Nystatin Solution (50 mg/mL) - BioReagent

Cat. No.: N1528846

GRADE & PURITY BioReagent

Storage

Store at -20°C

Shipped In

Ice chest + Ice pads

Visão geral

This product is a sterile stock solution of Nystatin, prepared by dissolving Nystatin in DMSO at a concentration of 50 mg/mL. Nystatin (CAS: 1400-61-9, molecular weight: 926.09) is a polyene antifungal antibiotic containing a conjugated polyene macrolide structure, which exhibits inhibitory activity against yeast and fungi. Its mechanism of action involves binding to ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane, forming transmembrane ion channels that lead to the leakage of essential intracellular contents, thereby exerting its antifungal effects.

Specifications

Especificações e pureza

BioReagent

Condições de armazenamento de armazenamento

Store at -20°C

Enviado em

Ice chest + Ice pads

Este produto requer transporte de cadeia fria. Serviços terrestres e outros serviços econômicos não estão disponíveis.

Grau

BioReagent

Product Line

biological_products

Application Protocols

No manufacturer-validated application protocols are provided for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet for any lot-specific notes. The following are general literature-based guidance examples for research use only.

Example: Contamination control in mammalian cell culture (literature guidance)

• Prepare working medium: Add a small volume of the nystatin stock solution to prewarmed medium to reach the desired final concentration. Keep vehicle (e.g., DMSO or alcohol, if applicable) at minimal % v/v to limit cytotoxicity. Protect from light.
• Titrate: Test a range of concentrations to identify the minimal effective concentration that suppresses fungal growth without undue effects on cells. Include a vehicle-only control.
• Handling: Add under aseptic conditions. Mix gently and use promptly. Avoid repeated warming/cooling of the stock; aliquot upon receipt.

Example: Lipid bilayer/planar patch studies (literature guidance)

• Prepare sterol-defined liposomes or membranes. Dose nystatin from a concentrated stock into the bathing solution while recording conductance.
• Monitor changes in ion permeability; correlate effects with ergosterol content. Maintain low light and stable temperature.

These examples are not item-specific instructions. Validate conditions for your system and consult institutional biosafety guidelines.

Biological Roles

General literature overview (not item-specific):

• Nystatin is a polyene macrolide that associates strongly with ergosterol in fungal membranes. Binding promotes the formation of transmembrane pores, leading to altered permeability and ion leakage in ergosterol-rich membranes.
• Selectivity arises because fungal membranes are ergosterol-rich, whereas mammalian membranes predominantly contain cholesterol. Nystatin exhibits much lower affinity for cholesterol, though interactions can occur at sufficient concentrations.
• The compound’s amphipathic architecture (polyene region and polyhydroxy face) enables insertion into lipid bilayers and oligomerization into pores.
• In biological research, nystatin is leveraged as a tool to: (a) suppress fungal contaminants in cultures, (b) dissect sterol dependence of membrane protein function, and (c) induce controlled increases in membrane conductance for electrophysiological protocols in ergosterol-containing systems.

Caveats for laboratory biology:

• Activity depends on membrane sterol composition, medium components, and solvent vehicle. Proteins and serum can bind or sequester polyenes, altering free concentration.
• Light and oxidative degradation reduce activity; solutions should be protected from light and stored cold.
• Cytotoxicity can occur in mammalian cells at higher concentrations; empirically determine minimally effective concentrations and include vehicle controls.

No clinical/therapeutic claims are made. This BioReagent is for research use only, as stated in the Product Data.

Buffer Applications

This product is a bioactive reagent solution rather than a buffering agent. It is not typically used to establish or maintain pH.

Practical notes for use with buffers (general literature):

• When dosing into aqueous buffers or culture media, ensure the vehicle (e.g., DMSO or alcohol, if applicable) is miscible with the buffer at the intended final concentration to prevent precipitation.
• Maintain neutral pH (approximately pH 6.8–7.6) for improved stability; strong acid/base can accelerate degradation of polyene macrolides.
• Protect buffer-containing mixtures from light during preparation and use (amber tubes, foil wrapping).

If a specific formulation (e.g., inclusion of serum, cyclodextrins, or surfactants) is needed to enhance apparent solubility, optimize empirically and document with appropriate controls. Exact buffer recipes or pH ranges for this item are not specified; refer to application-specific protocols.

Green Alternatives

Green chemistry considerations relate primarily to the choice of solvent vehicle and handling practices, since the active ingredient (nystatin) is fixed.

