Common Problems and Formulation Adjustment Strategies for Neutral Putty Under High Summer Temperatures

1. The Nature of Summer Problems in Neutral Putty

Common problems with neutral putty in summer include insufficient water retention, peeling and curling, delamination during sanding, honeycombing, and pinholes. Although these problems appear different on the surface, their root causes are all related to moisture migration, particle packing, surface-layer strength, and air-bubble release within the putty system under high-temperature conditions.

Neutral putty is generally composed of ground calcium carbonate, cellulose ether, binding or film-forming materials, lubricating materials, and small amounts of functional additives. After application, the putty layer needs to retain sufficient moisture for a certain period of time so that the powder materials can be fully wetted, the binding materials can be evenly distributed, air bubbles have enough time to rise, escape, or rupture, and the surface layer and inner layer can dry in a relatively synchronized manner.

When summer temperatures rise, water evaporation accelerates and the substrate absorbs water more strongly. As a result, the surface layer of the putty loses water earlier than the inner layer. A formulation that performs normally in cooler seasons may, in summer, show problems such as a shortened working window, premature skin formation on the surface, insufficient strength development inside the layer, and air bubbles that cannot escape in time. Therefore, the core of summer formulation adjustment for neutral putty is to regain control over three key relationships:

Control Relationship	Symptoms After Imbalance	Adjustment Focus
Moisture migration	Peeling, curling, excessively fast surface drying	Improve effective water retention and extend the open time
Surface-layer and internal strength	Sanding delamination, flaking, difficult sanding	Control the content of coarse particles and avoid premature hardening of the surface layer
Air-bubble generation and release	Honeycombing, pinholes, voids	Reduce air entrainment and promote timely bubble rupture and release

2. Why Insufficient Water Retention Causes Peeling and Curling

2.1 The Direct Cause of Peeling and Curling Is Premature Water Loss from the Surface Layer

After putty is applied, water migrates in two directions: toward the substrate and toward the air. In summer, high temperatures accelerate water evaporation. If the substrate is dry and has a high water absorption rate, water in the putty will also be rapidly absorbed by the substrate. When the rate of moisture migration exceeds the water-retention capacity of the formulation, the surface layer of the putty loses water first, shrinks first, and loses plasticity first.

At this point, the interior of the putty layer is still relatively wet, while the surface has already begun to dry. When the scraper continues to spread or finish the surface, the semi-dry surface layer can no longer flow evenly with the blade edge. It is therefore easily lifted by the scraper, resulting in peeling, edge curling, and rolling.

High-temperature application + substrate water absorption → rapid water loss from the surface layer → reduced surface lubrication and plasticity → surface layer lifted by scraper shear → peeling, curling, and skin lifting

2.2 The Key Role of HPMC Is to Slow Moisture Migration

Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, or HPMC, is a commonly used water-retaining and thickening material in neutral putty. Its function is not limited to increasing viscosity. It can also increase the system’s ability to bind water and reduce the rate at which water migrates into the substrate and into the air.

The molecular structure of HPMC can be simplified as follows:

Cellulose ether backbone:

–[C6H7O2(OR)3]n–

R = H, –CH3, –CH2–CH(OH)–CH3

Here, –CH3 is a methoxy group, and –CH2–CH(OH)–CH3 is a hydroxypropoxy group. These substituent groups affect the solubility, water retention, surface activity, and temperature sensitivity of HPMC. After swelling, HPMC can form a hydrated polymer layer and a colloidal network, making it more difficult for water to migrate rapidly and thereby extending the open time of the putty.

The effects of HPMC on summer putty are mainly reflected in three aspects:

Function	Effect on Application
Enhances water-binding capacity	Reduces rapid drying of the surface layer
Improves slurry cohesion	Lowers the risk of peeling and curling
Extends open time	Improves stability during spreading and finishing

When summer temperatures are high, the dosage of HPMC usually needs to be moderately higher than in winter. The HPMC dosage can be increased appropriately according to small-scale test gradients. Based on one metric ton of powder, an increase of 0.5–1.0 kg can be used as an initial test point. This dosage should not be applied mechanically. It must be verified according to the substrate’s water absorption rate, ambient temperature, fineness of the ground calcium carbonate, amount of binding material, and actual application feel.

