Immunological experiments

The cells used in the assay are mouse L 929 fibroblasts, which have a high sensitivity to interferon and V S V . The cells should be derived from laboratories t

When an antibody (or antigen) labeled with a radioactive element is precipitated with the corresponding antigen (or antibody), the precipitation line is confirm

When an animal is infected by a virus, specific neutralizing antibodies are produced in the body and bind specifically to the corresponding virus particles, thu

The spotted gold immunofiltration assay (DIGFA) is available as a clinical test.

The antigen-specific T cell clone preparation assay can be used to: prepare antigen-specific T cell clones.

The octanoic acid extraction method can be used to isolate and extract Ig from human, rabbit and mouse serum and McAb from hybridoma-induced ascites and culture

Enzyme immunoelectrophoresis can be applied to the analysis and identification of enzyme proteins.

Measurement of neutrophil phagocytosis can be used to (1) detect phagocytosis in the body and (2) diagnose diseases associated with phagocyte dysfunction.

Antigens are usually composed of multiple antigenic determinants, and the antibody produced by a B-lymphocyte receiving an antigen stimulated by one antigenic d

Radioimmunoassay of insulin can be used for (1) immunolabeling detection techniques using radioisotopes as tracers, and (2) competitive binding of isotope-label

Estradiol (17β-Estradiol) is an important component of natural estrogen, and the detection of estradiol can be used for (1) the determination of hormone additi

The tetrazolium salt (MTT) colorimetric assay can be applied to (1) detection of cell survival and growth, (2) large-scale screening of antitumor drugs, (3) cyt

Specific antigen-induced cytotoxic T cell function assay is mainly applied to (1) the determination of immune cell function (2) the diagnosis of clinical autoim

Immunological control refers to the application of various types of biological or non-biological biological agents to establish, enhance or inhibit the immune f

Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) can be used (1) as a model cell for in vitro experiments and (2) to study the biological properties of vascular e

Immunohistochemical staining refers to the combination of fluorescent or colorable chemicals on antibodies to detect the presence of target antigens in cells or

Tumor protein vaccine prophylactic trials are designed to examine whether the vaccine's targets are directed against a wide range of antigens, can cover 90% or

E.coli/ phage lysate adsorption serum removes antibodies in serum that immunoreact with bacterial and phage lysin, this reduces the false positive rate, the ser

Human tumor antigens can be (1) used for tumor diagnosis and (2) immunotherapy.

With the wide application of enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) technology in the field of medicine and biology, new breakthroughs have been made in the study of

Convection immunoelectrophoresis is essentially an immunodiffusion technique with directional acceleration, the basic principle of which is: two rows of holes a

A fixed amount of antigen is added to the agarose gel containing a certain amount of the corresponding antibody, under the action of the electric field, causing

All living things are made up of cells, only the size and shape of the cells vary from organism to organism. Some cells are visible to the human eye, such as th

Immune serum meets with its corresponding antigenic cells, blood cells, bacteria and their tissue cells, and a cytolytic reaction can occur with the participati

Screening for new antigens and genes through a system of studies of the body's immune response and metabolic reactions centered on various reactions to serum.

The basic theories and techniques of immunology are used to diagnose, prevent and treat diseases, and on this basis, artificial methods are used to input into t

Chordoma arises from residual embryonic chord or ectopic chord and occurs only in the median bones, preferably at the ends of the spine. Pathologically, there a

Tissue microarrays are made by punching holes with a fine needle in a tissue microarray machine, collecting tens to hundreds of small cylindrical tissues (tissu

Many of the Enterobacteriaceae have partially identical antigenic structures. Because of this one bacterium can cross agglutinate with the corresponding antiser

Human T and B lymphocytes have different receptors on their surface. Since human T lymphocytes have receptors on their surface that bind to sheep erythrocytes a

Killing function is an important aspect of the body's immune function, and there are a variety of target cells with killing function in the immune system, such

Complement assay is the measurement of total complement hemolytic activity and is used to detect various acute inflammatory conditions.

Mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) or mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) was previously used for tissue matching prior to organ transplantation to determine the degree

Tissue morphology is usually good for frozen sections if the tissue is fixed and macerated with sucrose prior to sectioning. Source: Practical Laboratory Techni

Sensitized T-lymphocytes react with the corresponding antigen, causing metabolic activation and the release of a variety of biologically active substances. Amon

When an antigen binds to its corresponding antibody, the resulting antigen-antibody complex is able to absorb the complement from the solution, which is called

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a method of detecting unknown antigens or antibodies with enzyme-labeled antibodies (or SPA). This method is highly

Spleens of mice immunized with sheep cells were taken and spleen cell suspension was made, which was combined with a certain amount of indicator cells (sheep ce

Lymphocyte transformation assays are used in clinical practice to (1) reflect the response function of the overall level of T-cells in the subject, to determine

The immunofluorescence technique is the labeling of a known antibody or antigen molecule with fluorescein, which can be used for (1) examination of antigen-anti

Immunofluorescent labeling is a commonly used immunological experimental method in microbiology, immunology, pathology and immunohistochemistry.

Immunofluorescence technique is to label a known antibody or antigen molecule with fluorescein, and when it reacts with its corresponding antigen or antibody, a

Immunogold labelling technique is a new type of immunolabeling technique applied to antigen-antibody reaction using colloidal gold as tracer. Colloidal gold is

This method uses only one recombinant enzyme, rTth DNA polymerase, which allows for simultaneous reverse transcription and amplification in a single reaction, t

Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy allows two or more antigens to be visualized in the same section, at the same time, and can be used for (1) cell labeling

Immunofluorescent labeling is a commonly used immunological experimental method in microbiology, immunology, pathology and immunohistochemistry.

This is a very sensitive method. The antibody used to form the HRPO-antiperoxidase (PAP) complex must be of the same type as the primary antibody recognized by

The organs of immunity include the central and peripheral organs of immunity. In mammals, the central immune organs include the thymus and bone marrow; in birds

Pregnant women's urine to be tested (containing human chorionic gonadotropin, HCG) is interacted with known anti-HCG antibodies, thus inhibiting the binding of

Learning the electrophoresis technique of separating proteins in the gel and the immunodiffusion technique of using the specific reaction of antigen and antibod

The test for the examination of immunoglobulins on the membrane surface of B-lymphocytes can be used to: detect the presence of B-lymphocytes.

Intraperitoneal injection of sodium thioglycolate in mice can stimulate the aggregation of macrophages. Four days later, mice were injected intraperitoneally wi

The preparation of immune serum is a commonly used immunological laboratory technique. Highly efficient and specific immune serum can be used as a reagent for i

The two-way immunodiffusion method can be used to (1) diagnose disease and (2) determine the potency of antibodies.

A single immunodiffusion assay can be used to: measure IgG, IgA and IgM levels in the serum of normal people or patients.

This experimental method was obtained from the official website of the Fourth Military Medical University

The hemolytic vacuole formation test is an in vitro method for the detection of individual antibody-forming cells (plasma cells), and is therefore also known as

Paraffin section making can be used to (1) maintain the normal interrelationships between cells, and can retain the original appearance of cells better and for

The basic techniques for preparing cell suspensions from mouse lymphoid organs are first described, including the removal of erythrocytes and dead cells The met

This experiment is from the website of Basic Medical Experimental Teaching Center of Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine.

The ways to enhance the immune response with antigen-expressing DNA are described. Two methods of nucleic acid immunization are described: (i) injection of sali

This unit describes two methods of isolating dendritic cells (DCs): isolating DCs from mouse spleen and obtaining large numbers of DCs from mouse bone marrow pr

Author: J.E. Colligan et al, Translator: Xuitao Cao et al, This experiment is from "Compendium Immunology Laboratory Guide".

