Allopurinol - Moligand™, 10mM in DMSO , Xanthine dehydrogenase inhibitor, CAS No.315-30-0, Xanthine dehydrogenase inhibitor

CAS: 315-30-0 Cat. No.: A409140 Peso molecular: 136.11 Beilstein Registry Number: 26(3/4)4298 Número EC: 206-250-9

GRADE & PURITY Moligand™, 10mM in DMSO

Synonyms

1,2-dihydropyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-one

Storage

Store at -80°C

Shipped In

Dry ice packs + Cold packs

Descripción general

Information

Allopurinol Allopurinol is a purine analog inhibitor of the enzyme xanthine oxidase , used to treat gout or kidney stones, and to decrease levels of uric acid.
In vitro

Allopurinol reverses the increased xanthine oxidase activity in ischemia-reperfusion injury of neonatal rat hearts. Allopurinol (10 mM) treatment suppresses xanthine oxidase activity induced by hypoxia-reoxygenation injury and the production of reactive oxygen species. Allopurinol also decreases the concentration of intracellular Ca2+ increased by enhanced xanthine oxidase activity.

In vivo

Allopurinol shows abnormal pyrimidine metabolism together with renal toxicity which could be ameliorated by uridine, indicating that Allopurinol essentially causes pyrimidine metabolism abnormality leading to renal impairment in normal mice. Allopurinol increases urinary OD excretion to an extent similar to that in normal mice administered the same dose of Allopurinol in DNFB-sensitized mice. Allopurinol promotes a clinical improvement which is accompanied by a reduction in the parasitic load in the blood, skin and lymph nodes but, even after long period of allopurinol administration alone, Leishmania may persist in dog tissues in Leishmania-infected dogs. Allopurinol prevents early alcohol-induced liver injury in rats, most likely by preventing oxidant-dependent activation of NF-kappaB. Allopurinol protects dose-dependently against acetaminophen-induced cell injury, the loss of ATP and the increase of the GSSG content in the total liver and in the mitochondrial compartment without inhibiting reactive metabolite formation in mice. Allopurinol almost completely inhibits hepatic xanthine oxidase and dehydrogenase activity, but only high doses prevents the increase of the mitochondrial GSSG content.
Cell Data

cell lines：

Concentrations：

Incubation Time：

Powder Purity:≥99%

Specifications

Sinónimos

1, 2-dihydropyrazolo[3, 4-d]pyrimidin-4-one

Especificaciones y pureza

Moligand™, 10mM in DMSO

Mecanismos bioquímicos y fisiológicos

Allopurinol is a purine analog inhibitor of the enzyme xanthine oxidase, used to treat gout or kidney stones, and to decrease levels of uric acid.

Condiciones de almacenamiento de almacenamiento

Store at -80°C

Enviado en

Dry ice packs + Cold packs

Este producto requiere envío en cadena de frío. Los servicios terrestres y otros servicios económicos no están disponibles.

Grado

Moligand™

Tipo de acción

INHIBITOR

Mecanismo de acción

Xanthine dehydrogenase inhibitor

Nombres e identificadores

• Isómeros SMILES: C1=NNC2=C1C(=O)NC=N2
• WGK Alemania: 2
• RTECS: UR0785000
• Número ONU: 2811
• Grupo de embalaje: I
• Peso molecular: 136.11
• Beilstein: 26(3/4)4298
• Reaxy-Rn: 133199
• Reaxys-RN_link_address: https://www.reaxys.com/reaxys/secured/hopinto.do?context=S&query=IDE.XRN=133199&ln=

Objetivos asociados (humanos)

XDH Tclin Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase (11 Activities)

Discover Target: XDH

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

Propiedades químicas y físicas

• Punto de fusión (°C): 384°C

Referencias

1. Jiana Du, Na Wang, Dehong Yu, Pei He, Yu Gao, Yanbei Tu, Yanfang Li.  (2023)  Data mining-guided alleviation of hyperuricemia by Paeonia veitchii Lynch through inhibition of xanthine oxidase and regulation of renal urate transporters.  PHYTOMEDICINE,      [PMID:38176275] [10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155305]