2.3 HPMC Should Not Be Evaluated Only by Viscosity, but Also by Water-Retention Stability

When selecting HPMC for summer applications, it is not enough to look only at the nominal viscosity. High viscosity does not necessarily mean high water retention, nor does it necessarily mean suitability for high-temperature application. More important factors include water-retention rate, uniform dissolution, substitution uniformity, low air-entrainment tendency, and batch-to-batch stability.

Evaluation Indicator	Effect on Summer Putty
Water-retention rate	Determines whether the surface layer is prone to premature water loss
Methoxy and hydroxypropoxy content	Affects solubility, water retention, and temperature sensitivity
Dissolution rate	Affects whether viscosity builds evenly after mixing
Air-entrainment tendency	Affects the risk of honeycombing and pinholes
Batch stability	Affects application feel and open time across different batches

3. Why Sanding Delamination Is More Likely in Summer

3.1 The Root Cause of Sanding Delamination Is Uneven Strength Distribution

Sanding delamination occurs when the strength development of the surface layer and the inner layer is inconsistent. Under high-temperature conditions, water evaporates first from the surface layer, and the surface hardens first. The inner layer releases water more slowly, and the binding or film-forming process is not sufficiently synchronized. This can easily form a structure that is “hard on the outside and weak on the inside.”

During sanding, sandpaper applies shear force to the surface layer of the putty. If the surface layer is hard while the internal bonding strength is insufficient, the surface will not be sanded into powder evenly. Instead, it may be pulled up in sheets by the sandpaper, forming delamination, flaking, and skin lifting.

High summer temperature → rapid water loss from the putty surface → surface layer hardens first while the interior remains relatively soft → formation of a strength difference that is hard outside and weak inside → sanding shear force concentrates on the surface layer → surface layer peels off in sheets

An ideal putty should have uniform strength between the surface layer and the inner layer. During sanding, it should continuously and evenly produce fine powder.

3.2 Why Coarse Ground Calcium Carbonate Aggravates Surface Hardening

Ground calcium carbonate, or GCC, is the main filler in neutral putty. When the mesh size of the GCC powder is too coarse, the putty is more likely to show a strong granular feel, more hard spots on the surface, and uneven sanding.

The reason is related to particle specific surface area. When the amount of binding or film-forming material remains the same, coarser GCC particles have a smaller total specific surface area. As a result, relatively more binding material is distributed on each unit of particle surface, and thicker binder bridges are more likely to form between particles. In summer, because the surface layer loses water first, these binder bridges harden more quickly, resulting in higher surface-layer strength.

Average coating thickness of binding material ≈ volume of binding material ÷ total surface area of filler

The coarser the particles, the smaller the total surface area, and the greater the average coating thickness of the binding material on the particle surfaces. This makes the surface layer more likely to form a hardened structure. In actual putty systems, coarse particles and hard impurities are also more likely to cause surface roughness, increased hard spots, and local stress concentration. During sanding, the sandpaper tends to catch these coarse particles first and pull on the surrounding weakly bonded areas, thereby increasing the risk of flaking, skin lifting, and delamination.

3.3 The Focus of 325-Mesh Control Is to Reduce the Coarse-Particle Tail

In summer neutral putty, it is recommended that GCC powder be controlled to a 325-mesh passing rate of more than 95%. A 325-mesh sieve opening is approximately 45 μm. The focus of this indicator is to reduce the coarse-particle tail and lower the risk of surface hard spots and sanding delamination.

Overly coarse GCC can cause a rough surface layer, increased hard spots, and uneven sanding. However, GCC that is too fine can also increase water demand, raise system viscosity, and increase the risk of shrinkage and foam stabilization. Therefore, GCC control should focus on the overall particle size distribution.

Control Item	Function
325-mesh passing rate	Controls coarse-particle residue
D97 or coarse-end particle size	Determines whether there are too many large particles at the coarse end
Oil absorption	Reflects the powder’s water demand and its effect on application viscosity
Acid-insoluble matter	Reflects siliceous, clay-like, and other impurities
Batch stability	Prevents fluctuations in application feel and sanding performance

3.4 Excessive Binding Material Can Make the Surface Strength Too High

Neutral putty requires a certain level of binding strength; otherwise, it may powder off or have insufficient adhesion. However, in summer, if too much binding or film-forming material is added, the surface-layer strength can easily become too high. When the surface layer hardens too quickly, sanding no longer produces powder evenly. Instead, hard skin, flaking, and delamination may appear.

