GK83 , CAS No.G1440732

CAS: G1440732 Cat. No.: G1440732 Formula: C₂₀H₂₈N₂O₂ Molecular Weight: 328.45

Storage

Store at -20°C

Shipped In

Ice chest + Ice pads

Overview

GK83 is a carboxyl nicotine hapten that can be used in the study of nicotine dependence.

Specifications

Storage

Store at -20°C

Shipped In

Ice chest + Ice pads

This product requires cold chain shipping. Ground and other economy services are not available.

Names and Identifiers

• Molecular Weight: 328.45

Application Protocols

No tested application protocols are provided for GK83 in the Product Data.

General starting points for small-molecule tool compounds (not item-specific)

• Biochemical assay: prepare a 10 mM DMSO stock; perform 10-point 1:3 or 1:2 serial dilutions; keep final DMSO ≤0.5–1% v/v. Include positive and negative controls, and counterscreens for assay interference.
• Cell-based assay: confirm vehicle tolerance; typical working concentrations range across 8–10 half-log steps. Monitor viability (e.g., resazurin/ATP readouts) alongside target biology.
• Analytical: develop an LC/MS method with a water–acetonitrile gradient (0.1% FA) and a stability-indicating criterion; track carryover and adsorption.

These are generic frameworks; adapt to GK83 once item-specific data are available.

Biological Roles

The Product Data do not disclose a biological target, pathway, or modality for GK83. Therefore, no item-specific biological role can be stated.

General considerations for small-molecule research reagents

• If GK83 is a pathway probe or inhibitor/activator, document its nominal target(s), mechanism (competitive, allosteric, covalent/noncovalent), and known off-target space before experimental use.
• Establish protein binding and cell permeability empirically (e.g., PAMPA, Caco-2, microsomal stability) to interpret cellular vs biochemical potencies.
• Validate functional effects with orthogonal readouts and appropriate negative/positive controls to avoid artifactual conclusions (vehicle, aggregation, fluorescence interference, redox cycling).

Important note

• Research Use Only: not for diagnostic, therapeutic, or in vivo clinical use. All biological interpretations must be supported by your own experimental controls and, where available, peer-reviewed literature for the exact identity of GK83.

Buffer Applications

Item-specific buffer systems are not provided for GK83. If GK83 is used as a small-molecule tool compound, buffer considerations typically relate to dissolution, stability, and assay compatibility rather than intrinsic buffering.

General guidance (not item-specific)

• Stock solutions: prepare 10–50 mM GK83 in DMSO. For aqueous assays, dilute into buffer while vortexing; keep final DMSO ≤0.5–1% v/v unless validated otherwise.
• Assay buffers: use standard systems (e.g., HEPES 10–50 mM, pH 7.2–7.5; PBS pH 7.4) with 0.01–0.05% surfactant (Tween-20) if nonspecific adsorption/aggregation is suspected.
• pH effects: if GK83 is ionizable (unknown), potency and solubility may vary with pH; map response at pH 6.0–8.0 for enzyme/cell assays as appropriate.
• Light/oxidation: if GK83 is light- or air-sensitive (unknown), protect assay plates and solutions with foil and minimize headspace; include antioxidants only if compatible with readouts.

These are general buffer-handling practices; consult the GK83 CoA/Spec Sheet for any item-specific constraints.

Green Alternatives

Without structural and solubility information for GK83, solvent and process greenness must be addressed generically. The following guidance helps reduce environmental and safety burdens while developing methods around GK83.

Preferred dissolution/processing solvents (general guidance)

• Water/buffer: first choice when feasible (adjust pH or use minimal co-solvent).
• Bio-based ethers/esters: 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF) or ethyl acetate for extractions and non-aqueous processing.
• Alcohols: ethanol or isopropanol instead of chlorinated or highly toxic polar aprotics where performance allows.

When high solubility is required

• DMSO and acetonitrile have higher EHS footprints; mitigate by micro-scale operations, closed systems, and solvent recovery where possible.

Small comparison (general, non-item-specific)

• Water/Buffer: lowest EHS impact; limited by analyte ionization/solubility.
• Ethanol/IPA: renewable options; moderate solvency; good for biocompatible handling.
• 2-MeTHF/EtOAc: greener organic media for workups; avoid peroxides by regular testing for ethers.
• DMSO/ACN/DMF: strong solvency; use sparingly and manage waste responsibly.

Process notes

• Design for minimal DMSO carryover in biological assays (≤0.5–1% v/v).
• Implement solvent screening matrices that prioritize greener candidates before resorting to high-hazard solvents.

Pharmaceutical Uses

No pharmacopeial status, excipient role, or manufacturing guidance is provided for GK83. This product is supplied strictly for research use only and is not intended for human or veterinary use in drug products.

