Glatiramer acetate - Mw 6500 DaItons – 11500 Daltons , CAS No.147245-92-9

CAS: 147245-92-9 Cat. No.: G419969 Fórmula: (Glu,Ala,Lys,Tyr)x·XCH₃COOH Número CE: 814-981-5 PubChem CID: 3081884

GRADE & PURITY Mw 6500 DaItons – 11500 Daltons

Synonyms

acetic acid;(2S)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid;(2S)-2-aminopentanedioic acid;(2S)-2-aminopropanoic acid;(2S)-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid | AC-28732 | Glatiramer acetate | AM84438 | FHEAIOHRHQGZPC-KIWGSFCNSA-N | (2S)-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid; (2S)

Storage

Store at -20°C

Shipped In

Ice chest + Ice pads

Specifications

Sinónimos

acetic acid;(2S)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid;(2S)-2-aminopentanedioic acid;(2S)-2-aminopropanoic acid;(2S)-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid | AC-28732 | Glatiramer acetate | AM84438 | FHEAIOHRHQGZPC-KIWGSFCNSA-N | (2S)-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid; (2S)

Especificações e pureza

Mw 6500 DaItons – 11500 Daltons

Condições de armazenamento de armazenamento

Store at -20°C

Enviado em

Ice chest + Ice pads

Este produto requer transporte de cadeia fria. Serviços terrestres e outros serviços econômicos não estão disponíveis.

Nomes e identificadores

Pubchem Sid

504762396

Pubchem Sid Url

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/504762396

Sorrisos canónicos

CC(C(=O)O)N.CC(=O)O.C1=CC(=CC=C1CC(C(=O)O)N)O.C(CCN)CC(C(=O)O)N.C(CC(=O)O)C(C(=O)O)N

IUPAC Name

acetic acid;(2S)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid;(2S)-2-aminopentanedioic acid;(2S)-2-aminopropanoic acid;(2S)-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid

InChIKey

FHEAIOHRHQGZPC-KIWGSFCNSA-N

INCHI

1S/C9H11NO3.C6H14N2O2.C5H9NO4.C3H7NO2.C2H4O2/c10-8(9(12)13)5-6-1-3-7(11)4-2-6;7-4-2-1-3-5(8)6(9)10;6-3(5(9)10)1-2-4(7)8;1-2(4)3(5)6;1-2(3)4/h1-4,8,11H,5,10H2,(H,12,13);5H,1-4,7-8H2,(H,9,10);3H,1-2,6H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10);2H,4H2,1H3,(H,5,6);1H3,(H,3,4)/t8-;5-;3-;2-;/m0000./s1

SMILES isoméricas

C[C@@H](C(=O)O)N.CC(=O)O.C1=CC(=CC=C1C[C@@H](C(=O)O)N)O.C(CCN)C[C@@H](C(=O)O)N.C(CC(=O)O)[C@@H](C(=O)O)N

PubChem CID

3081884

Taxonomic Classification

Taxonomy Tree

• Kingdom Organic compounds
  • Superclass Organic acids and derivatives
    • Classe Carboxylic acids and derivatives
      • Subclass Amino acids, peptides, and analogues
        • Level5 Amino acids and derivatives
          • Level6 Alpha amino acids and derivatives
            • Level7 Tyrosine and derivatives

• Kingdom: Organic compounds
• Superclass: Organic acids and derivatives
• Classe: Carboxylic acids and derivatives
• Subclass: Amino acids, peptides, and analogues
• Intermediate Tree Nodes: Amino acids and derivatives - Alpha amino acids and derivatives
• Direct Parent: Tyrosine and derivatives
• Alternative Parents: Phenylalanine and derivatives Glutamic acid and derivatives Phenylpropanoic acids Alanine and derivatives Amphetamines and derivatives L-alpha-amino acids Medium-chain fatty acids Aralkylamines 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoids Amino fatty acids Dicarboxylic acids and derivatives Amino acids Carboxylic acids Organopnictogen compounds Hydrocarbon derivatives Organic oxides Carbonyl compounds Monoalkylamines
• Molecular Framework: Not available
• Substituents: Tyrosine or derivatives - Phenylalanine or derivatives - Glutamic acid or derivatives - Alanine or derivatives - 3-phenylpropanoic-acid - Alpha-amino acid - Amphetamine or derivatives - L-alpha-amino acid - Medium-chain fatty acid - 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid - Amino fatty acid - Phenol - Aralkylamine - Monocyclic benzene moiety - Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives - Benzenoid - Fatty acyl - Fatty acid - Amino acid - Carboxylic acid - Organic oxide - Organooxygen compound - Organonitrogen compound - Primary aliphatic amine - Amine - Carbonyl group - Organic nitrogen compound - Primary amine - Hydrocarbon derivative - Organic oxygen compound - Organopnictogen compound - Aromatic homomonocyclic compound
• Descrição: This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tyrosine and derivatives. These are compounds containing tyrosine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom.
• External Descriptors: Not available