2. Jie Xiong, Ya-ying Wang, Muhammad Yousaf, Dong-mei Liu.  (2023)  Improvement of Physicochemical Properties and Flavor of Pickled Radish through the Use of a Direct-Vat Set Starter Consisting of Lactiplantibacillus Plantarum and Leuconostoc Mesenteroides.  INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,      [PMID:] [10.1111/ijfs.16731]

3. Yawen Wang, Longjian Zhou, Minqi Chen, Yayue Liu, Yu Yang, Tiantian Lu, Fangfang Ban, Xueqiong Hu, Zhongji Qian, Pengzhi Hong, Yi Zhang.  (2023)  Mining Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors from an Edible Seaweed Pterocladiella capillacea by Using In Vitro Bioassays, Affinity Ultrafiltration LC-MS/MS, Metabolomics Tools, and In Silico Prediction.  Marine Drugs,  21  (10): (502).  [PMID:37888437] [10.3390/md21100502]

4. Xueqin Wang, Zhenzhen Cui, Yuan Luo, Yu Huang, Xinbin Yang.  (2023)  In vitro xanthine oxidase inhibitory and in vivo anti-hyperuricemic properties of sodium kaempferol-3′-sulfonate.  FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY,      [PMID:37230458] [10.1016/j.fct.2023.113854]

5. Jiling Song, Minghui Chen, Fanlei Meng, Jiahui Chen, Zhanwei Wang, Yong Zhang, Jing Cui, Jing Wang, Dongfang Shi.  (2023)  Studies on the interaction mechanism between xanthine oxidase and osmundacetone: Molecular docking, multi-spectroscopy and dynamical simulation.  SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA PART A-MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY,      [PMID:37209475] [10.1016/j.saa.2023.122861]

6. Jianmin Chen, Zemin He, Sijin Yu, Xiaozhen Cai, Danhong Zhu, Yanhua Lin.  (2023)  Xanthine oxidase inhibitory kinetics and mechanism of ellagic acid: In vitro, in silico and in vivo studies.  IET Nanobiotechnology,  17  (4): (368-375).  [PMID:37153957] [10.1049/nbt2.12135]

7. Yi-Fang Gao, Meng-Qi Liu, Zhong-Han Li, Han-Lin Zhang, Jia-Qi Hao, Bo-Hao Liu, Xiao-Yan Li, Yu-Qi Yin, Xiao-Hui Wang, Qian Zhou, Di Xu, Bao-Ming Shi, Ying-Hua Zhang.  (2023)  Purification and identification of xanthine oxidase inhibitory peptides from enzymatic hydrolysate of α-lactalbumin and bovine colostrum casein.  FOOD RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL,      [PMID:37254330] [10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112882]

8. Jinhua Li, Namrta Choudhry, Gang Lv, Naganna Nimishetti, Mallu Chenna Reddy, Hong Liu, Thaddeus D. Allen, Jing Zhang, Dun Yang.  (2023)  In-vitro metabolism of LXY18, an orally available, potent blocker of AURKB relocation in mitosis.  JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOMEDICAL ANALYSIS,      [PMID:37120975] [10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115415]

9. Jiling Song, Zhanwei Wang, Yu Chi, Yong Zhang, Chenyi Fang, Yuting Shu, Jing Cui, Helong Bai, Jing Wang.  (2023)  Anti-gout activity and the interaction mechanisms between Sanghuangporus vaninii active components and xanthine oxidase.  BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY,      [PMID:36801789] [10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106394]

10. Yingling Sui, Deping Xu, Xiulan Sun.  (2023)  Identification of anti-hyperuricemic components from Coix seed.  Food Bioscience,      [PMID:] [10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102461]

