Understanding Organofluorine Heterocycles: Structure Tuning, Applications, Research Selection, and Product Navigation (Tables 1-5)

I. Background and Basic Concepts

Organofluorine heterocycles are organic compounds that simultaneously contain an organofluorine structural unit and a heterocyclic scaffold. In the same molecule, these two structural factors often work in combination: the heterocycle provides recognition sites, electronic features, and scaffold diversity, while fluorine is commonly used to fine-tune acidity/basicity, lipophilicity, metabolic stability, conformation, and binding behavior. For this reason, such compounds are highly representative in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, molecular imaging, and certain high-performance fluorinated materials. Heterocycles are themselves among the most important scaffold sources in medicinal chemistry, and fluorinated molecules also account for a substantial share of modern drugs and agrochemicals.

Broadly speaking, an organofluorine heterocycle can be understood as a molecule that contains at least one heterocycle together with one or more fluorine atoms or fluorinated groups, such as F, CF₃, CHF₂, CH₂F, and OCF₃. In a narrower sense, some reviews further restrict the term "fluorinated heterocycles" to molecules in which the fluorine atom or fluorinated group is directly attached to the heterocyclic core.

Levels for Understanding Organofluorine Heterocycles

Level	Meaning	Representative Examples
Broad definition	The molecule contains both a heterocycle and fluorine atom(s) or fluorinated group(s).	Fluoropyridines, trifluoromethyl pyrazoles, fluorinated quinazolines, fluorinated piperidines, etc.
More stringent definition	The fluorine atom or fluorinated group is directly attached to the heterocyclic core.	4-Fluoropyridine, 5-fluoropyrimidine, trifluoromethyl pyrazole, fluorinated benzimidazole
What research usually focuses on	How fluorine changes the intrinsic properties of the heterocycle	Basicity, conformation, metabolic stability, binding mode, imaging-labeling capability

II. Structural Features

Fluorine is one of the most electronegative elements. When it forms a C-F bond with carbon, it produces a strong inductive effect. At the same time, heteroatoms such as N, O, and S in heterocycles already influence electron distribution, polarity, coordination, and hydrogen-bonding behavior. When these effects are combined, the result is usually not a simple amplification, but a more refined redistribution of the molecule's overall properties.

Key effects repeatedly highlighted in the literature include changes in metabolic stability, adjustment of the lipophilicity/hydrophilicity balance, shifts in the pKa of nearby amines or heterocyclic nitrogens, changes in conformational preference, and subtle modifications in target-binding modes. For nitrogen-containing heterocycles in particular, fluorination often affects stability, conformational preference, polarity distribution, and basicity, and can indirectly alter the hydrogen-bonding behavior of neighboring sites.

The Most Common Structure-Property Relationships in Organofluorine Heterocycles

Structural Factor	Common Effect	What It Means for Research Design
N/O/S in the heterocycle	Provide polar sites and influence aromaticity and electron density	Can serve as a recognition core, reactive site, or pharmacophore scaffold
Replacing H with F	Changes electronic properties without greatly increasing steric bulk	Well suited to structure optimization through small modifications with strong effects
Fluorinated groups such as CF₃ / CHF₂ / CH₂F	Produce stronger effects on lipophilicity, metabolic stability, acid-base properties, and conformation	Often used to tune ADME, membrane permeability, and exposure
Fluorine near an amine or heterocyclic nitrogen	Often lowers the basicity of nearby sites	Can help optimize ionization state, permeability, or selectivity
Fluorinated heterocyclic core	May alter the electron distribution of the π system and the binding mode	Can be used to improve activity, change selectivity, or reduce clearance

Two points are worth noting.

1. Fluorine is not simply a "hydrophobicity enhancer." What it truly changes is the overall polarity distribution and acid-base balance of the molecule, so the outcome must always be judged in the context of the specific scaffold.

2. The properties of organofluorine heterocycles should not be attributed entirely to fluorine alone. In many cases, the actual behavior is jointly determined by the heterocyclic scaffold, the fluorination site, and the type of fluorinated group.