Greener solvent perspectives (general literature):

• If the stock is in DMSO or DMF (not specified for this item), consider whether ethanol or aqueous cosolvent systems with biocompatible surfactants can achieve the necessary working concentration with lower toxicity and improved biodegradability. However, note that nystatin’s solubility is substantially higher in polar aprotic solvents; efficacy may drop in “greener” media due to precipitation.

Comparison (general):

• DMSO: High solubilizing power; relatively benign from a green chemistry standpoint compared to DMF, but still requires controlled disposal.
• Ethanol: Renewable and lower toxicity; may require higher volumes and can impact biological systems at modest percentages.
• Aqueous buffers with cyclodextrins or mild surfactants: Can enhance apparent solubility; added formulation complexity and potential biological effects.

Operational improvements:

• Use the minimum effective concentration and smallest feasible stock aliquots to reduce waste and freeze–thaw cycles.
• Protect from light to extend shelf life and reduce discarded degraded material.
• Segregate solvent waste and dispose via approved hazardous waste streams.

Trade-offs:

• Greener vehicles may limit achievable stock concentration or stability. Prioritize experimental performance and safety while exploring solvent systems with lower environmental persistence. Always verify solvent identity and compatibility from the CoA for this item.

Pharmaceutical Uses

This listing is a BioReagent for research use only and is not supplied under GMP nor intended for human or veterinary use.

Context (general literature):

• Nystatin is known as an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in various dosage forms; however, such information is provided only as background and does not apply to this research-grade product.

Relevance to research workflows:

• In preformulation or materials science studies, researchers may examine nystatin’s solubility, stability, and excipient compatibility. Any pharmacopeial specifications (USP/EP) or unit-potency designations are NOT provided for this item.

Item-specific status:

• Pharmacopeial compliance, excipient content, preservatives, activity units, and residual solvent specifications are not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet if needed for method development or comparative research.

Compliance reminder:

• Do not use for therapeutic, diagnostic, or clinical applications. For regulated uses, source GMP-grade material that explicitly states pharmacopeial conformity and unit potency.

Physical Properties

Item-specific specifications such as density, refractive index, or solvent composition are not provided.

• Concentration: 50 mg/mL (solution)
• Solvent: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Appearance: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General/literature information for nystatin (solid):

• Typical form: yellow to yellow-orange amorphous powder; strongly light-sensitive due to the polyene chromophore.
• Solubility (literature): practically insoluble in water; soluble in polar aprotic/organic solvents such as DMSO and DMF; limited solubility in methanol/ethanol; insoluble in nonpolar hydrocarbons.
• UV-Vis (literature): intense absorption in the visible (ca. 305–330 nm shoulder and 360–410 nm region) characteristic of polyene macrolides; strong light sensitivity—photodegradation in ambient light.
• pKa/logP (literature): poorly defined due to multiple ionizable and hydrogen-bonding sites and mixture composition; report values vary; consult primary sources for a given standard.
• Stability (general): degrades with heat, light, oxidants, and extremes of pH; more stable in dry, cold, and dark conditions.

Important: Do not treat the above as item specifications. Where exact physical constants of this specific solution are required (e.g., density for volumetric dosing, solvent identity, UV cutoff), use the lot-specific CoA/Spec Sheet.

Quality and Grades

• Supplied grade: BioReagent (per Product Data). This designation generally indicates suitability for biological research workflows (e.g., cell culture or microbiology) with attention to bioburden and common bio-contaminants, but it is not equivalent to clinical/pharmaceutical grade.

What BioReagent typically implies (general):

• Manufactured and tested under procedures targeting research applications, with attention to identity and activity where appropriate.
• Does not imply compliance with pharmacopeial monographs (USP/EP/JP) or GMP manufacturing.

Item-specific notes:

• Concentration is specified as 50 mg/mL. The solvent system, stabilizers, water content, and activity (units/mg) are not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• UV absorbance profile, particle/bioburden, endotoxin, heavy metals, and residual solvents are not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet if required by your workflow.

Practical guidance:

• If using for cell culture contamination control, confirm compatibility of the solvent with your medium and cells. Perform a small-scale solvent control where necessary.
• For analytical assays (e.g., quantifying nystatin in matrices), obtain lot-specific purity and assay data from the CoA.
• If you require defined activity in units/mL or pharmacopeial compliance, this research-grade product may not be suitable.

Reaction and Applications

This product is primarily intended as a biologically active reagent, not as a synthetic building block or solvent.