Data sources

1. Djoumbou Feunang Y, Eisner R, Knox C, Chepelev L, Hastings J, Owen G, Fahy E, Steinbeck C, Subramanian S, Bolton E, Greiner R, and Wishart DS. ClassyFire: Automated Chemical Classification With A Comprehensive, Computable Taxonomy. Journal of Cheminformatics, 2016, 8:61.

DOI: 10.1186/s13321-016-0174-y

Propriedades químicas e físicas

• Sensibilidade: Moisture sensitive
• Peso molecular: 623.700 g/mol
• Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 12
• Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 18
• Rotatable Bond Count: 13
• Exact Mass: 623.301 Da
• Monoisotopic Mass: 623.301 Da
• Topological Polar Surface Area: 374.000 Ų
• Heavy Atom Count: 43
• Formal Charge: 0
• Complexity: 519.000
• Isotope Atom Count: 0
• Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 4
• Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
• Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
• Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
• The total count of all stereochemical bonds: 0
• Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 5

XLogP3

Application Protocols

No item-specific, validated protocols are provided for this SKU. The following are general, literature-informed practices for preparing and using glatiramer acetate in research. Adjust parameters to your assay and consult primary literature.

• Stock preparation (general):
  • Dissolve in sterile water, saline, or PBS to prepare a concentrated stock. Mix gently until clear.
  • Optional: filter-sterilize through 0.22 µm low-protein-binding membrane.
  • Aliquot into low-bind tubes to avoid repeated freeze–thaw.
• Example working uses (general):
  • Cell culture exposure: add to culture medium to desired final concentration; include vehicle controls. Monitor cell viability and cytokines by ELISA/flow cytometry.
  • APC/T-cell co-culture: preincubate with APCs to allow uptake/presentation, then introduce T cells; assess activation markers and cytokine secretion.
  • Biophysical assays: for SPR/ITC, immobilize via amine coupling on sensor chips with caution regarding heterogeneity; run appropriate reference channels.
• Controls and analytics:
  • Include dose-response (e.g., 3–6 half-log dilutions) to map nonlinear effects.
  • Characterize lot by amino acid composition and SEC profile when comparability is critical.
• Troubleshooting tips:
  • Low apparent activity: verify solution clarity, concentration by UV (tyrosine band ~275 nm; use composition-adjusted extinction if available), and check for adsorption losses.
  • Cytotoxicity/artifacts: reduce DMSO (if used), confirm endotoxin levels, adjust ionic strength.

Item-tested applications, recommended dilutions/positive controls: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Biological Roles

General literature context (no clinical claims): Glatiramer acetate is a synthetic, heterogeneous polypeptide mixture designed to mimic selected immunochemical features of myelin proteins. In research settings it serves as a tool compound to study antigen presentation, T-cell responses, and innate-adaptive immune crosstalk.

• Antigen presentation: interacts with MHC class II peptide-binding grooves on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), competing with or modulating presentation of endogenous peptides. Binding characteristics depend on HLA-DR allotype and the copolymer’s sequence distribution.
• T-cell modulation: exposure in vitro can shift cytokine profiles and T helper cell polarization; investigators examine IL-4/IL-10 vs. IFN-γ/TNF patterns, anergy, or regulatory T-cell markers as readouts (assay- and system-dependent).
• APC phenotype: reported to affect dendritic cell maturation markers, co-stimulatory molecules (e.g., CD80/86), and secretion of chemokines/cytokines in various cellular models.
• Membrane interactions: cationic segments can associate with anionic phospholipids and glycosaminoglycans, influencing uptake and endosomal routing.
• Biophysical properties relevant to biology: ampholytic nature, lysine-driven positive charge, and tyrosine aromaticity affect binding to proteins and membranes; glutamate residues contribute to multivalent electrostatic networks.

