Sudan Ⅳ - AR , CAS No.85-83-6

CAS: 85-83-6 Cat. No.: S100286 Peso molecular: 380.44 Beilstein Registry Number: 709018 Número EC: 201-635-8
Disponible para pedir
GRADE & PURITY AR ? Analytical Reagent grade — high-purity chemicals meeting strict assay limits for lab analysis. Use when accuracy matters and trace impurities could skew results.
Synonyms
NSC-10472 | Ceres Red BB | Lacquer Red VS | Fat Red 2B | Biebrich Scarlet R, medicinal | Waxoline Red OM | 2-Naphthalenol, 1-[[2-methyl-4-[(2-methylphenyl)azo]phenyl]azo]- | 1-[[2-Methyl-4-[(2-methylphenyl)azo]phenyl]azo]-2-naphthalenol | Resinol Red 2B |
Storage
Room temperature
Shipped In
Normal
 ·  off list, applied to all prices below.
Size
Estado
Price
Qty
25g
S100286-25g
2
11,90US$
100g
S100286-100g
3
29,90US$
500g
S100286-500g
8-12 wks(?) Production requires sourcing of materials. We appreciate your patience and understanding.
65,90US$
Enter a quantity for the sizes you want to add.
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Why this grade

AR AR for sensitive chromatographic and analytical workflows requiring minimal baseline interference.

🌡

Storage & shipping

Room temperature Ships Normal Check lot-specific COA for exact specifications.

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Quality documents

SDS, COA, datasheet, and spec sheet available for download. Lot-specific COA accessible via lot number lookup.

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Literature proof

Cited in 48 peer-reviewed publications across chromatography, organic synthesis, and cross-coupling reactions.

Descripción general

Sudan IV is a hydrophobic azo dye. It stains triglycerides and imparts an intense red color. The dye does not stain lipid droplets or phospholipids.

Sudan IV has been used to in en-face staining of aorta, stains the lipid rich plaques.[4] It has also been used to stain lipids atherosclerotic lesions of mice.


Specifications

Sinónimos
NSC-10472 | Ceres Red BB | Lacquer Red VS | Fat Red 2B | Biebrich Scarlet R, medicinal | Waxoline Red OM | 2-Naphthalenol, 1-[[2-methyl-4-[(2-methylphenyl)azo]phenyl]azo]- | 1-[[2-Methyl-4-[(2-methylphenyl)azo]phenyl]azo]-2-naphthalenol | Resinol Red 2B |
Especificaciones y pureza
AR
Condiciones de almacenamiento de almacenamiento
Room temperature
Enviado en
Normal
Grado
AR
Nombres e identificadores
Pubchem Sid504753832
Pubchem Sid Urlhttps://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/504753832
Sonrisas canónicasCC1=CC=CC=C1N=NC2=CC(=C(C=C2)N=NC3=C(C=CC4=CC=CC=C43)O)C
IUPAC Name1-[[2-methyl-4-[(2-methylphenyl)diazenyl]phenyl]diazenyl]naphthalen-2-ol
InChIKeyRCTGMCJBQGBLKT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
INCHI1S/C24H20N4O/c1-16-7-3-6-10-21(16)26-25-19-12-13-22(17(2)15-19)27-28-24-20-9-5-4-8-18(20)11-14-23(24)29/h3-15,29H,1-2H3
Isómeros SMILES CC1=CC=CC=C1N=NC2=CC(=C(C=C2)N=NC3=C(C=CC4=CC=CC=C43)O)C
WGK Alemania 3
RTECS QL5775000
Número NSC 10472
Peso molecular 380.44
Beilstein 709018

Documentation

📋 Safety Data Sheet (SDS)

Comprehensive hazard, handling, storage, and regulatory compliance document.

Download SDS →

✅ Certificate of Analysis (COA)

Lot-specific quality data. Enter your lot number to retrieve the exact COA.

Look up COA →

📊 Datasheet

Quick-reference summary of product specifications and applications.