III. The Value of Organofluorine Heterocycles: Application Areas, Functional Characteristics, and Representative Examples

At the end-use level, the three most prominent directions for these compounds today are pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and molecular imaging. In addition, some electron-deficient fluorinated aza-aromatics can serve as precursors or network-forming units for advanced functional materials. Recent reviews show that fluorinated heterocycles continue to appear in newly approved drugs. In agrochemicals, combinations of fluorine and heterocycles are also extremely common, especially in pyridine, pyrimidine, and pyrazole scaffolds. In PET imaging, ¹⁸F has become one of the most widely used positron-emitting nuclides because of its suitable half-life and mature radiochemistry.

3.1 Main Application Areas and Practical Roles

Application Area	Why Organofluorine Heterocycles Are Used	Main Role
Medicinal chemistry	Heterocycles are common pharmacophore scaffolds, and fluorine can fine-tune properties	Improve activity, selectivity, oral exposure, and metabolic stability, and optimize PK/PD
Agrochemicals and crop protection	Both fluorine and heterocycles are often used to tune physicochemical properties and biological effects	Improve activity, alter the spectrum of action, and enhance uptake, translocation, and field stability
PET molecular imaging	¹⁸F labeling is mature, and many probes contain heterocyclic recognition units	Used for disease-target visualization, diagnosis, and drug development
Fluorinated functional materials	Some electron-deficient fluorinated aza-aromatics show good SNAr reactivity and provide stable, further-derivatizable structural units	Used as precursors for high-performance polymers and fluorinated network materials

3.2 Their Practical Roles in Research and Experiments

1) As lead-optimization tools

This is the most common role. In most cases, researchers are not simply trying to "make a fluorinated molecule"; rather, they want to rebalance pKa, logD, metabolic stability, conformation, and binding behavior without making major changes to the core scaffold. Because fluorine is close to hydrogen in size yet can strongly alter electronic effects, it is especially well suited to fine structure-activity optimization. Reviews have pointed out that organofluorine substitution can influence nearly all of the key physicochemical properties related to ADME; for nitrogen-containing heterocycles, this tuning effect is often particularly pronounced.

2) As fluorinated building blocks and members of scaffold libraries

In contemporary drug discovery, the direct use of fluorinated building blocks remains a very common and important strategy, rather than relying only on introducing fluorine at the final stage. Recent reviews repeatedly emphasize the continuing importance of fluorinated building blocks in modern lead discovery and molecular optimization, while saturated heterocycles, fluorinated carbocycles, and fluorinated heterocyclic building blocks are becoming increasingly prominent. In other words, in the laboratory, organofluorine heterocycles are often not the final products themselves, but "scaffold components" that lead to more complex bioactive molecules.

3) As substrates for late-stage modification and structure validation

For complex leads or candidate compounds, late-stage fluorination and the late-stage introduction of fluorinated groups are becoming increasingly important, especially when a rapid comparison between "non-fluorinated vs fluorinated" analogues is needed. Reviews indicate that late-stage fluorination serves not only drug and agrochemical optimization, but also the preparation of ¹⁸F-labeled probes; however, such reactions place high demands on selectivity, functional-group compatibility, and process conditions.

4) As molecular imaging probe scaffolds

If the research goal is in vivo tracing, disease-target visualization, or pharmacokinetic tracking, ¹⁸F probes containing heterocyclic motifs are highly important. The reason is not merely that "¹⁸F can be imaged," but that the heterocycle itself is often the recognition unit required for target binding, while ¹⁸F provides traceability.

3.3 Representative Examples

Example 1: 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU)

This is one of the most classical fluorinated heterocyclic drugs and is essentially a fluorinated pyrimidine. Its importance lies in the fact that only a very small structural change was made - replacing one hydrogen on uracil with fluorine - yet the molecule can still follow transport and metabolic-activation pathways similar to those of the natural substrate, ultimately interfering with nucleotide metabolism and DNA/RNA biosynthesis as an antimetabolite. This shows that the value of organofluorine heterocycles often lies not in "switching to a larger scaffold," but in "rewriting function through the smallest possible structural change."