11. Rui Wang, Han Wang, Guohua Jiang, Yanfang Sun, Tianqi Liu, Lei Nie, Amin Shavandi, Khaydar E. Yunusov, Uladzislau E. Aharodnikau, Sergey O. Solomevich.  (2022)  Transdermal delivery of allopurinol to acute hyperuricemic mice via polymer microneedles for the regulation of serum uric acid levels.  Biomaterials Science,  11  (5): (1704-1713).  [PMID:36628631] [10.1039/D2BM01836E]

12. Yin Wan, Dengxiao Wang, Yuefeng Shen, Yanru Chen, Jin Qian, Guiming Fu.  (2022)  Effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus fermentation on the composition of chlorogenic acids and anti-hyperuricemia activity of Artemisia selengensis Turcz.  Food & Function,  13  (22): (11780-11793).  [PMID:36300542] [10.1039/D2FO01854C]

13. Gao Tianshu, Xu Jin, Xiao Yuxiao, Li Jiaqi, Hu Weifeng, Su Xiaoyu, Shen Xudong, Yu Wan, Chen Zhen, Huang Baosheng, Li Honglei, Wang Xing.  (2022)  Therapeutic effects and mechanisms of N-(9,10-anthraquinone-2-ylcarbonyl) xanthine oxidase inhibitors on hyperuricemia.  Frontiers in Pharmacology,      [PMID:36120294] [10.3389/fphar.2022.950699]

14. Yawen Lian, Xiang Yuan, Yandan Wang, Lin Wei.  (2022)  Highly sensitive visual colorimetric sensor for xanthine oxidase detection by using MnO2-nanosheet-modified gold nanoparticles.  SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA PART A-MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY,      [PMID:35397450] [10.1016/j.saa.2022.121219]

15. Liyan Yuan, Zhijie Bao, Tiecheng Ma, Songyi Lin.  (2021)  Hypouricemia effects of corn silk flavonoids in a mouse model of potassium oxonated-induced hyperuricemia.  JOURNAL OF FOOD BIOCHEMISTRY,  45  (8): (e13856).  [PMID:34250618] [10.1111/jfbc.13856]

16. Yin Wan, Jin Qian, Yizhen Li, Yuefeng Shen, Yanru Chen, Guiming Fu, Mingyong Xie.  (2021)  Inhibitory mechanism of xanthine oxidase activity by caffeoylquinic acids in vitro.  INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES,      [PMID:34146563] [10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.075]

17. Caixin Ni, Xin Li, Linlin Wang, Xiu Li, Jianxin Zhao, Hao Zhang, Gang Wang, Wei Chen.  (2021)  Lactic acid bacteria strains relieve hyperuricaemia by suppressing xanthine oxidase activity via a short-chain fatty acid-dependent mechanism.  Food & Function,  12  (15): (7054-7067).  [PMID:34152353] [10.1039/D1FO00198A]

18. Shi Feng, Chen Lin, Wang Yaping, Liu Jing, Adu-Frimpong Michael, Ji Hao, Toreniyazov Elmurat, Wang Qilong, Yu Jiangnan, Xu Ximing.  (2021)  Enhancement of oral bioavailability and anti-hyperuricemic activity of aloe emodin via novel Soluplus®—glycyrrhizic acid mixed micelle system.  Drug Delivery and Translational Research,  12  (3): (603-614).  [PMID:33860450] [10.1007/s13346-021-00969-8]

19. Xie Jiahong, Cui Haoxin, Xu Yang, Xie Lianghua, Chen Wei.  (2021)  Delphinidin-3-O-sambubioside: a novel xanthine oxidase inhibitor identified from natural anthocyanins.  Food Quality and Safety,      [PMID:] [10.1093/fqsafe/fyaa038]

20. Qian Zhou, Jia-Yi Yin, Wei-Yue Liang, Dong-Mei Chen, Qing Yuan, Bao-long Feng, Ying-Hua Zhang, Yu-Tang Wang.  (2021)  Various machine learning approaches coupled with molecule simulation in the screening of natural compounds with xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity.  Food & Function,  12  (4): (1580-1589).  [PMID:33470259] [10.1039/D0FO03059G]