To judge whether the binding material is excessive, the sanding condition should be observed carefully:

Appearance	Possible Cause
Sanding is difficult and little powder is produced	Surface strength is too high
Skin peels or lifts off in sheets	Surface-layer and internal strength are inconsistent
Surface is hard while the interior powders	Surface dries too quickly and internal binding is insufficient
Sanding is even and fine	Strength and water retention are relatively balanced

4. Why Honeycombing and Pinholes Increase in Summer

4.1 The Key to Honeycomb Formation Is That Air Bubbles Enter but Do Not Escape in Time

The formation of honeycombing, pinholes, and voids usually requires two conditions at the same time: first, air bubbles enter the putty system; second, the bubbles do not escape or rupture before drying.

Air bubbles mainly come from air entrainment during mixing, air carried in during spreading, air release from substrate pores, and insufficient wetting of powder materials. Under normal conditions, bubbles should rise and rupture before the putty surface forms a skin. However, in summer, high temperatures cause rapid water loss from the surface layer and accelerate skin formation, shortening the time available for bubble release. If the system viscosity is too high or the foam-stabilizing tendency is strong, bubbles are easily fixed within the putty layer and form honeycombing or pinholes after drying.

Bubbles generated by mixing, spreading, or substrate air release → rapid surface skin formation under high temperature → insufficient time for bubbles to rise and rupture → bubbles fixed in the putty layer → honeycombing, pinholes, and voids after drying

4.2 An Improper CMC/HPMC Ratio Can Increase the Risk of Foam Stabilization

Carboxymethyl cellulose, or CMC, and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, or HPMC, are both cellulose ether-based water-retaining and thickening materials, but their functions in the putty system are not exactly the same.

CMC molecules contain sodium carboxymethyl groups, which can be simplified as follows:

CMC: Cell–O–CH2–COO−Na+

Here, Cell represents the cellulose molecular backbone, and –CH2–COO−Na+ is a strongly hydrophilic sodium carboxymethyl group. This structure gives CMC strong hydration capacity and thickening stability, helping to improve slurry cohesion and spreading smoothness.

However, under high summer temperatures, if the ratio of CMC to HPMC is unreasonable, the system may become too viscous, too slippery, or overly stabilizing to air bubbles. Air bubbles are essentially air enclosed by a liquid film. Cellulose ethers can increase the viscosity and stability of the liquid film around bubbles, making the bubbles less likely to rupture quickly. When temperatures are high, the putty surface forms a skin more quickly and the time available for bubble release becomes shorter, so the risk of honeycombing increases significantly.

When CMC and HPMC are used together in summer, the following application behaviors should be observed at the same time:

Application Behavior	Judgment Direction
Smooth spreading but many honeycombs after drying	Possible foam stabilization or insufficient defoaming
Dense small bubbles after mixing	Air entrainment from cellulose ether or foam stabilization by lubricant needs adjustment
Surface seals quickly but internal voids are present	Surface skin forms too quickly and bubbles fail to escape
Good water retention but sticky during finishing	Cellulose ether dosage or grade may be unsuitable

4.3 Improper Lubricant Matching Can Affect Bubble Release

Lubricants can reduce scraper resistance and improve spreading smoothness. However, more lubricant is not always better. If the dosage of lubricant is too high, or if it works together with cellulose ether to increase the stability of the bubble liquid film, bubbles become more difficult to rupture. When lubricant matching is improper in summer, common symptoms include:

Appearance	Possible Cause
Very smooth spreading but many pinholes after drying	Foam stabilization by lubricant or excessively rapid surface sealing
Floating feel during finishing and weak surface	Excessive lubrication and insufficient internal cohesion
Dense small bubbles that do not disappear easily	Lubricant and cellulose ether jointly stabilize foam
Surface voids and honeycombing	Insufficient bubble-release time or mismatched defoaming system

4.4 Why High Siliceous Impurities May Increase the Risk of Honeycombing

Silicon in GCC usually comes from quartz, silicates, or other acid-insoluble impurities. It should be noted that siliceous impurities themselves do not directly generate gas like foaming agents. Their contribution to honeycomb risk mainly lies in the way they change powder particle morphology, dispersion state, and interfacial interactions.