Example 2: New drugs such as Sotorasib, Vericiguat, and Oteseconazole

The fluorinated azaquinazolinone design of Sotorasib is associated with optimization of oral pharmacokinetic properties; the 5-fluoro pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine core of Vericiguat is associated with higher metabolic stability and lower clearance; and in Oteseconazole, the tetrazole heterocycle helps improve selectivity for fungal CYP51, while its metabolically stable difluoromethyl linker helps stabilize overall molecular performance. Together, these examples show that, in many cases, fluorine is introduced to achieve more precise tuning around metabolic stability, clearance, oral exposure, and target selectivity. They more clearly illustrate the "property-optimization" value of organofluorine heterocycles in modern medicinal chemistry.

Example 3: Piflufolastat F 18 and Flortaucipir F 18

Piflufolastat F 18 is a radiodiagnostic probe for PET imaging of PSMA-positive lesions, while Flortaucipir F 18 is a PET probe used to evaluate aggregated tau neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. These examples show that the value of organofluorine heterocycles in molecular imaging lies not only in "carrying an ¹⁸F label," but in integrating the recognition function of a heterocyclic scaffold with the function of radioactive tracing within the same molecular framework.

IV. Typical Situations in Which Organofluorine Heterocycles Merit Priority Consideration

Research Goal	Why Organofluorine Heterocycles Are Worth Considering
Optimizing properties without major scaffold changes	Replacing H with F causes only a small steric change but can markedly affect electronic effects and pKa
Improving metabolic stability or reducing clearance	Certain fluorination sites can help improve metabolic behavior and exposure
Retaining both a recognition scaffold and room for tuning	The heterocycle provides recognition, while fluorine provides fine tuning; the combination is highly efficient
Conducting a more detailed SAR study	Fluorination is a common modification strategy that is small in scale but rich in information
Developing ¹⁸F-PET probes	Heterocyclic recognition units combine naturally with ¹⁸F labeling
Building a new fluorinated scaffold library	Fluorinated heterocyclic building blocks have become an important source in modern lead discovery

V. Important Points to Consider During Selection and Use

Point to Note	Why It Matters
Do not treat fluorine introduction as a universal optimization tool	Fluorine can affect nearly all physicochemical and ADME properties, and the outcome is often a linked set of changes rather than a single improvement
Pay attention to fluorine position, not just fluorine count	Mono-fluoro, difluoro, trifluoromethyl, and fluoromethyl groups do not behave the same way; different positions on the same scaffold can also differ greatly
Do not confuse the heterocycle effect with the fluorine effect	Sometimes improved activity comes from heterocycle-based recognition, and sometimes from pKa or conformational changes; these factors need to be analyzed separately
Pay attention to synthetic accessibility and later scale-up	Many fluorination methods impose requirements on substrate selectivity, functional-group compatibility, and process conditions
In drug research, evaluate metabolism and toxicology, not just activity	The example of 5-FU shows that metabolites and differences in metabolic enzymes can strongly affect toxicity
When developing ¹⁸F probes, consider time sensitivity	The half-life of ¹⁸F is about 109.8 minutes, so route design, purification, and instrument scheduling must all be organized around time efficiency
Avoid over-fluorination	More fluorine is not always better, and excessive fluorination can instead create problems with solubility, synthesis, selectivity, or safety