After mixing the sample to be tested with the known antibody for a certain period of time, and then mixing it with the latex particles sensitized by the corresp

Author: J.E. Collier et al, Translated by Xuedao Cao et al. This experiment is from "Compendium Immunology Laboratory Guide".

Author: J.E. Collier et al, Translated by Xuedao Cao et al. This experiment is from "Compendium Immunology Laboratory Guide".

Author: J.E. Colligan et al, Translator: Xuitao Cao et al, This experiment is from "Compendium Immunology Laboratory Guide".

Antibodies against phosphopeptides recognize proteins that are only in the phosphorylated state. The antibody does not cross-react with unphosphorylated protein

This module introduces the mouse T lymphocyte proliferation assay. Author: J.E. Colligan et al, Translator: Xuitao Cao et al, This experiment is from the "Comp

Lipid rafts are important in immunology because T-cell receptors and several other important T-cell signaling proteins are present in lipid rafts or are recruit

To provide a phenotypic assay for human monocytes/macrophages. Author: J.E. Colligan et al, Translator: Xuitao Cao et al. This experiment is from the "Comprehen

Flow cytometry is used to analyze membrane surface antigens and intracellular antigens expressed by cells, and is capable of specifically distinguishing differe

This unit describes the use of 4-color fluorescence to analyze the levels of IFN-7, IL-4 and IL-2 expressed in CD4+ T cells. (can be used to calculate T h l and

A method for the preparation of soluble M H C -I g dimers is described, and a method for the preparation of multimeric M H C -I/peptide complexes is presented.

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells can be used in: (1) immunology (including autoimmune diseases), infectious diseases, hematologic malignancies, vaccine develo

Induction of antigen-specific T cells Author: J.E. Colligan et al, Translated by Xuitao Cao et al. This experiment is from "Comprehensive Immunology Laboratory

Macrophage activation goes through two phases: a sensitization phase and an activation phase. While most protocols for macrophage activation use a one-step appr

Isolated T cells are categorized into CD4+ and CD8+ T cells using anti-CD8 antibody. Since both types of cells can be recovered, this method is superior to anti

Isolation of single nucleated cells from human intestinal mucosa Author: J.E. Colligan et al, Translated by Xuitao Cao et al. This experiment is from the "Compe

Author: J.E. Colligan et al, Translator: Xuitao Cao et al, This experiment is from "Compendium Immunology Laboratory Guide".

The primary advantage of using monoclonal antibodies (MAb) over polyclonal antisera is the possibility of obtaining large quantities of specific monoclonal anti

The assay of T-cell killing function can be applied to (1) immune cell function determination (2) clinical immunodiagnosis.

Mast cells are derived from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and are found in tissues such as perivascular submucosa, loose connective tissues, tumor tissues,

Source: Practical Experimental Techniques in Neurobiology, Fourth Military Medical University Press

The cyclic precipitation reaction is widely used in forensic medicine for the identification of bloodstains and the determination of food adulteration. Usually

The diffusion of antigen and antibody in a gel and the precipitation reaction is called immunodiffusion. An antigen and its corresponding antibody are placed in

Calcium is deposited in bone tissue or pathologically altered tissue, most often in calcified tissue such as tissue necrosis, atherosclerosis and tumors. In the

Currently there are three main classes of enzymes that can be localized by electron microscopy; they are hydrolytic enzymes, oxidative enzymes, and transferase

It is possible to prepare anti-phosphopeptide antibodies (i.e., antibodies that recognize phosphorylated peptides) that recognize only proteins in the phosphory

There are several ways to increase the sensitivity of IHC. One is to rely on various IHC pre-treatments, such as enzyme digestion and antigen repair at high tem

Injecting the antigen into the animal body can stimulate the animal's B lymphocytes to transform into plasma cells and produce specific antibodies. When a large