Caveats for experimental design:

• Heterogeneity implies batch-to-batch compositional variation within defined ranges; always use the same lot for comparability or include bridging controls.
• Effects are cell-type and context dependent; include appropriate negative/positive controls and concentration-response curves.

Item-specific biological activity specifications: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Buffer Applications

Glatiramer acetate is not a buffering agent and is not typically used to control solution pH. Instead, it is prepared in compatible buffers for biological assays.

• Recommended approach (general):
  • Select an external buffer such as PBS, HEPES-buffered saline, or other near-neutral systems (pH ~6.8–7.6) appropriate for the biological model.
  • Avoid strongly acidic or basic buffers that may hydrolyze peptide bonds or alter side-chain chemistry.
• Practical notes:
  • Ionic strength influences electrostatic interactions and may modulate cell binding and uptake due to lysine-rich segments.
  • Phosphate-containing buffers can interact with cationic polymers; empirical testing may be warranted if binding artifacts are suspected.

Item-specific buffer capacity, pKa, or recommended buffer systems: Not applicable. Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet for any validated formulation guidance.

Green Alternatives

Because glatiramer acetate is a water-soluble peptide copolymer, “green chemistry” considerations focus on solvent selection, waste minimization, and lifecycle impacts of auxiliary materials rather than substitution with a different chemical. Nevertheless, there are practical steps to improve sustainability:

• Prefer water-based media: conduct dissolutions and dilutions in purified water or aqueous buffers to avoid organic co-solvents (e.g., DMSO), reducing VOC emissions and hazardous waste.
• Minimize single-use plastics: peptides can adsorb to plastics; select low-bind, reusable glassware when sterility allows, or consolidate steps to lower plastic consumption.
• Right-size experiments: due to the material’s heterogeneity and cost, design experiments with power analysis to limit replicate waste, and prepare only needed solution volumes to reduce disposal.
• Alternative materials (contextual): for certain immunological model systems, simpler defined peptides or peptide libraries may substitute for exploratory screening, reducing reliance on complex polymers. Tradeoff: reduced physiological breadth compared with the copolymer’s heterogeneity.
• Energy footprint: thaw and work at ambient temperature where feasible; promptly return stocks to −20°C to minimize freeze–thaw cycles and energy-intensive reprocessing.

Comparison (general):

• Water/PBS vs. DMSO stocks: Water/PBS are greener and typically sufficient for solubilization; DMSO enables higher concentrations but adds hazardous waste burden and potential cytotoxicity.
• Glass vs. plastic consumables: Glass reduces plastic waste and adsorption but requires cleaning/sterilization energy; choose based on biosafety and throughput.

Item-specific environmental certifications or green grades: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Pharmaceutical Uses

This product is supplied strictly for research use only and is not intended for human or animal administration. No medical or clinical claims are made.

Formulation/processing context (general/literature; non-clinical):

• As a peptide copolymer acetate salt, it dissolves readily in water and saline, enabling sterile aqueous formulations for in vitro studies.
• Typical formulation considerations include control of pH near neutrality, isotonicity (e.g., 0.9% NaCl) for cell exposure, and avoidance of metal-catalyzed oxidation or strong oxidants that could modify tyrosine residues.
• Excipient compatibility: low concentrations of stabilizing proteins (e.g., HSA) or sugars (e.g., trehalose) are sometimes employed in research settings to reduce adsorption and improve stability during storage and handling; verify suitability for your assay.
• Container/closure: low-bind plastics or borosilicate glass vials to limit peptide adsorption; avoid reactive rubber components that could leach or bind cationic peptides.

Quality references (general):

• Analytical control typically relies on amino acid composition, molecular weight distribution (SEC), and, where relevant, endotoxin/bioburden for cell-based use. These are process- and lot-dependent and must be verified via CoA.

Item-specific pharmacopeial status, excipient grade, or GMP attributes: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Physical Properties

Item-specific specifications are not provided for this product; refer to the CoA/Specification Sheet for definitive values. The following are general/literature characteristics of glatiramer acetate as a heterogeneous peptide copolymer and should not be construed as item specifications.