VI. Product Navigation for Organofluorine Heterocycles: Quickly Locate Tables 1-5 by Research Task

Research Task / Experimental Need	Product Types to Focus On	Recommended Table	Navigation Notes
Fluorinated heterocycle scaffold design, route development, or screening of pharmaceutical/agrochemical intermediates	Basic building blocks such as fluoropyridines, fluoropyrimidines, and trifluoromethyl pyridines/pyrazoles	Table 1	Table 1 focuses on basic fluorinated heterocyclic fragments that can be further derivatized. It is suitable for building lead structures, substitution reactions, coupling reactions, and intermediate stock preparation. If the research emphasis is "start from the scaffold and then expand," Table 1 should usually be consulted first.
Preparation of fluorinated agrochemical standards, pesticide-residue testing, or method validation	Herbicide, insecticide/acaricide, and fungicide standards	Table 2	Table 2 collects typical bioactive fluorinated heterocyclic agrochemicals. It is suitable for LC/GC-MS method development, standard-curve preparation, sample pretreatment validation, and pesticide-residue monitoring. If the task is analytical testing or quality control, Table 2 is the most direct starting point.
Crop disease control, fungicide mechanism studies, or SDHI/CYP51/protectant fungicide research	Fluorinated triazoles, pyridine carboxamides, pyrazole carboxamides, and phenylpyrrole fungicides	Table 2	Table 2 is useful not only for residue testing but also for activity screening and mechanistic studies in crop protection. If the goal is to compare different fluorinated heterocyclic fungicidal scaffolds in disease control, Table 2 is the most targeted reference.
Pest/acarid control, sap-sucking pest studies, or insecticidal mechanism research	Phenylpyrazole, pyridine, pyrazole, and mesoionic fluorinated insecticides/acaricides	Table 2	Table 2 covers GABA receptor-related insecticides, feeding inhibitors, mitochondrial electron transport inhibitor acaricides, and novel mesoionic insecticides, making it suitable for pest-spectrum, mechanism, and resistance studies.
5-FU-related research, antimetabolite mechanisms, thymidylate synthase inhibition, or cell-proliferation inhibition studies	Fluorouracil, FUDR, 5-fluorocytosine, and 5-FU prodrugs	Table 3	Table 3 focuses on fluoropyrimidines and their prodrug/nucleoside systems. It is suitable for studies of nucleic acid metabolism, DNA synthesis inhibition, drug-sensitivity differences, and prodrug conversion. If the project centers on the 5-FU system, Table 3 should be the first choice.
Nucleoside analogues, nucleotide prodrugs, or antiviral replication-inhibition studies	Gemcitabine, Emtricitabine, Sofosbuvir, Favipiravir, etc.	Table 3	Table 3 includes multiple fluorinated heterocyclic molecules related to nucleosides, nucleotides, or nucleic-acid metabolism. It is suitable for studies on RdRp, reverse transcriptase, nucleoside metabolism, and prodrug delivery.
Antibacterial susceptibility testing, quinolone mechanism studies, or DNA gyrase/topoisomerase research	Levofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Norfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, and Delafloxacin	Table 4	Table 4 concentrates on fluorinated quinolone antibacterials. It is suitable for MIC/zone-of-inhibition assays, resistance comparison, antibacterial-spectrum evaluation, and target-enzyme mechanism studies. For antibacterial-focused projects, Table 4 should be prioritized.
Antifungal susceptibility testing, fungal CYP51 inhibition, or invasive fungal infection studies	Fluconazole, Voriconazole, Isavuconazole, and Oteseconazole	Table 4	The fluorinated antifungals in Table 4 cover both classical triazoles and newer scaffolds. They are suitable for drug-sensitivity studies on Candida, Aspergillus, and related fungi, as well as resistance-mechanism and sterol-biosynthesis pathway research.
Non-anti-infective pharmacology research on tumor signaling, inflammatory pathways, cardiovascular pathways, etc.	Functional drugs such as Selumetinib, Celecoxib, and Vericiguat	Table 5	Table 5 is more focused on pharmacologically functional organofluorine heterocycles. It is suitable for mechanism studies and drug screening in areas such as the MEK/ERK pathway, COX-2 inflammatory signaling, and the NO-sGC-cGMP cardiovascular pathway.
Diabetes, metabolic regulation, or DPP-4-related research	Sitagliptin	Table 5	If the research theme is glucose-lowering pharmacology, the incretin system, or DPP-4 target validation, Table 5 is more appropriate, because these products do not belong to the anti-infective or nucleoside-analogue categories.
Novel antiviral target research for HIV, influenza, and related viruses	Lenacapavir, Baloxavir marboxil, etc.	Table 5	Table 5 is suitable for identifying "non-classical nucleoside" antiviral molecules. If the focus is not nucleoside metabolism, but new mechanisms such as capsid inhibition or cap-dependent endonuclease inhibition, Table 5 should be prioritized.
PET molecular imaging, tumor tracing, or neurodegenerative disease imaging research	Flortaucipir (18F) and Dcfpyl F-18	Table 5	Table 5 includes radiodiagnostic probes suitable for Tau imaging, PSMA-positive lesion imaging, and related molecular imaging studies. If the task is tracing/imaging rather than conventional pharmacological testing, Table 5 should be consulted directly.
Selecting simultaneously from both ends: basic building blocks and active molecules	Basic building blocks + final drug or agrochemical products	Table 1 + Table 2 / Table 3 / Table 4 / Table 5	If the project involves both molecular design and final activity validation, it is usually best to first identify expandable scaffolds in Table 1 and then consult Table 2 (agrochemicals), Table 3 (nucleosides/antimetabolites), Table 4 (anti-infectives), or Table 5 (innovative drugs/probes) according to the specific direction.