Localized detection of antigen expression

Since high electron density tracers can easily diffuse in the interstitial space of cells, and tracers can also enter into cells if cell damage occurs, this met

Cell membrane glycans electron microscopy display experiments can be used to: observe glycoproteins and glycolipids on cell membranes. The more commonly used di

Ion cytochemistry can be used to show the distribution of intracellular ion localization. Currently, it is more commonly used to show the distribution of intrac

Immunoelectron microscopy specimens need to be fixed after sampling. Source of content Immunohistochemistry Laboratory Techniques and Applications

Lectin is a non-immunogenic glycoprotein that binds specifically to sugars, e.g., lectin from kidney beans binds only to glucose and mannose, and lectin from wh

Lymphocytes are divided into two main subpopulations, T and B lymphocytes, which have different properties and functions and are used for (1) immunological stud

Detection of killing activity of effector cells

Acetylcholine receptors are distributed at neuromuscular junctions, etc. Snake toxin binds tightly to them and connects to peroxidase, and the distribution of a

labeled immunoassay

There are activating and chemotactic effects on neutrophils in IL-8, and the biological activity of IL-8, i.e., chemotactic activity on neutrophils, can be dete

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a cytokine mainly synthesized and secreted by activated monocyte-macrophage cells, and has various biological functions such as activati

IL-4 is mainly a cytokine produced by the activation of TH cells.CT.4S cells, an IL-4-dependent cell line, show hyporesponsiveness to IL-2, and their proliferat

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a cell proliferation factor secreted by activated helper T cells, which has the effect of promoting T cell proliferation and maintaining

In situ PCR, a technique established by Hasse in 1990, involves performing PCR reactions in tissue cells. It combines the advantages of in situ hybridization wi

In the presence of mouse IL-4 (Mil-4), IL-10 stimulated proliferation of the D36 mouse mast cell line. In contrast, single mIL4 or hIL-10 had only very low prol

Il-8 is a polypeptide with a molecular weight of 8-10 kD, which has chemotactic effects on neutrophils, T lymphocytes, and alkaliphilic granulocytes, and activa

The level of concentration of soluble interleukin 2 receptor SIL-2R is closely related to many diseases, such as adult T-lymphoblastic leukemia AIDS, B-cell slo

MH60.BSF2 is an IL-6-dependent cell line, and the amount of MH60.BSF2 cell proliferation was positively compared with the biological activity of IL-6.

PCR-based cloning schemes utilize conserved sequences in the framework and pilot regions of the variable region, and although primers can be synthesized with co

An indispensable part of the production process of recombinant human α2a/α2b interferon is the quality control of the product, and the bioactivity o

This unit describes the separation of T cells, B cells, and T cell subpopulations by magnetic separation techniques. Author: J.E. Collier et al, Translator: Xui

Author: J.E. Colligan et al, Translator: Xuitao Cao et al, This experiment is from "Compendium Immunology Laboratory Guide".

This unit provides a method for establishing specific T cell clones. Note that the key to the success of this method is the selection and preparation of conditi

When a new antibody needs to be fragmented, it is often necessary to perform a touch-and-go test. When choosing the reaction time, it is preferable to keep part

This unit describes several experimental protocols for inducing cytotoxic T lymphocytes and assaying their activity Remember that, in principle, any kind of cel

Author: J.E. Colligan et al, Translator: Xuitao Cao et al, This experiment is from "Compendium Immunology Laboratory Guide".

Author: J.E. Colligan et al, Translator: Xuitao Cao et al, This experiment is from "Compendium Immunology Laboratory Guide".

The low abundance of tyrosine protein kinase (T P K ) expression and its rapid activation and inactivation make it difficult to purify using conventional bioche

Author: J.E. Colligan et al, Translator: Xuitao Cao et al, This experiment is from "Compendium Immunology Laboratory Guide".

Author: J.E. Colligan et al, Translator: Xuitao Cao et al, This experiment is from "Compendium Immunology Laboratory Guide".