21. Yanzuo Le, Xie Zhou, Jiawen Zheng, Fangmiao Yu, Yunping Tang, Zuisu Yang, Guofang Ding, Yan Chen.  (2020)  Anti-Hyperuricemic Effects of Astaxanthin by Regulating Xanthine Oxidase, Adenosine Deaminase and Urate Transporters in Rats.  Marine Drugs,  18  (12): (610).  [PMID:33271765] [10.3390/md18120610]

22. Yi Tao, Lin Chen, Enci Jiang.  (2020)  Layer-by-layer assembly strategy for fabrication of polydopamine-polyethyleneimine hybrid modified fibers and their application to solid-phase microextraction of bioactive molecules from medicinal plant samples followed by surface plasmon resonance biosensor validation.  ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA,      [PMID:33461711] [10.1016/j.aca.2020.11.016]

23. Xingchu Gong, Jingyuan Shao, Shangxin Guo, Jingjing Pan, Xiaohui Fan.  (2020)  Determination of inhibitory activity of Salvia miltiorrhiza extracts on xanthine oxidase with a paper-based analytical device.  Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis,      [PMID:34765273] [10.1016/j.jpha.2020.09.004]

24. Xiao-Wei Zhang, Mei Zhou, Lin An, Ping Zhang, Ping Li, Jun Chen.  (2020)  Lipophilic Extract and Tanshinone IIA Derived from Salvia miltiorrhiza Attenuate Uric Acid Nephropathy through Suppressing Oxidative Stress-Activated MAPK Pathways.  AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE,  48  (06): (1455-1473).  [PMID:32933312] [10.1142/S0192415X20500718]

25. Wen Weng, Qilong Wang, Chunmei Wei, Na Man, Kangyi Zhang, Qiuyu Wei, Michael Adu-Frimpong, Elmurat Toreniyazov, Hao Ji, Jiangnan Yu, Ximing Xu.  (2019)  Preparation, characterization, pharmacokinetics and anti-hyperuricemia activity studies of myricitrin-loaded proliposomes.  INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS,      [PMID:31705971] [10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118735]

26. Zhang Kangyi, Wang Qilong, Yang Qiuxuan, Wei Qiuyu, Man Na, Adu-Frimpong Michael, Toreniyazov Elmurat, Ji Hao, Yu Jiangnan, Xu Ximing.  (2019)  Enhancement of Oral Bioavailability and Anti-hyperuricemic Activity of Isoliquiritigenin via Self-Microemulsifying Drug Delivery System.  AAPS PHARMSCITECH,  20  (5): (1-11).  [PMID:31187334] [10.1208/s12249-019-1421-0]

27. Yin Wan, Fen Wang, Bin Zou, Yuefeng Shen, Yizhen Li, Axi Zhang, Guiming Fu.  (2019)  Molecular mechanism underlying the ability of caffeic acid to decrease uric acid levels in hyperuricemia rats.  Journal of Functional Foods,      [PMID:] [10.1016/j.jff.2019.03.038]

28. Tianqiao Yong, Shaodan Chen, Yizhen Xie, Diling Chen, Jiyan Su, Ou Shuai, Huiping Hu, Dan Zuo, Danling Liang.  (2018)  Hypouricemic Effects of Armillaria mellea on Hyperuricemic Mice Regulated through OAT1 and CNT2.  AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE,  46  (03): (585-599).  [PMID:29595077] [10.1142/S0192415X18500301]

29. Yin Wan, Yu-Xi Liang, Bin Zou, Gui-Ming Fu, Ming-Yong Xie.  (2018)  The possible mechanism of hydroxytyrosol on reducing uric acid levels.  Journal of Functional Foods,      [PMID:] [10.1016/j.jff.2018.01.009]

30. Jing Wang, Dongfang Shi, Meizhu Zheng, Bing Ma, Jing Cui, Chunming Liu, Chengyu Liu.  (2017)  Screening, separation, and evaluation of xanthine oxidase inhibitors from Paeonia lactiflora using chromatography combined with a multi-mode microplate reader.  JOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE,  40  (21): (4160-4167).  [PMID:28857450] [10.1002/jssc.201700690]