Table 1. Basic Organofluorine Heterocyclic Building Blocks (Fluoropyridines, Fluoropyrimidines, and Trifluoromethyl Heterocycles)

Category	CAS No.	Aladdin Catalog No.	Name	Specification or Purity	Product Features and Applications
Basic fluoropyridine building block	1513-65-1	D124337	2,6-Difluoropyridine	≥99%	A representative fluoropyridine building block commonly used in the synthesis of fluoropyridine derivatives, pharmaceutical/agrochemical intermediates, and heterocycle-functionalized molecules; the two fluorine sites also facilitate later selective transformations.
Basic fluoropyridine building block	372-48-5	F120342	2-Fluoropyridine	≥99%	A commonly used fluoropyridine building block suitable for the design and synthesis of fluorinated aza-heterocyclic drugs, agrochemical intermediates, and substituted pyridine derivatives.
Basic fluoropyridine building block	372-47-4	F119663	3-Fluoropyridine	≥99%	A commonly used fluoropyridine building block that can be used to construct fluorinated heteroaryl drug leads, agrochemical intermediates, and substrates for subsequent coupling/substitution reactions.
Basic fluoropyrimidine building block	31575-35-6	F665141	2-Fluoropyrimidine	≥98%	A representative fluoropyrimidine building block often used in the synthesis of fluorinated nucleoside analogues, heterocyclic drug intermediates, and electron-deficient pyrimidine derivatives.
Basic fluoropyrimidine building block	675-21-8	F194535	5-Fluoropyrimidine	≥98%	A commonly used fluoropyrimidine building block suitable for medicinal chemistry research on fluorinated nucleic-acid-related molecules, antimetabolite derivatives, and fluoropyrimidine scaffolds.
Basic trifluoromethyl pyridine building block	368-48-9	T122680	2-(Trifluoromethyl)pyridine	≥98%	A commonly used trifluoromethyl pyridine building block suitable for the synthesis of fluorinated drug, agrochemical, and functional-molecule intermediates; it is also frequently used as a pyridine fragment for tuning lipophilicity and electronic properties.
Basic trifluoromethyl pyrazole building block	20154-03-4	T168356	3-(Trifluoromethyl)pyrazole	≥97%	An important trifluoromethyl pyrazole building block commonly used to construct fluorinated pyrazole agrochemicals, drug leads, and various heterocyclic bioactive scaffolds.
Basic trifluoromethyl pyridine building block	3796-23-4	T136292	3-(Trifluoromethyl)pyridine	≥97%	A commonly used trifluoromethyl pyridine building block suitable for the synthesis of fluorinated drug and agrochemical intermediates, and often used to tune molecular electronic properties and hydrophobicity.
Basic trifluoromethyl pyridine building block	3796-24-5	W135490	4-(Trifluoromethyl)pyridine	≥97%	A commonly used trifluoromethyl pyridine building block suitable for constructing fluorinated heteroaryl fragments, pharmaceutical intermediates, and agrochemical bioactive molecules.