• Physical state/appearance: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet. (Typically an amorphous solid or lyophilized powder; literature/general.)
• Molecular weight distribution: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet. (Literature often reports average Mw in the low-kDa range; exact distribution is product-specific.)
• Solubility (literature/general): readily soluble in water and physiological saline due to cationic lysine content and acetate counterions; insoluble or sparingly soluble in most nonpolar organic solvents. Moderate solubility in polar aprotics like DMSO may occur but is not typically used.
• pKa (qualitative, literature/general): material contains multiple ionizable groups: ε-NH3+ of lysine (basic), α-NH3+ termini (basic), γ-carboxylates of glutamate and α-COOH termini (acidic), and phenolic OH of tyrosine (weakly acidic). The net is ampholytic; isoelectric behavior depends on composition.
• Hygroscopicity (literature/general): peptides and their acetate salts can be hygroscopic; handle in a dry environment.
• Thermal behavior (literature/general): no discrete melting point; decomposes/denatures upon heating; avoid prolonged exposure to elevated temperatures.
• Spectroscopic notes (literature/general): UV absorbance predominantly from tyrosine residues (λmax ~275 nm) with peptide bond absorbance in the far-UV; exact extinction coefficient depends on composition and concentration.

For numerical values (e.g., water content, exact solubility, refractive index), Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Quality and Grades

• Grade/Purity: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet. Glatiramer acetate, being a heterogeneous copolymer, is typically characterized by distributional metrics rather than a single purity percentage.

How quality is commonly established for this class of materials (general/literature):

• Composition: molar ratios of L-Glu:L-Lys:L-Ala:L-Tyr, often determined by amino acid analysis after hydrolysis. These ratios are critical to functional consistency.
• Molecular weight distribution: assessed by SEC/HPLC or light scattering, reporting Mn, Mw, and polydispersity index (Đ). Capillary electrophoresis and SDS-PAGE may also be used for profiling.
• Counterion content: acetate content verified by ion chromatography or NMR to confirm salt form.
• Residuals/impurities: residual solvents, reagents, and salts monitored per internal specifications; endotoxin/bioburden testing may be performed for cell-based research use (if applicable).
• Identity: FTIR (amide I/II), NMR (where feasible), amino acid composition, and UV profile (tyrosine band) provide orthogonal identity confirmation.
• Functional assays: optional in vitro immunological readouts (e.g., cytokine modulation, APC binding) can be used for lot comparability, though not universally applied.

Stabilizers/Excipients: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

What this means for users:

• Expect lot-specific CoA with amino acid composition and molecular size distribution rather than a single numeric “purity.”
• For chromatography applications (if any), low-UV absorbance criteria like “HPLC grade” are not relevant; instead, sterility/endotoxin and compositional reproducibility are the key quality axes for biological research.

Reaction and Applications

As a biologically active peptide copolymer, glatiramer acetate is not typically used as a reagent for small-molecule synthesis. Its applications are primarily in immunology and neuroinflammation research contexts. The following are research uses commonly reported in the literature (not item-specific):

• Antigen presentation and T-cell studies: used to probe interactions with MHC class II on antigen-presenting cells and to study downstream T-cell responses (e.g., cytokine profiling, T helper cell polarization). Useful in co-culture assays involving dendritic cells/monocytes and CD4+ T cells.
• Monocyte/macrophage modulation: evaluation of phenotypic shifts and secretome changes in response to peptide copolymer exposure, including markers of activation and antigen processing.
• Myelin antigen mimicry paradigms: employed as a complex, non-specific myelin basic protein mimic to assess cross-reactive immune recognition in vitro.
• Biophysical binding assays: surface plasmon resonance (SPR) or isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) to characterize interactions with HLA-DR peptides or model membranes; requires careful immobilization strategies due to polydispersity.
• Formulation/analytics development: used as a reference standard for method development—SEC, CE, amino acid analysis, peptide mapping after partial hydrolysis.

Practical tips (general):

• Prepare fresh aqueous solutions under sterile conditions; peptide adsorption to plastics can be mitigated by using low-bind tubes and adding small amounts of inert carrier (e.g., 0.1% HSA) where compatible.
• Control for ionic strength and pH to maintain charge state; lysine content confers cationic character that affects cell interactions.
• Include polymer-only vehicle controls and concentration-response designs due to heterogeneity.

Reaction Conditions

As a peptide copolymer used predominantly in biological research, glatiramer acetate does not have “reaction conditions” in the small-molecule synthetic sense. The following guidance pertains to preparing and handling solutions for in vitro experiments (general/literature) and optional chemical modifications for labeling.