Research applications (general literature):

• Widely used as a laboratory antifungal agent to suppress fungal contamination in microbiology and mammalian cell culture workflows, due to its high affinity for ergosterol-containing membranes. Typical use involves supplementing culture media at defined concentrations determined empirically for the cell type and fungal burden.
• Utilized in membrane biology studies probing sterol–polyene interactions, permeability changes, and ion flux across lipid bilayers containing ergosterol versus cholesterol.
• Employed as a tool compound in analytical and biophysical assays (e.g., fluorescence-quenching or conductance measurements) owing to its polyene chromophore and pore-forming activity in ergosterol-rich membranes.

Not typically applicable:

• Nystatin is not commonly used in standard organic synthesis transformations (e.g., cross-coupling, carbonyl chemistry). It is a structurally complex natural product that is sensitive to acid/base and light, limiting its use in harsh reaction conditions.

Practical tips:

• Protect solutions from light; minimize time at ambient temperature.
• Validate solvent compatibility with your biological system; include vehicle controls.
• For contamination control, confirm that bacterial performance (if co-cultured) or mammalian cell viability is not unduly affected at the chosen concentration.

Reaction Conditions

Conventional organic reaction condition guidance is not directly applicable, as this product is a ready-to-use bioactive solution rather than a reagent for general synthetic transformations.

General stability considerations (literature):

• Temperature: Keep cold; degradation accelerates at elevated temperature.
• Atmosphere: Protect from air/oxygen and light when possible; use amber vials or foil wrapping.
• pH: Avoid strongly acidic or basic media; near-neutral conditions favor stability.
• Solvents: Polar aprotic solvents (e.g., DMSO, DMF) solubilize nystatin; alcohols are moderate; aqueous solubility is poor without aids.

If performing derivatization (advanced users):

• Use mild, non-acidic acylation or carbamate-forming conditions at low temperature; rigorously exclude light.
• Analytical monitoring by HPLC with diode-array detection helps identify polyene isomerization and degradation products.

Item-specific reaction conditions are not provided. For routine experimental use (e.g., dosing into media), follow biological application protocols and validate stability under your assay conditions.

Safety and Handling

GHS classification, H-statements, pictograms, and signal word are not specified for this item; refer to the SDS for authoritative safety information.

General safety considerations for nystatin solutions (literature and best practice):

• Hazards: Polyene macrolides can cause irritation to skin, eyes, and respiratory tract. Avoid aerosol generation. Handle in a fume hood or biosafety cabinet appropriate to your application.
• PPE: Lab coat, safety glasses, and suitable gloves (e.g., nitrile). Consider double-gloving for extended handling of organic solutions. Avoid skin contact and inhalation.
• Incompatibilities: Avoid strong oxidizers, strong acids/bases (may promote degradation), and prolonged exposure to light and heat. Protect from UV/visible light.
• First aid (overview; defer to SDS): In case of skin/eye contact, rinse with water for at least 15 minutes; remove contaminated clothing. If inhaled, move to fresh air. If ingested, rinse mouth and seek medical attention. Provide SDS to responders.
• Environmental precautions: Prevent release to drains and the environment. Adsorb spills with inert material and dispose in accordance with institutional and local regulations.
• Special risks: Light-sensitive polyene; photooxidation may generate degradation products. Some polyenes can bind sterols—avoid exposure to biological specimens except as intended experimental use.

Storage/transport per product data:

• Store at −20°C. Ship on ice chest with ice pads. Minimize freeze–thaw cycles by aliquoting upon receipt.

Solvent Selection

This item is supplied as a 50 mg/mL solution; the solvent is not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General solvent considerations for nystatin (literature):

• Polarity and miscibility: Nystatin is amphipathic and poorly water-soluble. It dissolves in polar aprotic solvents (e.g., DMSO, DMF) and to a lesser extent in lower alcohols (MeOH/EtOH). It is effectively insoluble in nonpolar solvents and water at neutral pH.
• Dielectric environment: Solvents with higher dielectric constants facilitate solubilization of the polyhydroxylated macrolide while stabilizing the extended polyene.
• Light sensitivity: Regardless of solvent, protect from light to prevent photoisomerization/oxidation.

When choosing or diluting into working media:

• If the stock is in DMSO (common in literature), final DMSO concentration in cell culture is often kept ≤0.1–0.5% v/v to minimize cytotoxicity; verify with controls.
• For aqueous systems, premix the stock with a small amount of compatible co-solvent or surfactant if needed; avoid strong acids/bases that accelerate degradation.

