Skeletal muscle observation experiment
Skeletal muscle observation experiment
Observe muscles to understand the shape, general structure, location, starting and stopping points, and assistive devices of the major muscles, and to understand the characteristics of human muscles in relation to factors such as human uprightness, speech, and labor. For the superficial major muscles, they should be related to the body parts on the living body to further understand the start and stop of the muscle and its function.
Operation method
Skeletal muscle observation experiment
Materials and Instruments
Human whole body muscle anatomical specimen local muscle anatomical specimen model Move I. Shape and structure of the muscle For more product details, please visit Aladdin Scientific website.
Observe each of the following muscles on a whole-body muscle specimen: suture, rectus abdominis, external oblique, orbicularis oculi, diastasis, biceps brachii, intercostal muscles. Learn about their shapes and structural features and identify which shape of muscle each belongs to.
II. Auxiliary Devices of the Muscle
1. fascia with the femoral muscle anatomy specimen observation, visible fascia is divided into superficial and deep two layers. Superficial fascia is located in the skin below the dermis, encompassing the entire body, composed of loose connective tissue, containing fat, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves. Deep fascia is located in the deep surface of the superficial fascia, composed of dense connective tissue, covering the surface of the muscle and deep between the muscles, respectively, wrapped around the muscles, blood vessels and nerve trunks to form a sheath-like structure. In the extremities, the deep fascia inserts between the muscles and attaches to the bone, forming the intermuscular septum.
2. synovial capsule with the knee muscle, joint anatomical specimens observed on the skeleton capsule to understand the general structure of the synovial capsule. The synovial capsule is a closed connective tissue flat capsule, mostly exists in the muscle, tendon and bone surface, in order to reduce the friction during movement. Some bursae are connected to the joint cavity, while others exist independently.
3. tendon sheath with hand anatomical specimen observation. Tendon sheaths are mostly encircled around the tendons of the hands and feet that are more active. The tendon sheath is a double-layer sleeve-like structure, closed at both ends. It is divided into two layers, the inner layer is attached to the surface of the tendon, and the outer layer is connected to the surrounding ligament or bone surface. The tendon sheath immobilizes the tendon in a certain position and reduces the friction between the tendon and the bone surface.
Third, the head and neck muscles
Take anatomical specimens of the head and neck muscles for observation. Distinguish the head and neck muscle groups, focusing on the observation of the facial muscles around the cleft of the eye and the cleft of the mouth, the masticatory muscles of the movement of the mandibular joints and the sternocleidomastoid muscle of the whiskers.
(I) Cephalic muscles
It is divided into two parts: facial muscle and masticatory muscle.
1. Facial muscle belongs to the dermatomal muscle, mostly from the skull, stopping at the facial skin. Mainly distributed in the eye, mouth and nostrils around the cleft, the most developed around the cleft to identify the orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris muscle. Human facial muscles are more developed than other animals, why?
2. Masticatory muscles include the biting muscle, temporal muscle, external pterygoid muscle and internal pterygoid muscle, which are all distributed around the jaw joints and are involved in mastication. Observe mainly the position and beginning and end of the temporal and biting muscles.
(ii) Neck muscles
The cervical muscles can be divided into superficial cervical muscles, suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles, deep cervical muscles, sternocleidomastoid muscles, and the cervical muscles according to their locations.
The location of superficial, oblique in the neck on both sides. For the strong neck muscle, this muscle can be used as a neck muscle and sign of the table, it starts from the front of the sternal handle and the clavicle sternal end, the muscle bundles diagonally upward, stopping at the temporal bone mastoid.
Four, trunk muscles
Take the anatomical specimen of trunk muscle, observe the back muscle, chest muscle, diaphragm and abdominal muscle.
(I) Back muscles
Observe the following two pairs of muscles:
1. rhomboid muscle Located in the superficial part of the collar and upper dorsal region, it is an angular broad muscle with rhomboid sides that merge together. It starts from the external occipital convexity, the superior collateral line, the collateral ligament, the tuberosity and all the thoracic thrusts, and ends at the lateral third of the clavicle, the acromion of the shoulder and the foot of the shoulder.