View datasheet →

🔬 Specification Sheet

Full quality attributes and acceptance criteria for this grade.

View spec sheet →

Advanced Data

Taxonomic Classification

Taxonomy Tree

KingdomOrganic compounds
SuperclassOrganoheterocyclic compounds
ClaseAzobenzenes
SubclassNot available
Intermediate Tree Nodes Not available
Direct ParentAzobenzenes
Alternative Parents Naphthols and derivatives  Toluenes  1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoids  Azo compounds  Propargyl-type 1,3-dipolar organic compounds  Organopnictogen compounds  Organooxygen compounds  Hydrocarbon derivatives  
Molecular FrameworkAromatic homopolycyclic compounds
Substituents Azobenzene - 2-naphthol - Naphthalene - Toluene - 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid - Benzenoid - Monocyclic benzene moiety - Azo compound - Organic 1,3-dipolar compound - Propargyl-type 1,3-dipolar organic compound - Organic oxygen compound - Organopnictogen compound - Hydrocarbon derivative - Organic nitrogen compound - Organooxygen compound - Organonitrogen compound - Aromatic homopolycyclic compound
DescripciónThis compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as azobenzenes. These are organonitrogen aromatic compounds that contain a central azo group, where each nitrogen atom is conjugated to a benzene ring.
External Descriptors Not available
Estructura 3D
Modelo de Estructura Química Interactiva





Certificados (CoA, COO, BSE/TSE y tabla de análisis)
C of A & Other Certificates(BSE/TSE, COO):
Analytical Chart:

Find and download the COA for your product by matching the lot number on the packaging.

