60 is a carboxyl nicotine hapten that can be used in the study of nicotine dependence.

Specifications

Storage

Store at -20°C

Shipped In

Ice chest + Ice pads

This product requires cold chain shipping. Ground and other economy services are not available.

Names and Identifiers

Molecular Weight

230.26

Application Protocols

Validated application data are not included in the listing.

• Tested applications: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Recommended concentrations/dilutions: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General protocols (literature/general)

• Stock preparation: Dissolve in an appropriate solvent (e.g., DMSO or aqueous buffer, as compatible). Filter-sterilize (0.22 µm) for cell-based assays if solvent system permits.
• Aliquoting: Prepare single-use aliquots to avoid freeze–thaw. Label with concentration, solvent, and date.
• Controls: Include vehicle-only controls and, where possible, a positive control compound.
• Stability checks: Confirm by LC–MS or HPLC after storage to verify integrity.

Please obtain the CoA/tech sheet for any product-specific, validated protocols.

Biological Roles

Biological function, mechanism, and target specificity for GK60 are not provided in the current listing.

• Proposed biological activity/role: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Pathways/targets: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General considerations (literature/general)

• If GK60 is a small-molecule modulator: typical roles include inhibition/activation of enzymes, receptors, or transporters, evaluated via biochemical assays and phenotypic readouts.
• If peptide-like: roles may include receptor agonism/antagonism, enzyme substrates/inhibitors, or molecular probes.

Experimental notes

• Define assay windows (EC50/IC50 ranges) empirically; confirm specificity using orthogonal assays and, where possible, genetic controls.
• Assess stability in biological matrices (serum, microsomes) before in vitro/in vivo-like workflows; avoid making clinical interpretations—this product is for research use only.

Please consult the product CoA or technical data sheet for definitive biological context, if available.

Buffer Applications

This item is not presented as a buffering reagent, and no acid/base properties or pKa data are provided.

• Buffer role: Not typically applicable.

General guidance (literature/general)

• If formulating aqueous stocks for biological assays, select buffers based on your target pH range: acetate (pH 3.6–5.6), MES (5.5–6.7), MOPS (6.5–7.9), HEPES (6.8–8.2), Tris (7.0–9.0). Ensure the buffer does not chemically interact with the reagent (check CoA/SDS for incompatibilities).
• Maintain ionic strength and include stabilizers (e.g., 0.1% BSA or 0.01% Tween-20) only if recommended in the CoA to mitigate adsorption losses for hydrophobic or sticky analytes.

Green Alternatives

Without item-specific composition or solvent usage, tailored greener-alternative advice cannot be provided.

General sustainability guidance (literature/general)

• Solvent hierarchy: Prefer water, bio-based solvents (e.g., 2-MeTHF, CPME, propylene carbonate), or ethanol over chlorinated or high-toxicity solvents when formulating or cleaning.
• Minimizing DMSO: While DMSO is widely used for bioactives, consider the minimum effective concentration and small-volume aliquots to reduce waste. Where feasible, use aqueous buffers or ethanol.
• Energy use: Store only as cold as required (this product specifies −20°C). Avoid unnecessary deep-cold storage to reduce energy consumption while maintaining integrity.
• Waste reduction: Plan experiments to fully utilize aliquots; adopt microplate formats to minimize reagent volumes.

Example comparison (general)

• DMSO vs aqueous buffer: Aqueous buffers are greener and simpler to dispose of, but may not solubilize hydrophobic analytes; DMSO offers broad solubility at the cost of higher environmental burden.

Consult the CoA/SDS for specific solvent compatibility and stability to guide greener choices.

Pharmaceutical Uses

No pharmacopeial status, excipient role, or manufacturing use is specified for this item.

• Regulatory/compendial status: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Intended use: For research use only. Not for human or veterinary use, diagnostics, or clinical applications.

General context (literature/general)

• Many life-science reagents serve as reference standards or screening compounds in preclinical discovery. If used as an internal standard or control, document purity, identity, and storage rigorously.
• For formulation research (in vitro only), consider solvent/vehicle effects and compatibility with plastics, glass, and assay components.

Users must not incorporate this material into clinical products or use it for therapeutic purposes.

Physical Properties

Item-specific physical constants have not been disclosed in the current listing.