Table 2. Fluorinated Heterocyclic Agrochemicals (Herbicides, Insecticides/Acaricides, and Fungicides)

Category	CAS No.	Aladdin Catalog No.	Name	Specification or Purity	Product Features and Applications
Fluorinated triazolopyrimidine herbicide	145701-23-1	F118352	Florasulam	Analytical standard, ≥99.8%	A representative fluorinated triazolopyrimidine herbicide standard commonly used for residue detection of ALS-inhibitor herbicides, LC/GC-MS method development, weed control, and mode-of-action studies.
Fluorinated triazolopyrimidine herbicide	98967-40-9	A114954	Flumetsulam	Analytical standard, ≥98%	A representative fluorinated triazolopyrimidine herbicide standard suitable for pesticide-residue analysis, standard-curve preparation, method validation, and herbicide-screening studies.
Fluorinated phenylpyrazole insecticide	120068-37-3	F110005	Fipronil	Analytical standard, ≥98%	A representative fluorinated phenylpyrazole insecticide standard suitable for pesticide-residue testing, environmental sample monitoring, and studies on GABA receptor-related insecticidal mechanisms.
Fluorinated pyridine insecticide	158062-67-0	F770772	Flonicamid	Analytical standard	A fluorinated pyridine insecticide standard suitable for studies on the control of sap-sucking pests, pesticide-residue testing, and evaluation of feeding-inhibition activity.
Fluorinated mesoionic fused pyrimidinone insecticide	1263133-33-0	T1282852	Triflumezopyrim	—	A fluorinated mesoionic fused pyrimidinone insecticide used mainly for controlling planthoppers and other sap-sucking pests, and also commonly used in studies on novel nAChR-related mechanisms and pesticide-residue analysis.
Fluorinated triazole fungicide	136426-54-5	F118341	Fluquinconazole	Analytical standard, ≥97.5%	A fluorinated triazole fungicide standard commonly used for fungicide residue analysis, seed-treatment studies, and evaluation of sterol-biosynthesis inhibition mechanisms.
Fluorinated pyridine fungicide	79622-59-6	F114600	Fluazinam	Analytical standard	A fluorinated pyridine fungicide standard commonly used for pesticide-residue analysis, environmental fate monitoring, and studies on the mechanism of broad-spectrum protectant fungicides.
Fluorinated triazole fungicide	76674-21-0	F1421303	Flutriafol	≥98%	A representative fluorinated triazole fungicide commonly used in sterol-biosynthesis inhibition studies, crop-disease control evaluation, and pesticide-residue analysis.
Fluorinated phenylpyrrole fungicide	131341-86-1	F769319	Fludioxonil	≥98%	A representative fluorinated phenylpyrrole fungicide widely used in seed treatment and post-harvest disease control studies, as well as in pesticide-residue testing and broad-spectrum preservation experiments.
Fluorinated pyridine carboxamide fungicide	658066-35-4	F304303	Fluopyram	≥98%	A fluorinated pyridine carboxamide SDHI fungicide that also has some nematicidal value, suitable for studies on succinate dehydrogenase inhibition, seed treatment, and pesticide-residue analysis.
Fluorinated pyrazole carboxamide fungicide	494793-67-8	P1348187	Penflufen	≥99%	A fluorinated pyrazole carboxamide SDHI fungicide commonly used in seed treatment, soil-borne disease control, succinate dehydrogenase inhibition studies, and pesticide-residue analysis.
Fluorinated pyrazole carboxamide fungicide	907204-31-3	F412925	Fluxapyroxad	≥98%	A representative fluorinated pyrazole carboxamide SDHI fungicide commonly used for broad-spectrum disease control, studies of mitochondrial respiration inhibition, and resistance-risk evaluation.

Table 3. Fluoropyrimidines, Fluorinated Nucleosides, and Related Prodrugs/Antiviral Molecules