Comparison (general, literature):

• DMSO: strong solubilizer; widely compatible in small amounts; may affect membranes at higher %.
• Methanol/Ethanol: moderate solubilizers; higher volumes may be required; volatility can assist removal but may affect cells.
• DMF: strong solvent; more toxic; typically avoided in biological assays.

Always follow the solvent identity and handling recommendations on the lot-specific CoA.

Storage and Reconstitution

Item-specific storage:

• Store at −20°C (per Product Data). Shipped in an ice chest with ice pads to maintain the cold chain.

General handling guidance:

• Upon receipt, inspect for any signs of thawing or precipitation. If precipitation is observed, gently warm to room temperature and vortex to re-dissolve, protecting from light. Do not heat above ambient.
• Aliquot immediately into light-protective, sterile microtubes to minimize freeze–thaw cycles. Record concentration and solvent on each aliquot.
• Protect from light at all times (use amber vials or foil wrap).

Reconstitution/dilution:

• This is a ready-to-use 50 mg/mL solution. If preparing working solutions, dilute directly into the assay medium immediately before use. The solvent identity is not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet to ensure compatibility with your system.
• For aqueous media, add slowly with mixing to avoid local supersaturation and precipitation. Include vehicle controls to account for any solvent effects.

Stability notes (general literature):

• Polyene macrolide solutions degrade with light, heat, and oxidants. Keep cold and dark. Avoid strong acids/bases.
• Avoid repeated freeze–thaw; stability markedly improves when aliquoted and kept at −20°C or below. Discard aliquots showing discoloration or reduced activity in assay controls.

Research use only, as stated in the Product Data.

Structure and Identity

Short description: Nystatin is a polyene macrolide natural product; this item is supplied as a 50 mg/mL solution (solvent not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet).

• Product name: Nystatin Solution (50 mg/mL)
• SKU: N1528846
• Grade: BioReagent
• CAS, CID, InChIKey, SMILES: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Molecular formula, Molecular weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Structural features (general literature description of nystatin):

• Nystatin is a large macrolide lactone bearing an extended conjugated polyene chromophore (typically ~7 conjugated double bonds), multiple hydroxyl groups, a mycosamine (amino sugar) glycoside, and several stereogenic centers.
• The 2D structure comprises a 38-membered macrocyclic core with alternating double bonds along one flank and polyhydroxy substituents on the opposite flank, creating an amphipathic surface capable of sterol binding in membranes (literature).
• Functional groups (literature): secondary/tertiary alcohols, an internal ester (lactone), an acetal/hemiketal region, and a glycosidic linkage to an amino sugar.

Notes on identity for this catalog item:

• This listing refers to a ready-to-use solution at 50 mg/mL; the exact solvent system, stabilizers (if any), and counter-ions are not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Because multiple nystatin variants exist in natural mixtures, exact stereochemical and compositional details for this lot should be verified on the accompanying Certificate of Analysis.

Synthetic Utility

Nystatin is a structurally complex natural product intended here as a functional bioactive tool, not a synthetic reagent.

General synthetic perspective (literature):

• The molecule contains a macrolactone, multiple allylic alcohols, and an extended conjugated polyene system, rendering it highly sensitive to acids, bases, oxidants, light, and heat. These features complicate derivatization and scale-up chemical modifications.
• Limited semisynthetic transformations have been described in literature (e.g., acylations at free hydroxyls, glycoside manipulation, mild hydrogenation or photoisomerization of the polyene), but these are specialized and risk loss of activity.
• The conjugated system affords strong UV-Vis absorbance, enabling analytical tracking (HPLC-UV/diode array), but photostability is a concern.

Practical implications for users:

• If chemical modification is intended (e.g., probe conjugates or prodrugs), employ strictly anhydrous, low-temperature, and light-protected conditions with mild reagents; validate integrity by LC-MS and UV-Vis.
• Avoid prolonged exposure to silica under acidic conditions during chromatography; use neutral or buffered systems and minimize light.

For routine laboratory use, its value lies in biological activity rather than as a precursor in multistep synthesis.

Target Specificity

This section typically applies to antibodies or targeted binding reagents. It is not directly applicable to this product.

General literature mechanism note:

• Nystatin noncovalently associates with ergosterol in fungal membranes and can form pores. This interaction is physicochemical rather than epitope/antigen-based and does not conform to antibody-style target specificity reporting.

No clone, isotype, host species, or validated species reactivity are relevant for this item.