• Dissolution (general): add the powder to sterile water, saline, or PBS with gentle mixing at room temperature until fully dissolved. Avoid vigorous vortexing that can cause foaming and adsorption losses.
• Concentration ranges (literature/general): working concentrations vary widely by assay; preliminary screens often use low to mid µg/mL to mg/mL regimes. Optimize empirically; include vehicle controls.
• pH and ionic strength: maintain near-neutral pH (6.8–7.6). High ionic strength can reduce nonspecific electrostatic interactions but may also diminish intended binding.
• Sterilization: where sterility is required, 0.22 µm filtration through low-protein-binding membranes; avoid heat sterilization, which may denature/aggregate peptides.
• Chemical labeling (optional, general): NHS-ester dyes/reactants for amine labeling at pH 7.5–8.5 in aqueous buffers lacking primary amines (avoid Tris). Quench and purify by SEC or dialysis. Reaction time 10–60 min at room temperature is typical for NHS chemistries; degree of labeling is distributional.
• Storage of solutions: keep on ice during use; short-term at 2–8°C; aliquot and freeze at −20°C for longer storage to limit freeze–thaw.

Item-specific validated conditions, stability-indicating parameters, or exact concentration limits: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Safety and Handling

GHS/Regulatory data for this specific item are not provided here. Always consult the SDS for authoritative hazard classification and response measures.

• GHS classification: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
• Signal word, hazard statements, pictograms: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.

General laboratory safety guidance (peptide polymer; research use only):

• PPE: lab coat, safety glasses, and appropriate gloves (e.g., nitrile). Use a dust mask or work in a fume hood/biological safety cabinet if handling fine powders to prevent inhalation and cross-contamination.
• Handling: avoid generating dust/aerosols. Prepare solutions using sterile technique where sterility/endotoxin control is required for cell-based assays. Prevent contact with skin and eyes.
• Incompatibilities (general): strong oxidizers can modify side chains (e.g., tyrosine). Strong acids/bases may cause hydrolysis/deamidation. Avoid reactive carbonyls that can form Schiff bases with lysine ε-amines.
• Special risks: peptide materials can be allergenic in sensitized individuals; minimize exposure. Product is not intended for human or animal administration.
• First aid overview (general): in case of contact, rinse skin/eyes with water for ≥15 min; remove contaminated clothing. If inhaled, move to fresh air. If ingested, rinse mouth. Seek medical attention as needed; provide SDS.
• Spill/leak: avoid dust; dampen, collect mechanically, and dispose per institutional and local regulations.
• Waste: dispose of peptide-containing solutions/solids as chemical waste; do not release to drains.

Always defer to the provided SDS and institutional EHS guidance for this specific SKU.

Solvent Selection

Glatiramer acetate is a water-soluble peptide copolymer supplied as an acetate salt. Solvent choice is primarily dictated by biocompatibility and stability rather than classical organic synthesis considerations.

• Polarity/miscibility (general):

  • Water: high solubility; preferred for most applications. Isotonic saline or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) are commonly used where ionic strength or buffering is needed.
  • Aqueous buffers: suitable across mildly acidic to near-neutral pH; avoid extremes that promote hydrolysis or side-chain modification.
  • DMSO: can solubilize peptides; may be used for concentrated stocks but consider biological effects of DMSO in cell assays.
  • Alcohols/ketones and nonpolar solvents: generally poor solvents; not recommended.

• Practical selection guidance:

  • Choose sterile, endotoxin-controlled water (e.g., water for injection grade) or PBS for cell-based experiments.
  • Minimize exposure to high pH (>9) or low pH (<4) to prevent peptide backbone/side-chain degradation.
  • If filter-sterilizing, use low-protein-binding membranes (e.g., PVDF or PES, 0.22 µm) to limit adsorption.

• Small comparison (general):

  • Water/PBS: best for biocompatibility; may influence electrostatic interactions via ionic strength.
  • HEPES-buffered saline: improved pH control near physiological conditions without phosphate precipitation issues.
  • DMSO: enables higher concentrations for storage; dilute into aqueous media immediately before use to limit DMSO exposure.

Item-specific solvent recommendations: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet for any validated solvent systems or concentration limits.

Storage and Reconstitution

• Storage conditions (item-specific): Store at −20°C. Shipped in an ice chest with ice pads to maintain a cold chain.

• General storage guidance for peptide copolymers:

  • Protect from moisture; keep container tightly closed under dry, inert conditions when feasible.
  • Avoid repeated freeze–thaw cycles; dispense into single-use or limited-use aliquots upon first thaw.
  • For short-term use (days to 1–2 weeks), refrigerated storage of solutions at 2–8°C may be acceptable; verify stability in your assay system.