Common structures or surface sites on silica include:

Siloxane bond: Si–O–Si

Silanol group: Si–OH

Deprotonated silanol group, also known as a silanolate site: Si–O⁻

These surface structures or surface sites affect interactions between particles and water, cellulose ether, lubricants, and the air interface. When siliceous impurities in GCC are high, they may be accompanied by higher particle hardness, more angular shapes, poorer dispersion, changes in water absorption, and changes in surface charge. These factors may make it easier for air to be entrained during mixing and spreading, and may also make bubbles more likely to attach to particle surfaces, thereby increasing the risk of honeycombing and pinholes. In actual production, comprehensive judgment should be made based on SiO2 content, acid-insoluble matter, particle size distribution, oil absorption, and application testing.

5. Formulation Adjustment Methods for Neutral Putty in Summer

5.1 Adjustment of the Water-Retention System

Summer formulations should improve effective water retention, but viscosity should not be increased blindly. HPMC can be increased by 0.5–1.0 kg/t compared with the winter formulation as an initial test point, and then adjusted according to application performance. The key evaluation indicators are as follows:

Indicator	Reasonable Performance	Abnormal Performance
Open time	Sufficient finishing time after spreading	Surface dries quickly and peels
Finishing behavior	Stable blade feel without dragging	Sticky, rough, or dry-dragging feel
Surface drying	Uniform drying	Surface dries too quickly or seals too early
Bubble condition	Small bubbles rupture easily and few holes remain after drying	Dense small bubbles and increased honeycombing
Sanding performance	Even powdering during sanding	Hard skin, flaking, and delamination

If water retention is insufficient, priority should be given to adjusting the dosage and grade of HPMC. If honeycombing increases after water retention is improved, CMC, lubricants, and the defoaming system need to be optimized at the same time.

5.2 Adjustment of the Powder System

In summer, GCC powder should be controlled with particular attention to coarse particles and impurity fluctuations. It is recommended that the GCC powder be controlled to a 325-mesh passing rate of more than 95%, while also paying attention to coarse-end particle size, oil absorption, acid-insoluble matter, and batch stability. The adjustment focus is as follows:

Item	Control Purpose
325-mesh passing rate	Reduces the coarse-particle tail
Particle size distribution	Reduces surface hard spots and uneven sanding
Oil absorption	Controls water demand and fluctuations in application viscosity
Acid-insoluble matter, SiO2	Reduces dispersion and void defects caused by impurities
Batch consistency	Maintains stable application feel and sanding performance

GCC is not better simply because it is finer. Excessively fine GCC increases water demand and system viscosity and may cause shrinkage, stickiness, and foam stabilization. In summer, the better target is a stable particle size distribution, fewer coarse particles, and lower impurity content.

5.3 Adjustment of the Binding System

In summer, binding or film-forming materials should be adjusted with the goal of “moderate strength and even sanding.” Insufficient binding strength can cause powdering and poor adhesion, while excessive binding strength can lead to surface hardening, difficult sanding, and delamination. Two extremes should be avoided during adjustment:

Extreme Condition	Result
Too little binding material	Powdering and insufficient adhesion
Too much binding material	Overly hard surface, difficult sanding, and easy delamination

If application feedback shows a hard surface, difficult sanding, flaking, or delamination, it is necessary to check whether the binding material is excessive, while also adjusting in combination with the coarse-particle content of GCC and the water-retention performance of HPMC.

5.4 Adjustment of the Bubble-Release System

Summer honeycomb control should start from three aspects: reducing air entry, lowering bubble stability, and extending bubble-release time.

Adjustment Direction	Purpose
Select low-air-entraining HPMC	Reduces air entrainment during mixing and spreading
Optimize the CMC/HPMC ratio	Maintains water retention while reducing foam stabilization
Control lubricant dosage	Avoids excessive smoothness and overly rapid surface sealing
Match with a suitable defoamer	Promotes bubble rupture and release
Control powder impurities	Reduces bubble attachment and void defects

During application, high-speed and prolonged mixing should also be avoided. After mixing, the slurry may be allowed to stand for an appropriate period so that larger bubbles can be released first. If the neutral system contains organic thickening materials such as starch-based or cellulose-based materials, prolonged storage of the wet mixture in summer may also lead to microbial growth, viscosity reduction, odor, and increased bubbles. Therefore, the prepared slurry should be used on the same day whenever possible.