2. Latissimus dorsi is a triangular-shaped latissimus dorsi muscle, which is located in the lower part of the back. It starts from the lower 6 thoracic vertebral spinous processes and the lumbar vertebral spinous processes and the iliac crest by the tendon membrane and ends at the crest of the humerus tuberosity.
3. The erector spinae muscle is the longest and thickest of the dorsal muscles, which is longitudinally arranged on both sides of the spine. It starts from the back of the plate and the back of the skeletal face, divides a lot of muscle teeth upward, stops at the vertebrae and ribs along the way, and reaches the mastoid process of the temporal bone, which is a powerful extensor muscle, and plays an important role in maintaining the upright posture of the human body.
(B) Pectoral muscle
Mainly observe the following muscles.
1. Pectoralis major muscle is located in the superficial anterior part of the chest, starting from the medial half of the clavicle, sternum and the 1st to 6th rib cartilage, the muscle bundles move outward and upward collectively to act as a flat tendon, stopping at the crest of the humerus major tuberosity.
The intercostal muscles are located in the superficial layer of the intercostal space, starting from the lower edge of the ribs, and the muscle bundles move obliquely forward and downward, ending at the upper edge of the next rib.
3. Internal intercostal muscle is located in the deep surface of the external intercostal muscle, the muscle fiber connects the two adjacent ribs, and the direction of the muscle bundle is opposite to that of the external intercostal muscle.
(iii) Diaphragm
The diaphragm is located in the lower thorax, separating the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity, and is a broad and thin dome-shaped muscle. The diaphragm is a broad, thin, dome-shaped muscle that expands upward in the shape of a dome, with a muscular surrounding and a tendinous center, called the central tendon. The diaphragm has an aortic hiatus, an esophageal hiatus, and a vena cava foramen. The aortic dissection has the aorta and thoracic duct passing through it; the esophageal dissection has the esophagus and vagus nerve passing through it; and the vena cava foramen has the inferior vena cava passing through it.
(D) Abdominal muscles
Observe the following muscles and structures.
1. External abdominal oblique muscle is located in the superficial layer of the anterolateral part of the abdomen, a broad muscle, starting from the lower 8 ribs, the muscle bundles from the outer upper oblique to the front inner bottom, part of the stop at the iliac crest, the rest of the move behavior of the tendon membrane, through the front of the rectus abdominis muscle to the abdominal median, where and the opposite side of the external abdominal oblique muscle tendon membrane intertwined into a tendonous narrow band, called the white line. The lower edge of the tendinous membrane is thickened and attaches between the pubic tubercle and the anterior superior iliac spine as the inguinal ligament. Outside and above the pubic tubercle, the tendon membrane forms a triangular fissure called the superficial ring of the inguinal canal.
2. Internal oblique muscle is located in the deep surface of the external oblique muscle, from the thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest and inguinal ligament. The muscle bundles are flat and oblique forward and upward, part of the fiber stops at the lower ribs, and part of the muscle bundles move forward to act as a tendon membrane. The tendon membrane to the outer edge of the rectus abdominis muscle is divided into anterior and posterior layers wrapping the rectus abdominis muscle, which participates in the formation of the rectus abdominis sheath and ends at the white line.
The transversus abdominis muscle is located in the deep surface of the internal oblique muscle, starting from the lower ribs, the thoracolumbar fascia, the iliac crest and the inguinal ligament, and the muscle bundles transverse to the front, extending for the tendon membrane. The tendon membrane crosses behind the rectus abdominis sheath and ends at the white line. There is a layer of fascia attached to the inner surface of the transversus abdominis muscle, above the midpoint of the inguinal ligament, where the spermatic cord passes through and the fascia protrudes outward to form a notch. This is called the deep ring of the inguinal canal.
4. Rectus abdominis muscle is located on both sides of the midline of the abdomen, wrapped by the rectus abdominis muscle sheath, starting from the pubic symphysis and pubic crest, ending at the 5th to 7th rib cartilage and sternal raphe. The full length of the muscle is interrupted by 3-4 transverse tendon rows, which are traces of the healing of the supraspinatus joints.