• Appearance: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Melting point / freezing point: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Boiling point: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Density: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Solubility profile: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• LogP/logD, pKa: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Refractive index/optical rotation: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General guidance (literature/general)

• For small-molecule bioactives: typical primary solvents include DMSO, ethanol, or aqueous buffers for salts. Perform a small solubility screen (water, PBS, MeOH, DMSO) on milligram scale.
• For peptides/biologics: hydrate with sterile water or appropriate buffer (e.g., 10–50 mM ammonium bicarbonate or PBS) and, if hydrophobic, co-solubilize with minimal DMSO before dilution into aqueous media.
• Always verify pH stability windows, light sensitivity, and freeze–thaw robustness on the CoA before long incubations or stock storage.

Quality & Grades

• Grade/Purity: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Interpretation (general guidance)

• Research-use reagents may be offered as “bioactive,” “screening,” or “biochemical” grade; each implies different controls on identity, purity, and residual solvents/salts. Without a stated grade, consult the batch CoA for assay (HPLC/UPLC), residual solvent, water content, and identity confirmation (MS/NMR/peptide mapping where applicable).
• For chromatography-sensitive applications (e.g., cellular assays at low micromolar doses), a purity specification ≥95% by HPLC is commonly preferred (literature/general), but only the CoA defines the guaranteed specification for this item.
• Stabilizers: If present (antioxidants, volatile acids/bases, carrier proteins), they will be listed on the CoA. Absence/presence of stabilizer critically impacts storage, assay performance, and quantitation.

Batch documentation

• Request the latest lot-specific CoA for assay method, chromatograms, water/solvent content, and storage guidance. For regulated workflows, ask for additional QA documentation (e.g., Origin Statement, TSE/BSE declarations if biological).

Reaction & Applications

This product is categorized under Life Science and is typically intended for research assays rather than as a general-purpose synthetic reagent.

• Manufacturer Applications (from catalog): Not specified for this item in the listing; no application text was provided to expand on.

General research use contexts (literature/general)

• Small-molecule bioactives: commonly used in target modulation studies, screening assays, and mechanistic biology. Stocks are often prepared in DMSO and applied at nM–µM levels in cell-based or biochemical assays.
• Peptide/biopolymer reagents: used as ligands, substrates, or standards in enzymology and binding studies.

Practical tips

• Prepare aliquoted stocks to avoid repeated freeze–thaw and adsorption losses.
• Verify concentration by UV (if chromophore known), amino acid analysis (for peptides), or quantitative NMR where appropriate.
• Match vehicle controls (e.g., DMSO) in all assay wells.

Because the structure and target are not specified, users should consult the CoA/tech sheet for validated use cases, assay conditions, and known interferences.

Reaction Conditions

No item-specific reaction conditions are applicable or provided. The product is offered for Life Science research, not for use as a general synthetic reagent.

General guidance (literature/general)

• If employing this material in an assay that involves chemical transformation (e.g., derivatization for analytics), select mild conditions compatible with its stability profile (consult CoA): neutral pH, ambient temperature, minimal exposure to strong oxidants or acids/bases.
• For stock preparation and handling, typical conditions for sensitive bioactives include low light, inert atmosphere if oxidation-prone, and minimized time at room temperature.

Please refer to the CoA/SDS for any known incompatibilities, degradation pathways, or stability limits.

Safety & Handling

GHS classification and specific hazards have not been supplied for this item in the listing. Handle as a laboratory chemical of unknown hazard profile.

• Signal word: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
• H-statements: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
• Pictograms: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.

Best practices

• PPE: laboratory coat, safety glasses, and appropriate chemically resistant gloves (e.g., nitrile). Use in a fume hood or biological safety cabinet as applicable.
• Avoid inhalation, ingestion, and skin/eye contact. Prevent aerosolization and dust formation.
• Incompatibilities: Absent item-specific data, segregate from strong acids/bases, strong oxidizers/reducers, and sources of ignition. For moisture- or light-sensitive materials, minimize exposure during handling.
• First aid (general): If on skin/eyes, rinse with water for 15 minutes; if inhaled, move to fresh air; if ingested, seek medical attention. Provide SDS to responders.
• Waste: Collect in a properly labeled container compatible with the substance; dispose per institutional and local regulations.