10 results found

Lot NumberCertificate TypeFechaArticulo
A2206673Certificate of AnalysisOct 13, 2025 S100286
A2206740Certificate of AnalysisOct 13, 2025 S100286
E2422486Certificate of AnalysisMay 07, 2024 S100286
E2422490Certificate of AnalysisMay 07, 2024 S100286
E2626660Certificate of AnalysisMay 07, 2024 S100286
F2608635Certificate of AnalysisMay 07, 2024 S100286
F2622061Certificate of AnalysisMay 07, 2024 S100286
F2316783Certificate of AnalysisFeb 17, 2023 S100286
F2316792Certificate of AnalysisFeb 17, 2023 S100286
F2316795Certificate of AnalysisFeb 17, 2023 S100286
Propiedades químicas y físicas
SolubilidadInsoluble in water; Soluble in Chloroform; Slightly soluble in Acetone,Ethanol,Benzene
Punto de fusión (°C)199°C
Peso molecular380.400 g/mol
XLogP37.100
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count5
Rotatable Bond Count4
Exact Mass380.164 Da
Monoisotopic Mass380.164 Da
Topological Polar Surface Area69.700 Ų
Heavy Atom Count29
Formal Charge0
Complexity579.000
Isotope Atom Count0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count0
The total count of all stereochemical bonds0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count1
Preguntas frecuentes y artículos
Citations of This Product
Referencias
1. Yucheng Wu, Xueli Wen, Bihe Yuan.  (2023)  Novel fabrication of flame-retardant melamine sponge for all-weather cleanup of viscous oil spills by Joule heat and photothermal effects.  NEW JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY,  48  (6): (2403-2415).  [PMID:] [10.1039/D3NJ05543D]
2. Mincong Liu, Si Huang, Linli Tan, Jiaxin Pan, Shuting Xie, Han Zuilhof, Bo Chen, Ming Ma.  (2023)  A simple and low-energy strategy for the separation of water and acetonitrile.  JOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE,  46  (20): (2300426).  [PMID:37582650] [10.1002/jssc.202300426]
3. Yuanyuan Li, Haowen Li, Tiancong Wang, Gang Liu, Gang Wang, Miaomiao Liu, Li Pan, Juan He, Kai Li.  (2023)  Surface-molecularly imprinted ratiometric fluorescence sensor for fast, sensitive and selective determination of rhodamine 6G.  DYES AND PIGMENTS,      [PMID:] [10.1016/j.dyepig.2023.111602]
4. Linlin Yan, Xiaobin Yang, Yangxue Li, Rong Song, Yong Lin, Qinglin Huang, Lu Shao.  (2023)  Acid-resistant supramolecular nanofibrous hydrogel membrane with core-shell structure for highly efficient oil/water separation.  JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE,      [PMID:] [10.1016/j.memsci.2023.121705]
5. Yangyang Zhang, Xiao Gong.  (2023)  Smart and durable pH-responsive superhydrophobic fabrics with switchable surface wettability for high-efficiency and complex oil/water separation.  GIANT,      [PMID:] [10.1016/j.giant.2023.100157]
6. Yi Xu, Xinyue Sun, Keqi Zhu, Shumin Xu, Changhui Liu, Shenghua Xiong, Chao Li.  (2023)  High mechanically enhanced and degradable polybenzoxazine/polyhexahydrotriazine IPN aerogels by atmospheric drying.  Materials Advances,  (7): (1671-1677).  [PMID:] [10.1039/D2MA01035F]
7. Jinxing He, Lu Yu, Yandu Jiang, Lei Lü, Zhonghui Han, Xiaolei Zhao, Zhixiang Xu.  (2022)  Encoding CsPbX3 perovskite quantum dots with different colors in molecularly imprinted polymers as fluorescent probes for the quantitative detection of Sudan I in food matrices.  FOOD CHEMISTRY,      [PMID:36303389] [10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134499]
8. Guojing Chen, Wenyu Fu, Zhiqiang Liu, Hao Wei, Zhijia Zhang, Guojun Wang, Songsong Zhang, Qiang Wang, Rui Li, Xiao Ouyang.  (2022)  Self-sealing polyurethane coatings containing high oil-absorption resin for storage facility and fuel pipelines.  PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS,      [PMID:] [10.1016/j.porgcoat.2022.106789]
9. Lei Kang, Qiao Zeng, Lanjie Shi, Xiaoming Zhou, Mengzhou Wang, Shan Wan, Longfei Song, Bokai Liao, Xingpeng Guo.  (2021)  Fabrication of superhydrophobic nano-soil coated surfaces for oil/water separation and metal corrosion protection.  COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS,      [PMID:] [10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127713]