5. Inguinal canal A gap in the lower part of the anterior abdominal wall through which the spermatic cord in males or the round ligament of the uterus in females passes, it is a latent fissure consisting of the abdominal wall muscles and the tendinous membrane. The canal has two internal and external openings, the deep and superficial rings of the inguinal canal.
V. Upper limb muscles
An anatomical specimen of the upper limb muscle was taken for observation. Upper limb muscles are divided into upper limb band muscles, arm muscles, forearm muscles and hand muscles.
(A) upper limb band muscle
They are distributed around the shoulder joint and move the shoulder joint. There are deltoid, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, teres major and subscapularis, and the deltoid is mainly observed. The deltoid muscle is located in the shoulder, starting from the lateral part of the clavicle, the acromion and the scapular ridge. The muscle bundle wraps around the shoulder joint from the front, the outside and the back, and gradually concentrates towards the outside and the bottom, and ends at the humeral deltoid ramus.
(II) Brachialis muscle
It is divided into two groups: anterior and posterior. The anterior group mainly consists of biceps brachii and brachioradialis muscles, and the main function is to flex the elbow joint. The posterior group has the triceps brachii, whose main role is to extend the elbow joint.
Biceps brachii muscle is located in the front of the arm, the starting point of the long and short heads. The long head is on the outer side and starts above the glenoid of the scapula with a long tendon; the short head is on the inner side and starts at the rostral eminence of the scapula. The two heads converge into a muscle belly, which continues downward as a tendon. It ends at the radial tuberosity.
The brachialis muscle is located on the deep side of the lower part of the biceps muscle, starting in front of the humeral body and ending at the ulnar tuberosity.
The triceps brachii muscle is located at the back of the arm, has three heads, respectively, from below the glenoid of the scapula and the back of the humerus, the three heads of the muscle merge into a muscle belly, and stops at the ulnar humerus with a flat tendon.
(C) Forearm muscle
Located around the ulna and radius, divided into anterior and posterior groups, most of them are long muscles, the muscle belly is located on the proximal side, forming a long and thin tendon downward, and spanning more than two joints. It acts mainly on the elbow, wrist and hand joints.
1. The anterior group is located in the front and inner side of the forearm, mainly for elbow flexion, wrist flexion, finger flexion and forearm rotation of the muscle, a total of 9 pieces, divided into 4 layers. The first layer of the superficial layer has 5 muscles, from the radial side to the ulnar side of the brachioradialis muscle, rotator anterior round muscle, radial wrist flexor, palmaris longus muscle, ulnar wrist flexor; the second layer of the second I, that is, superficial flexor; the third layer of the third 2, the radial side of the bunion flexor and ulnar side of the finger deep flexor; the fourth layer of the fourth I, that is, the anterior rotator anterior muscle. Carefully observe the position of the superficial flexor tendon and the deep flexor tendon in relation to each other on the ventral side of the finger and understand their significance.
2. The posterior group is located at the back of the forearm, for wrist extension, finger extension, forearm rotation muscle, a total of 10 blocks, divided into superficial and deep two layers. Superficial 5 blocks, from the radial side to the ulnar side of the radial long extensor carpi radialis longus, radial short extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi ulnaris longus, extensor carpi ulnaris longus, extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi ulnaris; 5 blocks of the deeper layer are attached to the back of the forearm bone from the outside of the lower in turn for the posterior rotator muscle, the bunion, the thumb long extensor, the thumb long extensor, and the finger scapula.
(D) Hand muscles
In addition to the long tendons from the forearm, there are many short hand muscles. These hand muscles are concentrated in the palm side of the hand, can be divided into three groups of lateral, intermediate and medial lateral group in the palm of the hand on the side of the thumb to form a bulge, called the big fish; medial group in the palm of the hand on the side of the pinky finger also formed a bulge, called the small fish intervals. Observe the hand muscles, relate them to hand movements, and understand the evolutionary significance of the hand in humans.
Sixth, the lower limb muscles
Take the lower limb muscle anatomical specimen observation. Lower limb muscles can be divided into hip muscles, thigh muscles, calf muscles and foot muscles. Only some major muscles are observed here.