31. Zeynep Tohtahon, Lu Zhang, Jianxin Han, Xing Xie, Zongcai Tu, Tao Yuan.  (2017)  Extraction optimization, structural characterization and bioactivity evaluation of triterpenoids from hawthorn (Crataegus cuneata) fruits.  JOURNAL OF FOOD BIOCHEMISTRY,  41  (4): (e12377).  [PMID:] [10.1111/jfbc.12377]

32. Hongjin Tang, Lin Yang, Wei Li, Jiahuang Li, Jun Chen.  (2016)  Exploring the interaction between Salvia miltiorrhiza and xanthine oxidase: insights from computational analysis and experimental studies combined with enzyme channel blocking.  RSC Advances,  6  (114): (113527-113537).  [PMID:] [10.1039/C6RA24396G]

33. Yin Wan, Bin Zou, Hailong Zeng, Lunning Zhang, Ming Chen, Guiming Fu.  (2016)  Inhibitory effect of verbascoside on xanthine oxidase activity.  INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES,      [PMID:27616694] [10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.09.022]

34. Fu Yu, Mo Hua-Yan, Gao Wen, Hong Jia-Ying, Lu Jun, Li Ping, Chen Jun.  (2014)  Affinity selection-based two-dimensional chromatography coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for discovering xanthine oxidase inhibitors from Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae.  ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY,  406  (20): (4987-4995).  [PMID:24866714] [10.1007/s00216-014-7902-9]

35. Xiaoyue Zhang, Linfeng Liu, Zhaosen Fan, Nilufar Mamadalieva, Chao Liu, Xu Guo, Shutao Sun, Hui Sun, Ningyang Li, Muxuan Wang.  (2025)  Bioactive Evaluation of Naringenin in Ameliorating Hyperuricemia-Induced Liver Injury by Inhibiting Xanthine Oxidase.  eFood,  6  (1): (e70032).  [PMID:] [10.1002/efd2.70032]

36. Zexuan Xu, Miaoyu Gan, Weiliang Guan, Fang Tian, Yuxi Wang, Jinjie Zhang, Luyun Cai.  (2025)  In Slico Screening and In Vitro Identification of Hyperuricemia-Inhibiting Peptides from Trachurus japonicus.  Foods,  14  (3): (524).  [PMID:39942117] [10.3390/foods14030524]

37. Rui Wang, Han Wang, Rui Yao, Yan Li, Sedrati Manar, Lei Nie, Khaydar E. Yunusov, Jianwei Pan, Guohua Jiang.  (2025)  Iontophoresis-driven transdermal drug delivery system based on porous microneedles for hyperuricemia treatment.  INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS,      [PMID:39880144] [10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125290]

38. Xiaoran Kong, Li Zhao, He Huang, Qiaozhen Kang, Jike Lu, Jia-Qing Zhu.  (2025)  Isorhamnetin Ameliorates Hyperuricemia by Regulating Uric Acid Metabolism and Alleviates Renal Inflammation Through the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB Signaling Pathway.  Food & Function,      [PMID:40111208] [10.1039/D4FO04867A]

39. Maiquan Li, Cui Li, Tiantian Tao, Wenlan Li, Manjun Kang, Peitao Fu, Xia Liu, Wei Quan, Mingzhi Zhu, Zhonghua Liu.  (2025)  Study on the synergistical effects of characteristic compounds in Osmanthus black tea against xanthine oxidase based on multispectral analysis combined with in silico studies.  INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES,      [PMID:40154674] [10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.142479]

40. Can Yang, Haiqi Xu, Puchen Zhao, Qin Yin, Na Wang, Lizi Li, Yan Liu, Yanfang Li.  (2025)  Molecular insights from multi-spectroscopy and computer simulations investigation on the xanthine oxidase inhibition by 2′,4′-dimethoxy-4-hydroxychalcone.  BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY,      [PMID:40695095] [10.1016/j.bioorg.2025.108745]