10. Ming-Yue Dong, Hai-Long Wu, Wan-Jun Long, Tong Wang, Ru-Qin Yu.  (2021)  Simultaneous and rapid screening and determination of twelve azo dyes illegally added into food products by using chemometrics-assisted HPLC-DAD strategy.  MICROCHEMICAL JOURNAL,      [PMID:] [10.1016/j.microc.2021.106775]
11. Ying Yan, Zhoumin Niu, Boyang Wang, Shangge Zhao, Chao Sun, Yuting Wu, Yuying Li, Hao Ying, Hongbing Liu.  (2021)  Saringosterol from Sargassum fusiforme Modulates Cholesterol Metabolism and Alleviates Atherosclerosis in ApoE-Deficient Mice.  Marine Drugs,  19  (9): (485).  [PMID:34564147] [10.3390/md19090485]
12. Jia Chen, Xiao Li, Anqi Huang, Wenwen Deng, Yuxiu Xiao.  (2021)  Nonionic surfactants based hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents for liquid–liquid microextraction of Sudan dyes in tomato chili sauces.  FOOD CHEMISTRY,      [PMID:34182367] [10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130373]
13. Rui Wang, Qisheng Ye, Jiayi Wu, Baoliang Chen, Xiaoying Zhu.  (2021)  Janus Membrane with Bioinspired Heterogeneous Morphology for Efficient Fog Harvesting.  ACS ES&T Engineering,      [PMID:] [10.1021/acsestengg.1c00100]
14. Jixin Ai, Zhiguang Guo.  (2020)  Facile preparation of a superamphiphobic fabric coating with hierarchical TiO2 particles.  NEW JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY,  44  (44): (19192-19200).  [PMID:] [10.1039/D0NJ04032K]
15. Peng Li, Dongting Huang, Junsheng Huang, Jingjie Tang, Pingjun Zhang, Fei Meng.  (2020)  Development of magnetic porous carbon nano-fibers for application as adsorbents in the enrichment of trace Sudan dyes in foodstuffs.  JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A,      [PMID:32709348] [10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461305]
16. Can Huang, Fengyi Wang, Daheng Wang, Zhiguang Guo.  (2019)  Wear-resistant and robust superamphiphobic coatings with hierarchical TiO2/SiO2 composite particles and inorganic adhesives.  NEW JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY,  44  (4): (1194-1203).  [PMID:] [10.1039/C9NJ05110D]
17. Abdul Ghaffar, Cheng Chen, Xiaoying Zhu, Baoliang Chen.  (2019)  Underwater superoleophobic PVA–GO nanofibrous membranes for emulsified oily water purification.  Environmental Science-Nano,  (12): (3723-3733).  [PMID:] [10.1039/C9EN00883G]
18. Jiarou Wang, Xiaofang Wang, Song Zhao, Bin Sun, Zhi Wang, Jixiao Wang.  (2019)  Robust superhydrophobic mesh coated by PANI/TiO2 nanoclusters for oil/water separation with high flux, self-cleaning, photodegradation and anti-corrosion.  SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY,      [PMID:] [10.1016/j.seppur.2019.116166]
19. Dai Bo, Jiao Ziao, Zheng Lulu, Bachman Hunter, Fu Yongfeng, Wan Xinjun, Zhang Yule, Huang Yu, Han Xiaodian, Zhao Chenglong, Huang Tony Jun, Zhuang Songlin, Zhang Dawei.  (2019)  Colour compound lenses for a portable fluorescence microscope.  Light-Science & Applications,  (1): (1-13).  [PMID:31645921] [10.1038/s41377-019-0187-1]
20. Diandian Deng, Hong Yang, Chang Liu, Kang Zhao, Jianguo Li, Anping Deng.  (2018)  Ultrasensitive detection of Sudan I in food samples by a quantitative immunochromatographic assay.  FOOD CHEMISTRY,      [PMID:30502190] [10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.10.129]
21. Tian-Dan Lu, Bo-Zhi Chen, Jue Wang, Tian-Zhi Jia, Xue-Li Cao, Yong Wang, Weihong Xing, Cher Hon Lau, Shi-Peng Sun.  (2018)  Electrospun nanofiber substrates that enhance polar solvent separation from organic compounds in thin-film composites.  Journal of Materials Chemistry A,  (31): (15047-15056).  [PMID:] [10.1039/C8TA04504F]
22. Jian-Hua Li, Xing-Xing Ni, De-Bin Zhang, Hui Zheng, Jia-Bin Wang, Qi-Qing Zhang.  (2018)  Engineering a self-driven PVDF/PDA hybrid membranes based on membrane micro-reactor effect to achieve super-hydrophilicity, excellent antifouling properties and hemocompatibility.  APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE,      [PMID:] [10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.03.034]