Category	CAS No.	Aladdin Catalog No.	Name	Specification or Purity	Product Features and Applications
Fluoropyrimidine antitumor drug	51-21-8	F476739	Fluorouracil	PharmPure™, USP	A classic fluoropyrimidine antimetabolite used in studies of thymidylate synthase inhibition, tumor-cell proliferation inhibition, and 5-FU-related drug sensitivity, metabolism, and mechanism.
Fluoropyrimidine antifungal drug	2022-85-7	F123460	5-Fluorocytosine	Moligand™, ≥99%	A classic fluoropyrimidine antifungal molecule commonly used in fungal susceptibility testing, cytosine deaminase-related selection systems, and antifungal mechanism studies.
Fluoropyrimidine deoxynucleoside antimetabolite	50-91-9	F110732	5-Fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine(FUDR)	Moligand™, ≥99%	A fluoropyrimidine deoxynucleoside antimetabolite commonly used in studies of DNA synthesis inhibition, cell-cycle regulation, and cellular/model-organism experiments.
Fluoropyrimidine prodrug antitumor drug	154361-50-9	C124969	Capecitabine	Moligand™, ≥99%	An oral 5-FU prodrug suitable for studies of prodrug activation mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, and fluoropyrimidine antitumor drugs.
Fluorinated nucleoside antitumor drug	95058-81-4	G127944	Gemcitabine	Moligand™, ≥99%	A difluorinated cytidine antitumor drug used in studies of nucleoside metabolism, DNA synthesis inhibition, and tumor-cell drug sensitivity and mechanism.
Fluorinated pyrazine antiviral drug	259793-96-9	F303252	Favipiravir	Moligand™, ≥99%	A fluorinated pyrazine antiviral molecule used in studies of RNA-virus replication inhibition, RdRp-related mechanisms, and antiviral activity evaluation.
Fluorinated nucleotide prodrug antiviral drug	1190307-88-0	P127282	Sofosbuvir	Moligand™, ≥99%	A fluorinated nucleotide prodrug antiviral drug used in studies of HCV replication inhibition, prodrug-delivery design, and nucleoside analogues.
Fluoropyrimidine prodrug antitumor drug	17902-23-7	T125377	FT-207 (NSC 148958)	Moligand™, ≥98%(HPLC)	A representative 5-FU prodrug molecule suitable for studies of prodrug design, in vivo metabolic conversion, and fluoropyrimidine antitumor mechanisms.
Fluorinated nucleoside antiviral drug	143491-57-0	E125328	Emtricitabine	Moligand™, ≥98%	A fluorinated cytidine analogue antiviral drug used in reverse-transcriptase inhibition studies, anti-HIV research, and nucleoside-drug development.
Fluoropyrimidine nucleoside prodrug antitumor drug	3094-09-5	D155744	5'-Deoxy-5-fluorouridine	≥98%(HPLC)	A fluoropyrimidine nucleoside prodrug and an important representative of 5-FU-related prodrug systems, commonly used in studies of prodrug activation, nucleoside metabolism, and antitumor mechanisms.

Table 4. Fluorinated Anti-infective Heterocyclic Drugs (Antibacterials and Antifungals)

Category	CAS No.	Aladdin Catalog No.	Name	Specification or Purity	Product Features and Applications
Fluorinated quinolone antibacterial	100986-85-4	L473790	Levofloxacin	Moligand™, anhydrous grade, ≥98%	A representative fluorinated quinolone antibacterial used in studies of DNA gyrase/topoisomerase inhibition, susceptibility testing, and infection models.
Fluorinated quinolone antibacterial	82419-36-1	O102012	Ofloxacin	Moligand™, analytical standard, ≥99%(HPLC)	A classic fluorinated quinolone antibacterial suitable for antibacterial-activity evaluation, susceptibility analysis, and quinolone mechanism studies.
Fluorinated quinolone antibacterial	70458-96-7	N114261	Norfloxacin	Moligand™, analytical standard	A commonly used fluorinated quinolone antibacterial suitable for drug analysis, antibacterial mechanism studies, and monitoring of quinolones in environmental and other samples.
Fluorinated quinolone antibacterial	189279-58-1	D125392	Delafloxacin	Moligand™, ≥98%	A next-generation fluorinated quinolone antibacterial suitable for studies on drug-resistant bacteria, DNA gyrase/topoisomerase inhibition, and antibacterial-activity evaluation.
Fluorinated quinolone antibacterial	85721-33-1	C129896	Ciprofloxacin	Moligand™, ≥98%	A representative fluorinated quinolone antibacterial used in studies of DNA gyrase inhibition, antibacterial-activity evaluation, and drug delivery.
Fluorinated quinolone antibacterial	151096-09-2	M302962	Moxifloxacin	Moligand™, ≥98%	A representative fluorinated quinolone antibacterial suitable for DNA gyrase/topoisomerase inhibition studies, susceptibility testing, and evaluation of antibacterial activity in infection models.
Fluorinated triazole antifungal	137234-62-9	V129745	Voriconazole	Moligand™, ≥98%	A representative fluorinated triazole antifungal used in studies of fungal CYP51 inhibition, susceptibility testing, and invasive fungal infections.
Fluorinated triazole antifungal	86386-73-4	E129360	Fluconazole	Moligand™, ≥98%	A classic fluorinated triazole antifungal commonly used in studies of fungal CYP51 inhibition, susceptibility testing, and resistance mechanisms.
Fluorinated tetrazole/pyridine antifungal	1340593-59-0	O647411	Oteseconazole	≥99%	A fluorinated tetrazole/pyridine antifungal that selectively inhibits fungal CYP51 and is commonly used in studies of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis and fungal sterol-biosynthesis mechanisms.
Fluorinated triazole antifungal	241479-67-4	I337027	Isavuconazole	≥98%	A fluorinated triazole antifungal commonly used in research on invasive aspergillosis and mucormycosis, and also in fungal CYP51 inhibition and broad-spectrum antifungal-activity evaluation.