41. Yuanfan Wu, Xia Sun, Yuhan Jia, Tianshu Gao, Jin Xu, Youqiao Qian, Naiqi Pei, Lilin Wang, Qiaohong Zheng, Honglei Li, Zhen Chen, Yijiao Liu, Yang Ma, Hui Chen, Yuanyuan Ye, Jiaxin Zhao, Yi Zhou, Xiaoqing Chen, Baosheng Huang, Yefeng Liu, Yin Zhu, Ning Xue, Juan Zhang, Guangfeng Ji, Xing Wang.  (2025)  Therapeutic effect and mechanism of gigantol on hyperuricemia.  Frontiers in Endocrinology,      [PMID:40801026] [10.3389/fendo.2025.1474808]

42. Cong Zhang, Yangkun Xiong, Mingyang Gong, Haixia Zhao, Shan Li, Xin Chen, Xiaochuan Ye, Zhenpeng Qiu.  (2025)  Pachymic Acid Ameliorates Fructose-Driven Hyperuricemic Nephropathy in Mice by Suppressing Ferroptosis via Activating Nrf2/GPX-4 Pathway.  JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY,      [PMID:40864644] [10.1021/acs.jafc.5c02398]

43. Jiana Du, Yan Liu, Lizi Li, Qin Yin, Dehong Yu, Pei He, Na Wang, Ruiying Yuan, Zhujun Yin, Yanbei Tu, Yanfang Li.  (2025)  Natural Polyphenol Pentagalloyl Glucose as a Potent Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor for Hyperuricemia Treatment.  JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY,      [PMID:40847943] [10.1021/acs.jafc.5c04078]

44. Xiqian Tan, Anqi Sun, Shuaibo Gao, Zixiao Shen, Lijun You, Fangchao Cui, Xuepeng Li, Jianrong Li.  (2025)  Weissella cibaria X1 fermentation enhances the UA-lowering ability of Carthamus tinctorius L. via metabolic regulation.  Food Bioscience,      [PMID:] [10.1016/j.fbio.2025.107643]

45. Rui Sun, Juan Kan, Huahao Cai, Jinhai Hong, Changhai Jin, Man Zhang.  (2022)  In vitro and in vivo ameliorative effects of polyphenols from purple potato leaves on renal injury and associated inflammation induced by hyperuricemia.  JOURNAL OF FOOD BIOCHEMISTRY,  46  (2): (e14049).  [PMID:34981522] [10.1111/jfbc.14049]

46. Jie Xiong, Jia-Juan Wu, Dong-mei Liu, Muhammad Yousaf, Liu-Jun Liu, Suping Zeng, Qinqin Li, Jun Tang, Yaping Wu.  (2024)  The alleviating effects and mechanisms of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum MC14 on hyperuricemia in mice.  Food Bioscience,      [PMID:] [10.1016/j.fbio.2024.105256]

47. Guosen Ou, Jialin Wu, Shiqi Wang, Wensong Bi, Rui Peng, Pei Liu, Yawen Jiang, Yaokang Chen, Huachong Xu, Li Deng, Huan Zhao, Xiaoyin Chen, Lu Xu.  (2026)  Plantago asiatica L. extract alleviates hyperuricemia-associated renal injury by modulating gut microbiota to inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation.  PHYTOMEDICINE,      [PMID:41539089] [10.1016/j.phymed.2026.157771]

48. Jiawei Huang, Qianqian Wang, Xiaowen Guo, Yuanyuan Niu, Junhong Huang, Boyi Zhang, Zixuan Guo, Zilong Wang, Shuying Feng.  (2026)  Unraveling the mechanism of mulberry leaf in alleviating hyperuricemia: key role of kaempferol by modulating AKT pathway and gut-kidney axis.  Frontiers in Microbiology,      [PMID:41657898] [10.3389/fmicb.2026.1752775]