Always defer to the product SDS and institutional EHS guidance for authoritative safety data.

Solvent Selection

Item-specific solvent preferences are not provided.

• Primary recommendation: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General decision framework (literature/general)

• If the reagent is a small-molecule bioactive: begin with anhydrous DMSO to prepare a concentrated stock (e.g., 10–50 mM), then dilute into assay buffer or media, keeping final DMSO at ≤0.1–0.5% v/v to limit cytotoxicity.
• If peptide-like: test sterile water, PBS, or low-ionic-strength buffers; for hydrophobic sequences, add up to 10–20% acetonitrile or 1–5% DMSO, sonicate gently, and warm to 25–37°C as needed.
• If salt forms exist: free bases/acids may require co-solvents compared to their salt counterparts.

Comparative considerations

• DMSO vs ethanol: DMSO generally affords higher solubility for polar and many nonpolar bioactives; ethanol can be preferable for alcohol-/ester-sensitive targets.
• Aqueous buffers: Choose based on downstream biology (HEPES/PBS for pH 7.2–7.6; acetate for pH ~4–5.5). Filter-sterilize if using in cell assays.

Always confirm solvent compatibility with the CoA/SDS before scale-up or biological testing.

Storage & Reconstitution

• Storage conditions (from Product Data): Store at −20°C.
• Shipping: Shipped in ice chest with ice pads (cold pack) per Product Data.

Item-specific details

• Appearance: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Reconstitution solvent and concentration: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General best practices (literature/general)

• Upon receipt: Keep sealed and cold. Allow the container to equilibrate to room temperature in a desiccator before opening to prevent condensation ingress.
• Reconstitution: Use the solvent/buffer recommended on the CoA. If unspecified, trial minimal volumes of suitable solvents (e.g., DMSO for small molecules; water/PBS for peptides) to prepare a concentrated stock.
• Aliquoting: Dispense into single-use aliquots in inert, low-bind tubes. Avoid repeated freeze–thaw cycles.
• Storage of solutions: If stable, store at −20°C or below, protected from light. Note that some aqueous solutions may require −80°C for long-term stability; verify on CoA.
• Thawing: Thaw on ice; mix gently. Do not vortex proteins/peptides vigorously if aggregation is a concern.

For authoritative guidance on stability, reconstitution volumes, and shelf life, refer to the lot-specific CoA and SDS.

Structure & Identity

This product is listed as GK60 (CAS 250683-13-7) under the Life Science category. Item-specific structural identifiers are not provided in the current listing.

• CAS: 250683-13-7
• Chemical name: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Molecular formula: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Molecular weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• SMILES: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• InChI / InChIKey: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Structural features

• Functional groups, ring systems, and stereochemistry: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• 2D/3D description: Without a provided structure, the presence of aromaticity, heteroatoms, peptide linkages, or chiral centers cannot be asserted. Please consult the product CoA or technical data sheet for definitive identity data.

Notes for users

• If you require confirmation of identity (e.g., by NMR/LC–MS), please request the latest CoA/SDS. Many Life Science reagents ship with batch-specific identity confirmation (HPLC/LC–MS or peptide mass for biomolecules).

Synthetic Utility

This product is listed for Life Science research and is not positioned as a general synthetic building block in the catalog entry.

• Building-block reactivity, protecting-group strategy, and named-reaction participation: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General notes (literature/general)

• If the compound is a small molecule with defined functional groups (e.g., amide, aryl halide, carboxylate), synthetic utility could include cross-coupling, amide bond formation, or late-stage diversification—only applicable if such functionalities are confirmed on the CoA.
• For peptides/biopolymers, utility in synthesis primarily lies in serving as standards, enzyme substrates, or ligands rather than as transformable building blocks.

Without structural information, no specific synthetic use recommendations can be made.

Target Specificity

No target, antigen, epitope, or binding information is provided for GK60 in the listing.

• Target/antigen: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Species reactivity/clone/isotype (for antibodies): Not applicable; no antibody information provided.

If this product is a bioactive ligand or inhibitor, consult the CoA/technical sheet or associated literature for binding constants, selectivity panels, and assay systems. Do not infer biological targets without documented data.