Table 5. Other Innovative Fluorinated Drugs, Functional Drugs, and Molecular Imaging Probes

Category	CAS No.	Aladdin Catalog No.	Name	Specification or Purity	Product Features and Applications
Fluorinated benzimidazole targeted antitumor drug	606143-52-6	S125580	Selumetinib (AZD6244)	Moligand™, ≥99%	A fluorinated benzimidazole MEK inhibitor used in RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway studies, tumor-signal-transduction analysis, and combination-therapy screening.
Fluorinated pyrazole anti-inflammatory drug	169590-42-5	C129279	Celecoxib	Moligand™, ≥99%	A fluorinated pyrazole selective COX-2 inhibitor commonly used in studies of inflammatory pathways, pain mechanisms, and the tumor inflammatory microenvironment.
Fluorinated fused aza-heterocycle cardiovascular drug	1350653-20-1	V414461	Vericiguat	Moligand™, ≥98%	A fluorinated fused aza-heterocycle soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) stimulator used in studies of the NO-sGC-cGMP signaling pathway, heart-failure pharmacology, and cardiovascular drug screening.
Fluorinated sulfur-containing heterocyclic prodrug anti-influenza drug	1985606-14-1	B413378	Baloxavir marboxil	Moligand™, ≥97%	A fluorinated heterocyclic prodrug anti-influenza molecule and prodrug of a cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor, commonly used in studies of influenza-virus replication inhibition, PA-protein-related mechanisms, and antiviral-drug screening.
Fluorinated triazolopyrazine antidiabetic drug	486460-32-6	S176594	sitagliptin	Moligand™, ≥97%	A fluorinated triazolopyrazine DPP-4 inhibitor commonly used in studies of the incretin pathway, glucose-homeostasis regulation, and the pharmacology of type 2 diabetes.
Fluorinated fused aza-heterocycle radiodiagnostic probe	1522051-90-6	F610343	flortaucipir (18F)	Moligand™	A fluorinated fused aza-heterocycle PET imaging probe used for imaging Tau-related neurofibrillary tangles, commonly seen in Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathy research.
Fluorinated polyheterocyclic anti-HIV drug	2189684-44-2	L611483	lenacapavir	Moligand™	A fluorinated polyheterocyclic HIV-1 capsid inhibitor suitable for studies of HIV capsid function, long-acting antiviral-drug development, and resistance-mechanism evaluation.
Fluorinated pyridine radiodiagnostic probe	1207181-29-0	D671218	Dcfpyl F-18	—	A fluorinated pyridine PET imaging probe used for imaging PSMA-positive lesions, commonly used in prostate-cancer molecular imaging, tracing, and diagnostic research.

Note: The products above are representative Aladdin products. For more product specifications, please refer to the product list at the end of the article or search the Aladdin website using the product name/CAS/catalog number.

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