23. Wenhua Ji, Mingming Zhang, Tao Wang, Xiao Wang, Zhenjia Zheng, Junjie Gong.  (2016)  Molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction method based on SH-Au modified silica gel for the detection of six Sudan dyes in chili powder samples.  TALANTA,      [PMID:28153239] [10.1016/j.talanta.2016.12.021]
24. Yi Zhang, Li Yuan, Yanli Su, Aijuan Gu, Shenmei Wu, Guozheng Liang.  (2016)  Preparation and property of epoxy resins-penetrated aligned carbon nanotube bundle hybrid microcapsules for self-healing polymers.  HIGH PERFORMANCE POLYMERS,      [PMID:] [10.1177/0954008316645847]
25. Chengjiang Zhang, Gongke Li, Zhuomin Zhang.  (2015)  A hydrazone covalent organic polymer based micro-solid phase extraction for online analysis of trace Sudan dyes in food samples.  JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A,      [PMID:26456513] [10.1016/j.chroma.2015.09.059]
26. Qingxiang Zhou, Kuifu Zhao, An Xing.  (2014)  Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography for the enrichment and sensitive determination of Sudan Red pollutants in water samples.  JOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE,  37  (22): (3347-3353).  [PMID:25267482] [10.1002/jssc.201400778]
27. Xiaoshan Sun, Haijian Ou, Changfeng Miao, Ligang Chen.  (2014)  Removal of sudan dyes from aqueous solution by magnetic carbon nanotubes: Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies.  JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY,      [PMID:] [10.1016/j.jiec.2014.07.034]
28. Jinjiao Shi, Ligang Chen.  (2014)  Analysis of Sudan dyes in lipstick samples by cloud-point extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography.  Analytical Methods,  (20): (8129-8135).  [PMID:] [10.1039/C4AY00814F]
29. Xiuying Liu, Bing Bai, Qian Zhou, Yingchao Yu, Shujuan Ji.  (2013)  Grafting of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers on to Carboxyl-Modified Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes for the Extraction of Rhodamine B from Dried Chili Powder.  ANALYTICAL LETTERS,      [PMID:] [10.1080/00032719.2013.803252]
30. Chunying Piao, Ligang Chen.  (2012)  Separation of Sudan dyes from chilli powder by magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer.  JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A,      [PMID:23141623] [10.1016/j.chroma.2012.10.045]
31. Tian Shi, Jinyuan Zhang, Fuhua Gao, Da Cai, Yueli Zhang.  (2024)  A sharp and selective fluorescence paper-based sensor based on inner filter effect for ratiometric detection of four Sudan dyes in food matrix.  FOOD CHEMISTRY,      [PMID:38310775] [10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138528]
32. Yida Wang, Huan Liu, Jiayu Dong, Yan Wang.  (2025)  Advancing organic solvent nanofiltration: Unveiling solvent-mediated reciprocal action with innovative polydimethylsiloxane composite membranes.  JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE,      [PMID:] [10.1016/j.memsci.2025.123964]
33. Zhang Hongmei, Yang Yunxia, Wang Yanqing.  (2025)  Comprehensive Investigations About the Binding Interactions of Sudan Dyes with DNA by Spectroscopy and Docking Methods.  JOURNAL OF FLUORESCENCE,      [PMID:39777621] [10.1007/s10895-024-04125-6]
34. Zhengting Yu, Fuchao Yang, Pengcheng Tang, Zhiguang Guo.  (2024)  Double bioinspired of robust BaSO4/SnO2 membrane with anti-crude oil adhesion and remarkable emulsion separation.  SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY,      [PMID:] [10.1016/j.seppur.2024.130127]
35. Xuefeng Chen, Xiao Gong.  (2024)  Electrochemically fast preparation of superhydrophobic copper mesh for high-efficiency oil spill adsorption and oil-water separation.  JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS,      [PMID:38704904] [10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134465]