General context (for formulation scientists conducting research)

• Preformulation screening often evaluates solubility in biorelevant media, pH solubility profiles, and solid-state form; none of these data are provided here for GK83.
• If GK83 is explored as a research tool in dosage-form prototypes (e.g., for method development), ensure segregation from GMP streams and label as nonclinical research material.
• Do not ascribe compendial compliance (USP/EP/JP) without explicit documentation on the CoA/Spec Sheet.

Physical Properties

The Product Data do not include physicochemical specifications for GK83. Do not treat the following as specifications.

Item-specific properties

• Appearance: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Grade/Purity: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Molecular weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Commonly consulted properties (literature/computed — not available here)

• Melting point / Boiling point: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Density, refractive index: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Aqueous solubility, logP/logD, pKa: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Practical guidance when properties are unknown (general lab practice)

• Initial solubility screen (mg/mL): try DMSO (100), DMF (100), ethanol (10–50), water (0.1–10 depending on ionization), then buffer titration (pH 4–9) to identify salt-dependent solubility. Document conditions used.
• If solid: assess hygroscopicity by mass drift during weighing; if liquid: check viscosity and phase behavior upon dilution.
• For assay work: prepare a concentrated DMSO stock (e.g., 10–50 mM), then dilute into assay buffer keeping final DMSO ≤0.5–1% v/v unless your system tolerates more.

Always defer to the item’s CoA/Spec Sheet for definitive numerical values.

Quality & Grades

Item-specific quality designations are not listed for GK83 in the Product Data.

• Grade/Purity: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Stabilizers/Inhibitors: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Interpreting common grades (general guidance)

• Research grade: suitable for exploratory lab work. May not meet trace-metal or low-UV criteria.
• HPLC grade solvents/reagents: certified low nonvolatile residue and UV background for chromatographic work.
• Analytical/Reagent grade (AR/ACS): meets recognized compendial specifications for general analytical use.
• BioUltra/BioReagent: screened for biocompatibility/enzymatic applications; often includes enzyme activity background testing.

Recommendations

• Request the CoA for: assay (%), related substances/impurities, water content, residual solvents, and if applicable metal content or inhibitor content. Do not assume values.
• If using in quantitative biology or analytics (e.g., IC50 determination, calibration), verify lot-specific purity by independent LC/MS or qNMR where feasible.
• If UV detection is critical, confirm UV cutoff/absorbance for your solvent system; not specified for this item.

Reaction & Applications

The Product Data categorize GK83 under life science, with no structural or reactivity details. Consequently, specific synthetic reaction roles cannot be assigned. If GK83 is a bioactive small molecule (common for coded life-science reagents), its primary use is typically as a tool compound or assay modulator rather than as a synthetic building block.

General laboratory applications for small-molecule research tools

• Biochemical assays: evaluate concentration–response relationships; determine apparent potency under defined buffer conditions; assess selectivity via counterscreens.
• Cellular studies: probe pathway responses; use appropriate vehicle controls (e.g., 0.1–0.5% DMSO); include viability/toxicity counters.
• Analytical characterization: establish stability-indicating LC/MS methods; monitor degradation under heat/light/pH stress.

Practical tips (general)

• Prepare frozen aliquots of a concentrated DMSO stock to minimize freeze–thaw and adsorption losses. Validate solution stability over intended storage (e.g., 1–4 weeks at −20°C for DMSO stocks) before routine use.
• If the compound is poorly soluble in water, add stock to vigorously stirred buffer to minimize precipitation; consider cyclodextrin or serum proteins as solubilizers only if compatible with the assay design.

For any synthetic chemistry use or reaction participation, obtain structural information and reactivity data from the CoA/Spec Sheet before planning transformations.

Reaction Conditions

No reaction condition data (solvent, temperature, catalysts, yields) are provided for GK83, and without structural information, generalized synthetic conditions are not applicable.

Practical note

• If you intend to transform GK83 chemically, obtain the full structural identity and stability profile first. Perform micro-scale scouting experiments with orthogonal conditions and in-line analytics to ensure integrity.

For biological or analytical workflows (general)

• Solution preparation: typical DMSO stocks (10–50 mM) at ambient temperature; avoid extended exposure to elevated temperatures unless stability is confirmed.
• Stability checks: perform short-term thermal and light stress tests on solutions to define handling windows in your assay or chromatographic methods.

Safety & Handling

Hazard information for GK83 is not provided in the Product Data. Treat as a laboratory chemical of unknown hazard profile.

GHS and labeling (item-specific)

• Signal word: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
• Hazard statements (H-codes): Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
• GHS classification/pictograms: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.

General laboratory precautions (good practice)

• PPE: lab coat, safety glasses or face shield, and appropriate chemically resistant gloves (e.g., disposable nitrile). Use in a fume hood to avoid inhalation of vapors/aerosols.
• Avoid: inhalation, ingestion, and skin/eye contact. Wash thoroughly after handling.
• Incompatibilities: Unknown; segregate from strong oxidizers, strong acids/bases, and ignition sources until compatibility is confirmed from SDS.
• Spill response: Contain with inert absorbent, collect in a suitable waste container, and ventilate area. Decontaminate surfaces with compatible solvent/detergent.
• First aid (overview; defer to SDS): eye/skin contact—rinse with water for ≥15 min; inhalation—move to fresh air; ingestion—rinse mouth, seek medical attention.

