Glycosylation

Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) broadly refer to covalent processing events that occur during or after translation, including proteolytic cleavage and the covalent addition or removal of chemical groups, small molecules, or protein modifiers, thereby regulating protein activity, ...

Nucleotide sugars are among the most important activated glycosyl donors in plant cells and are broadly involved in cell-wall polysaccharide biosynthesis, glycoprotein and glycolipid modification, glycosyl-transfer reactions, and extracellular matrix assembly.

The extracellular matrix is not a static scaffold simply composed of collagen, elastin, and several adhesion molecules. Its functional state largely depends on the spatial structure, ligand-binding capacity, and local signal distribution shaped by glycosylation. Glycosaminoglycan chains, glycan ...

The core of glycoprotein structural characterization does not lie in confirming a single chemical entity, but in resolving a multilayered information system jointly defined by the protein backbone, glycosylation sites, site occupancy, glycan composition, branching patterns, terminal ...

Glycosylation is one of the most important post-translational regulatory layers of cell surface molecules. Its role is not limited to increasing the structural complexity of proteins or lipids, but rather lies in continuously reshaping the initiation threshold, transmission efficiency, and ...

Glycoprotein hormones consist of heterodimeric protein scaffolds and glycosylation modifications. The shared α-subunit provides folding, assembly, and secretion support, while the specific β-subunit determines receptor selectivity and principal biological effects. N-linked glycan site ...

Gonadotropins are key endocrine effectors of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis and mainly include follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), as well as the placental hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), which exerts LH-like activity.

Urinary follicle-stimulating hormone (uFSH) refers to follicle-stimulating hormone preparations extracted and purified from the urine of postmenopausal women.

Glycosylation is one of the most common—and most complex—post-translational modifications of proteins. It is ubiquitous in biologic drugs such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), fusion proteins, hormones (e.g., EPO), enzyme preparations, and components for cell/gene therapies (e.g., AAV capsid ...

One of the most common post-translational modifications of eukaryotic proteins is glycosylation. Glycosylation of proteins can affect many biological activities. For therapeutic glycoproteins, it can alter biological activity, targeting, transport, serum half-life, clearance and receptor ...