36. Dongyin Li, Fuchao Yang, Xuan Shi, Guangyi Tian, Changhui Fu, Yifan Liu, Zhiguang Guo.  (2024)  Highly Efficient Oil–Water Separation in Different Scenarios through Synergistic Self-Assembly of ZIF-67@PPy Coatings with Unique Wetting Properties.  ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces,      [PMID:39587973] [10.1021/acsami.4c15375]
37. Jiaojiao Xu, Lujia Yang, Yichen Zhou, Muying Yuan, Bihe Yuan.  (2024)  One-step fabrication of hydrophobic photothermal pomelo peel biochar via copper-catalyzed carbonization for efficient viscous oil and organic solvents absorption.  Surfaces and Interfaces,      [PMID:] [10.1016/j.surfin.2024.105607]
38. Molan Guo, Siyu Zhang, Huayang Zhang, Tianqi Wei, Guangyi Tian, Wen Si, Zhiguang Guo.  (2025)  Organic–inorganic hybridisation strategy for synthesizing durable colored superamphiphobic coatings.  Materials Horizons,      [PMID:39967477] [10.1039/D4MH01852D]
39. Yi Xu, Shumin Xu, Shilong Liu, Gao Liu, Gehui Li, Yunyun Yang.  (2024)  Ultralight, shapeable, and superhydrophobic polyacrylonitrile/polybenzoxazine aerogel for high oil-water separation capacity.  Materials Today Chemistry,      [PMID:] [10.1016/j.mtchem.2024.102058]
40. Yu-Ping Zhang, Ning Wang, De-Liang Chen, Yuan Chen, Meng-Jun Chen, Xin-Xin Chen.  (2022)  Smart Superhydrophobic Filter Paper for Water/Oil Separation and Unidirectional Transportation of Liquid Droplet.  Membranes,  12  (12): (1188).  [PMID:36557097] [10.3390/membranes12121188]
41. Chen Wanlu, Yao Xun, Zhou Xinchun, Zhao Kang, Deng Anping, Li Jianguo.  (2018)  Electrochemiluminescence based competitive immunoassay for Sudan I by using gold-functionalized graphitic carbon nitride and Au/Cu alloy nanoflowers.  MICROCHIMICA ACTA,  185  (5): (1-8).  [PMID:29717360] [10.1007/s00604-018-2790-x]
42. Xiaoyu Xie, Liang Chen, Xiaoyan Pan, Sicen Wang.  (2015)  Synthesis of magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers by reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer strategy and its application in the Sudan dyes residue analysis.  JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A,      [PMID:26077971] [10.1016/j.chroma.2015.05.068]
43. Shumin Xu, Shilong Liu, Gao Liu, Gehui Li, Yi Xu.  (2025)  Superhydrophobic PAN/PBOZ/CNF aerogels for multifunctional applications: Combustion regeneration for oil/water separation, thermal insulation, and ultra-fast fire warning.  Materials Today Chemistry,      [PMID:] [10.1016/j.mtchem.2025.102680]
44. Yang Yu, Ying Xue, Jingxuan Zhao, Ke Ning, Shulin Sun.  (2025)  CNTs-COOH@TA nanoparticles and chitosan hydrogel regulated PVDF composite fiber membranes with efficient oil-in-water emulsion and dye wastewater separation characters.  COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS,      [PMID:] [10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.136905]
45. Wanze Wu, Xiao Gong.  (2025)  A superhydrophilic/superhydrophobic interfacial evaporator with utilizing convective flow and achieving salt harvesting based on a reconstituted Janus structure.  SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY,      [PMID:] [10.1016/j.seppur.2025.133444]
46. Yichen Zhou, Yicheng Zhu, Xing Zhang, Ying Zheng, Junfeng Liu, Yongzhong Bao, Guorong Shan, Jinjun Yang, Pengju Pan, Chengtao Yu.  (2025)  Scab-inspired strong adhesive tapes with self-detachment based on water-mediated destruction of polymer crystals.  Materials Horizons,      [PMID:40459066] [10.1039/D5MH00560D]
47. Keke Hou, Yaowei Meng, Xinhua Chen, Jingli Xu, Kaifeng Wang, Ruotian Wang, Yihao Wang, Ruyi Ma, Xiangru Wang, Chaoliang Zhao.  (2025)  Preparation of Durable Self-Healing Cotton Fabric Superhydrophobic Materials Using Etching@Immersion Method for Oil Spill Treatment.  LANGMUIR,      [PMID:41222154] [10.1021/acs.langmuir.5c04871]
48. Yujie Gao, Qianhui Wu, Lun Zhao, Wenqi Zhao, Junjian Li.  (2026)  Microfluidic Investigation on the Seepage Mechanism and Development Strategy Optimization of Water/Gas Flooding in Carbonate Reservoirs.  Energies,  19  (8): (1997).  [PMID:] [10.3390/en19081997]
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