6. Classification Table of Representative Chemicals Related to Summer Formulation Adjustment of Neutral Putty

Table 1. Powder Fillers, Siliceous Impurities, and Inorganic Strength-Regulating Materials

Category	CAS No.	Aladdin Cat. No.	Name	Specification or Purity	Product Features and Applications
Main filler and GCC model material	471-34-1	C432743	Calcium carbonate	≥98%, powder, ≤50 μm	Used for research on the main filler of neutral putty, powder grading, surface-layer strength, sanding performance, and the influence of the coarse-particle tail.
Siliceous coarse-particle reference material	14808-60-7	S121694	Ordinary quartz sand	SiO₂ ≥90%, 0.105 mm–0.71 mm	Used for research on the correlation between siliceous impurities, air entrainment by coarse particles, surface roughness, sanding resistance, and honeycomb defects.
Siliceous fine-powder interfacial material	7631-86-9	S104604	Silicon dioxide	≥99.9% metals basis	Used for mechanistic studies on silanol-containing surfaces, powder adsorption, slurry dispersion, bubble attachment, and honeycombing or pinhole formation.
Lamellar lubricating filler	14807-96-6	T109494	Talc powder	800 mesh	Used for research on putty smoothness, spreading feel, sanding fineness, lamellar filler packing, and surface flatness.
Ultrafine aluminosilicate filler	1332-58-7	K100133	Ultrafine kaolin	≤2.5 μm, calcined	Used for research on fine-powder filling, thixotropy, hiding power, surface compactness, water demand, and viscosity changes during high-temperature application.
Gypsum-phase, seed-crystal, and filler reference material	10101-41-4	C101881	Calcium sulfate dihydrate	ACS, ≥98%	Used for research on inorganic cementitious systems, early strength, surface-layer hardening, drying shrinkage, and the influence on sanding delamination.
Alkaline-system and lime-based system reference material	1305-62-0	C491881	Calcium hydroxide	≥99%	Used for research on system alkalinity, inorganic cementitious reactions, microbial stability, storage stability, and reference studies for neutral systems.

Table 2. Cellulose Ethers, Starch Ethers, and Dispersion/Rheology Modifiers

Category	CAS No.	Aladdin Cat. No.	Name	Specification or Purity	Product Features and Applications
Main water-retaining cellulose ether	9004-65-3	H434479	Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC)	average Mn ~120,000	Used for research on water retention, open time, resistance to peeling and curling, control of surface-layer water loss, and application stability of summer neutral putty.
Anionic water-retaining stabilizer	9004-32-4	C104983	Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)	Type V, M.W. 90000 (DS=0.7), 50–100 mPa·s	Used for research on water retention, cohesion, spreading smoothness, cellulose-ether combination, and foam-stabilization risk.
Nonionic aqueous thickener	9004-62-0	H434475	2-Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC)	average Mw ~380,000	Used for research on aqueous thickening, water retention, rheology modification, bubble stability, and performance comparison among cellulose ethers.
Water-retaining and anti-sagging cellulose ether	9032-42-2	M498720	Methyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEMC)	viscosity 70,000–80,000 mPa·s, 2% in H₂O (20 °C)	Used for research on water retention, sag resistance, application open time, high-temperature viscosity stability, and spreading performance.
Thermogel-type cellulose ether	9004-67-5	M112868	Methyl cellulose (MC)	40,000 mPa·s	Used for reference studies on cellulose-ether water retention, thickening, thermal sensitivity, open time, and high-temperature application performance.
Starch ether application modifier	9049-76-7	H304935	Hydroxypropyl starch ether	viscosity: 500–20,000 mPa·s, 5% aqueous solution, 20 °C	Used for research on improving spreading feel, thixotropy, sag resistance, finishing behavior, and bubble-release changes in summer systems.
Anionic dispersion and rheology modifier	9003-04-7	P434409	Sodium polyacrylate (PAAS)	average Mw ~8000, 45% in H₂O	Used for research on powder dispersion, slurry viscosity control, improvement of particle agglomeration, and local void defects.
Inorganic dispersing aid	10124-56-8	S108858	Sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP)	AR	Used for evaluation of calcium-based powder dispersion, slurry stability, ionic-environment adjustment, and GCC dispersion performance.