• Reconstitution (general/literature):

  • Use sterile water, 0.9% saline, or PBS. Add solvent incrementally with gentle agitation until fully dissolved.
  • Target concentrations should be tailored to the assay; if high concentrations are required and solubility limits are approached, consider mild warming to room temperature and extended mixing. Avoid high temperatures.
  • Optional sterile filtration: 0.22 µm PVDF or PES membranes to ensure clarity and sterility; pre-rinse filters to minimize binding.
  • For long-term frozen storage of solutions, consider cryoprotectants (e.g., low % sugars) if compatible with downstream applications.

• Stability notes:

  • Avoid extreme pH and exposure to oxidants (tyrosine oxidation) or reactive carbonyls (lysine adducts).
  • Document lot number, preparation date, solvent/buffer, and concentration on aliquot labels for traceability.

Item-specific shelf life, solution stability window, and reconstitution concentration: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Structure and Identity

Glatiramer acetate is a heterogeneous, random copolymer of L-glutamic acid, L-lysine, L-alanine, and L-tyrosine in the acetate salt form. It lacks a single, discrete molecular structure and is best described by its compositional ratios and molecular weight distribution.

• Item identifiers (product data):
  • CAS: 147245-92-9
  • CID: 3081884
  • InChIKey: 82683 (as provided; note that the material is a mixture and may not have a single canonical InChIKey)
  • SMILES: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Molecular formula: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet. (No single empirical formula applies due to heterogeneity.)
• Molecular weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Structural features (general/literature description):

• Random copolymer composed of the L-amino acids: L-Glu (γ-carboxylate side chain), L-Lys (ε-amine side chain; cationic at neutral pH), L-Ala (aliphatic), and L-Tyr (phenolic aromatic ring).
• Typically supplied as the acetate salt; acetate counterions balance the net positive charge arising chiefly from lysine residues.
• Polypeptide backbone of α-amine to α-carboxylate amide bonds (standard peptide linkages); no defined sequence or terminal protecting groups in the final material.
• Stereochemistry: all constituent residues are L-configured; side chains are achiral except at the α-carbon.
• Morphology: generally an amorphous, microheterogeneous polymer mixture with a broad molecular weight distribution (polydisperse).

2D depiction in words (general): a linear peptide chain with randomly distributed side chains—carboxylate (Glu), primary amine (Lys), methyl (Ala), and p-hydroxyphenyl (Tyr)—along the polyamide backbone; counterions of acetate associate electrostatically with protonated amines.

Synthetic Utility

Glatiramer acetate is a finished peptide copolymer mixture and is not commonly used as a building block or reagent in small-molecule synthesis. Its principal value lies in biological and analytical research rather than synthetic transformations.

Nevertheless, in peptide/polymer chemistry and analytical method development, it can serve as:

• A complex copolymer standard: useful for validating and challenging separation methods (SEC, CE) aimed at resolving broad molecular weight distributions and charge heterogeneity.
• A test substrate for derivatization: controlled modification of lysine ε-amines (e.g., with NHS-esters or isothiocyanates) can be explored for labeling studies, though the heterogeneous backbone complicates stoichiometry and interpretation.
• A model for multivalent interactions: its multivalent display of cationic and aromatic residues supports investigations into polyelectrolyte complexation with nucleic acids, sulfated polysaccharides, or anionic nanoparticles in biophysical research.

Cautions and limitations:

• Heterogeneity prevents precise stoichiometric control; yields and substitution degrees are distributional and best reported as averages with polydispersity metrics.
• Side reactions such as crosslinking may occur during amine-targeted chemistry; rigorous analytics (TNBS assay for amines, UV for tyrosine, MS/SEC) are recommended post-modification.
• For sequence-defined applications, switch to custom peptides or peptoids where exact placement of functional groups is required.

Item-specific reactivity or derivatization guidance: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Target Specificity

This section typically applies to affinity reagents such as antibodies, ligands with defined binding epitopes, or targeted probes. Glatiramer acetate is a heterogeneous peptide copolymer without a single, defined molecular target or epitope.

• No item-specific target, clone, isotype, or species reactivity is applicable.
• In literature contexts, it is used to study broad interactions with antigen-presenting machinery (e.g., MHC class II) and immune cells; however, these are system-dependent and not target-specific in the classical sense.

Item-specific target or binding profile: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet if any characterization of binding is provided.