(A) hip muscle
They are the muscles that move the hip joint and are distributed around the hip joint. Most of the muscles originate from the inner and outer surfaces of the pelvis, cross the hip joint, and end at the upper part of the femur.
1. The anterior group mainly has the iliopsoas muscle, which functions as the flexion of the hip joint. When viewed from the abdominal cavity, it can be seen to be composed of the psoas major and iliopsoas muscles. The psoas major muscle is located on both sides of the lumbar spine, starting from the lumbar vertebral body side and transverse process. The iliopsoas muscle is located on the lateral side of the psoas major muscle, starting from the iliac fossa, and the two muscles merge downward, ending at the lesser trochanter of the femur.
The posterior group is located in the buttocks, so it is called the gluteal muscle, mainly the gluteus maximus, intermediate and minimus muscles, and its main role is to extend the hip joint. The gluteus maximus muscle is located in the superficial layer, large and hypertrophic, and subcutaneous fat together to form a unique buttock bulge. It starts from the outside of the ilium and the back of the sacrum, and the muscle bundles diagonally downward and outward, ending at the gluteus maximus of the femur. The gluteus medius is located on the deep surface of the gluteus maximus and the gluteus minimus on the deep surface of the gluteus medius. The diaphragm muscle begins outside the iliac wing and ends at the greater trochanter of the femur.
(ii) Thigh muscle
Located around the femur, they can be divided into anterior, posterior and medial groups.
1 . Anterior group There are suture muscles and quadriceps muscles.
(1) The suture muscle starts from the anterior superior iliac spine, slopes inward and downward, passes through the medial side of the knee joint, and ends at the medial surface of the upper end of the tibia. It serves to flex the hip and knee joints.
(2) Quadriceps femoris is the most powerful muscle in the front of the thigh, which can be divided into four parts, i.e. rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis and intertrochantericus. In addition to the rectus femoris muscle from the anterior inferior iliac spine, the rest are from the femur, four muscles downward concentration to form a tendon, wrapped around the front and sides of the patella, and then the continuation of the patellar ligament, stopping at the tibial tuberosity. They are powerful extensors of the knee joint, and the rectus femoris also has a role in hip flexion.
2. The medial group is a group of adductor muscles, including pubococcygeus, long adductor, thin femoral muscle, short adductor, and large adductor, all of which start from the pubic bone and the sciatic bone, and end at the medial side of the upper end of the femur and tibia.
3. The posterior group includes biceps femoris, semitendinosus and semimembranosus. The main function is to extend the hip joint and flex the knee joint.
(1) Biceps femoris is located on the lateral side of the posterior femur and has two heads, the long head starts from the sciatic tuberosity, the short head starts from the femur's thick line and ends at the head of the fibula.
(2) Half key muscle Located on the medial side of the posterior femur, it has a thin rounded and longer tendon, which accounts for almost half of the muscle and is named after it. It begins at the sciatic tuberosity and ends at the upper end of the tibia.
(3) Semimembranosus muscle is located on the deep side of the semitendinosus muscle, with a flat thin membrane starting from the sciatic tuberosity, the tendon membrane almost accounts for half of the length of the muscle and is named. It ends at the medial tibial condyle.
(iii) Calf muscle
It can be divided into anterior group, lateral group and posterior group.
1. The anterior group is located in front of the interosseous membrane and consists of the tibialis anterior muscle, extensor digitorum longus and extensor hallucis longus in order from the inside to the outside. The main function of the anterior group of muscles is to extend the ankle joint (dorsiflexion), extend the toes and make the foot inversion.
2. The lateral group consists of the peroneus longus and peroneus brevis, whose main function is to make the foot turn out and flex the ankle joint (dorsiflexion).
The posterior group is located at the back of the lower leg and is the knee flexor, ankle flexor and toe flexor. It can be divided into superficial and deep layers. Here only observe the superficial calf triceps.
The calf triceps includes the superficial gastrocnemius and the deep flounder muscle. The gastrocnemius has two heads, medial and lateral, at the medial and lateral condyles of the femur. The flounder muscle originates from the upper part of the back of the fibula and the back of the tibia. The three muscle heads converge to form a bulging calf belly in the upper part of the calf, which continues downward into the powerful Achilles tendon.