Special notes

• If GK83 is moisture/air/light sensitive (not specified), handle under inert atmosphere and protect from light as a precaution until item-specific guidance is available.
• Always consult the product-specific SDS before scale-up or use in novel systems.

Solvent Selection

Because the structural class of GK83 is not provided, solvent choice must be determined empirically. The following framework supports rapid selection without item-specific assumptions.

Practical screening ladder (general guidance)

• Polar aprotic: DMSO, DMF, DMAc (high solubilizing power for neutral/weakly polar organics). Start with 10–50 mg/mL in DMSO.
• Protic organics: ethanol, isopropanol for stocks intended for aqueous dilution; often tolerate 5–20 mg/mL.
• Aqueous buffers: if ionizable, solubility often increases at ±2 pH units from pKa; apply incremental titration (pH 4→9). Use co-solvent (≤1% DMSO) if needed.
• Nonpolar: if GK83 is lipophilic, try ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, or MTBE for processing; for assays, use DMSO stocks instead of nonpolar vehicles.

Decision tips

• For biochemical assays, prioritize DMSO stock solutions and maintain final DMSO ≤0.5–1% v/v unless validated otherwise.
• For LC method development, begin with acetonitrile/water (0.1% formic acid) or methanol/water; adjust based on retention and peak shape.

Comparison snapshot (general)

• DMSO: maximal solubility, excellent stability for many small molecules; may affect cells/enzymes above 1–2%.
• Ethanol: biocompatible vehicle; lower solubility than DMSO; volatility can change concentrations over time.
• Acetonitrile: ideal for HPLC; not typically used as assay vehicle.

Always confirm solvent compatibility with your biological or analytical system.

Storage & Reconstitution

Item-specific storage and shipping

• Storage Conditions: Store at −20°C (per Product Data).
• Shipped In: Ice chest + Ice pads (per Product Data) to maintain a cold chain.

Unspecified for this item (consult CoA/SDS)

• Appearance, hygroscopicity, light sensitivity, and stabilizers: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General reconstitution guidance (not item-specific)

• Solid: allow container to equilibrate to room temperature in a desiccator before opening to prevent moisture condensation. Prepare a concentrated stock in DMSO (e.g., 10–50 mM), vortex until fully dissolved, then aliquot and freeze at −20°C.
• Liquid: mix thoroughly; if viscous, warm gently to ambient before aliquoting. Avoid repeated freeze–thaw cycles by preparing single-use aliquots.
• Aqueous working solutions: dilute the DMSO stock into buffer with vigorous mixing; aim for final DMSO ≤0.5–1% v/v unless your system tolerates higher.
• Stability: verify both short-term (bench, 4°C) and long-term (−20°C) stability of solutions by LC/MS or HPLC before routine use.

Always defer to the product’s CoA and SDS for definitive handling, stability, and compatibility information.

Research Use Note: For research use only.

Structure & Identity

Item-specific identifiers are not provided in the Product Data for GK83. The following fields are therefore left unspecified for this catalog entry.

• Chemical name: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• CAS: G1440732 (internal/placeholder per Product Data; not a standard CAS RN). For regulatory or publication use, verify the formal CAS RN on the CoA.
• Molecular formula: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Molecular weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• SMILES: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• InChIKey: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Structural description

• Structural features (rings, functional groups, stereochemistry): Not available due to missing structural identifiers.

Notes to users

• If you require unequivocal identity (e.g., for analytical method development or regulatory filing), request the current Certificate of Analysis (CoA) and spectral package (1H/13C NMR, LC/MS, HRMS as available).

Synthetic Utility

The absence of structural information for GK83 precludes assigning specific synthetic roles (e.g., electrophile/nucleophile behavior, coupling handles, protecting-group strategies). As such, GK83 should not be presumed to function as a general synthetic building block.

If structural data become available (general guidance)

• Identify functional handles (halides, boronates, carboxyls, amines, aldehydes) to map cross-couplings, amide couplings, or reductive aminations.
• Assess chemoselectivity and stability toward acids/bases/oxidants/reductants before planning multi-step sequences.
• Establish an analytical panel (LC/MS, NMR, water content) to monitor reactions and purifications involving GK83.

Until then, treat GK83 primarily as a characterized research reagent for biological/analytical experiments rather than a substrate for chemical synthesis.

Target Specificity

Target, pathway, species selectivity, and mode of action are not provided in the Product Data for GK83. No clone, isotype, or antigen information applies (this is not an antibody product based on the listing). Refer to your internal records or request additional documentation if target specificity is required for experimental design.