Table 3. Binding/Film-Forming, Flexibility-Modifying, and Polymer Model Reference Materials

Category	CAS No.	Aladdin Cat. No.	Name	Specification or Purity	Product Features and Applications
Water-soluble binding and film-forming material	9002-89-5	P119362	Mowiol® PVA-124 polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)	Viscosity: 54–66 mPa·s	Used for research on improving putty cohesion, bonding performance, surface-layer film-forming strength, and powdering behavior during sanding.
Binding and film-forming resin	9003-20-7	P304881	Polyvinyl acetate (PVAC)	approx. M.W. 500,000	Used for research on bonding strength, film-forming performance, surface hardness, sanding performance, and the risk of surface-layer delamination.
Flexible film-forming modifier	24937-78-8	P432376	Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (PEVA)	vinyl acetate 12 wt.%, melt index 8 g/10 min (190 °C/2.16 kg)	Used for research on flexibility, bonding performance, crack resistance, film-forming strength, and the influence on surface-layer toughness.
Elastomer toughening material	9003-55-8	P434455	Poly(styrene-block-butadiene-block-styrene)	styrene 30 wt.%, average Mw ~140,000 by GPC	Used for research on polymer flexibility modification, cohesion, crack resistance, surface-layer toughness, and sanding failure modes.
Hydrophobic polymer reference material	9002-88-4	P434354	Polyethylene (PE)	medium density, melt index 3.5 g/10 min (190 °C/2.16 kg)	Used for research on hydrophobic modification, surface sealing, wear resistance, polymer lubrication modification, and the influence on bubble release.

Table 4. Lubricating/Hydrophobic Materials, Defoamer Screening Reference Materials, and Preservative/Antimicrobial Materials

Category	CAS No.	Aladdin Cat. No.	Name	Specification or Purity	Product Features and Applications
Low-viscosity silicone defoaming material	63148-62-9	S433164	Silicone oil	viscosity 5 cSt (25 °C)	Used for research on air entrainment during putty mixing, small bubbles during application, honeycombing and pinholes, bubble-breaking speed, and matching of defoaming systems.
Organophosphorus defoaming and foam-suppressing material	126-73-8	T100708	Tributyl phosphate (TBP)	chemically pure (CP), ≥97%	Used for research on defoaming, foam suppression, bubble rupture, void control, and honeycomb defects in aqueous systems.
Anionic lubricating surfactant material	822-16-2	S108363	Sodium stearate	≥96%	Used for research on spreading lubrication, surface smoothness, bubble-film stability, foam-stabilization risk, and finishing behavior.
Calcium-soap lubricating and hydrophobic material	1592-23-0	C113301	Calcium stearate	Ca 6.6–7.4%	Used for research on putty lubrication, hydrophobicity, anti-caking performance, sanding feel, surface sealing, and bonding influence.
Zinc-soap lubricating and hydrophobic material	557-05-1	Z432906	Zinc stearate	industrial grade	Used for research on surface smoothness, anti-tack performance, sanding feel, hydrophobic modification, and lubricant-related foam stabilization.
Isothiazolinone preservative	2634-33-5	B598939	1,2-Benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one	≥99%, metals <3000 ppm	Used for research on microbial growth, odor, viscosity reduction, wet-mixture storage stability, and preservative systems for neutral putty in summer.
Isothiazolinone preservative	2682-20-4	M110103	2-Methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (MIT)	≥95%	Used for research on preservation of aqueous systems, deterioration of wet mixtures in summer, fermentation-related bubbles, odor, and storage stability.
Compound isothiazolinone preservative	26172-55-4	C183242	Isothiazolinone CMI/MI	mixture of CMI and MI, 2.0–2.5% in water, pH: 2.0–5.0	Used for research on preservation of neutral aqueous systems, microbial control, odor suppression, wet-mixture stability, and abnormal bubble formation in summer.

Note: The above chemicals are mainly intended for scientific validation, mechanistic comparison, and formulation screening. They are not equivalent to industrial-grade raw materials that can be directly added to putty production. In actual production, construction-grade raw materials and matching additives should be prioritized, and confirmation should be made based on COA, SDS, regulatory limits, and application testing. More product specifications, grades, and COA information can be searched on the Aladdin website by “product name/CAS/catalog number.”

For more related articles, please see below:

From Natural Cellulose to Nanocrystals: Structural Characteristics, Application Directions, and Industrialization Challenges of CNC

Practical Guide to Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC-Na): Thickening/Stabilizing Mechanisms, Key Controls for Solution Preparation, and Selection Navigation (including Table 1 and Tables A–C)

Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC): A Comprehensive Primer and Selection Guide—Structural Features, Key Performance Metrics, and Application Scenarios

Cellulase: Composition of Multicomponent Enzyme Systems, Mechanisms of Action, and Key Application Considerations

E 460(i) Microcrystalline Cellulose: Regulatory Standards, Quality Control and Applications