T-cell hybridomas can be obtained by fusing activated T cells with tumor cells. Heterogeneous hybridomas can be cloned by limited dilution to obtain hybridomas

Receptor-mediated activation of phospholipase C (P L C) induces hydrolysis of membrane inositol phospholipids to produce diacylglycerol (D A G) and water-solubl

This protocol uses an antibody specific for mouse IL- 1 0 in the E LISA method to detect mouse IL- 1 0 , and does not detect human or viral IL-10. IL-10 from ot

Author: J.E. Colligan et al, Translator: Xuitao Cao et al, This experiment is from "Compendium Immunology Laboratory Guide".

Enzyme-linked immunospot test (ELISPOT) is based on the principle that cells that secrete certain protein molecules (e.g. cytokines) are able to secrete a relat

This is a method for the specific detection of IL-12 heterodimers. Since IL-12 p4 0 monomer cannot be detected, this method is able to detect IL-12 p7 5 heterod

This protocol is for the detection of cytokine production by activated antigen-specific T cells in vitro. If other stimulants or stimulated cells are used in vi

The ELISA method can be used to detect human IL-15 in culture supernatants and serum samples. This method can also be used for the detection of monkey IL-15, bu

Newly synthesized IL-18 is a precursor molecule to the signal peptide, which is enzymatically cleaved in order to activate it. In this ELISA method, in order to

ELISA is highly specific for human or mouse IL-13 and does not recognize other cytokines in the sample. Author: J.E. Colligan et al, Translator: Xuitao Cao et a

A method is described for the detection and quantification of one of the cytokines in the presence of the other using neutralizing antibodies to murine IL-2 and

Due to the lack of characteristic surface markers of macrophages or macrophages at different stages of differentiation, macrophages are currently identified bas

For granular antigens or liposome-encapsulated antigens, macrophages were applied as antigen-presenting cells. Author: J.E. Colligan et al, Translator: Xuitao C

An assay for macrophage phagocytosis and killing function. Author: J.E. Colligan et al, Translator: Xuitao Cao et al. This experiment is from "Compendium Immuno

This protocol reflects the level of nitric oxide secretion by detecting nitrite in the culture supernatants of activated macrophages (walled or non-walled) Auth

This protocol allows the identification and quantitative analysis of trace amounts of N K T cells. Effective measures should be taken to block non-specific stai

Author: J.E. Colligan et al, Translator: Xuitao Cao et al, This experiment is from "Compendium Immunology Laboratory Guide".

Mouse macrophage cell lines with tumor cell killing activity, such as A N A -1 and G G 2E E . Mouse primary macrophages can be freshly isolated. Author: J.E. Co

Introduction of a method for the isolation of mouse macrophages by J.E. Colligan et al, translated by Xuitao Cao et al. This experiment is from the "Compendium

The cells used in the assay are mouse L 929 fibroblasts, which have a high sensitivity to interferon and V S V . The cells should be derived from laboratories t

The following is an example of mitogen-induced antibody production by B cells using American continental protein. This method has been adapted for use with a va

This method analyzes whole blood cells compared to analyzing Ficoll-isolated single nucleated cells, thus taking less time, requiring a smaller sample size, and

Author: J.E. Colligan et al, Translator: Xuitao Cao et al, This experiment is from "Compendium Immunology Laboratory Guide".

Anti-CD 19 labeled B cells, which have relatively low signal intensity, show mitogenic and antibody secretory responses similar to those obtained by negative sc

This method detects IgG, I g M and IgA in serum or cell culture supernatants (Fig. 8. 1 0 . 1 ). The color of the liquid in the assay wells is directly proporti

The effect of anticancer drugs on DNA topoisomerase activity assay was performed using agarose gel electrophoresis to determine the effect of anticancer drugs o

Author: J.E. Colligan et al, Translator: Xuitao Cao et al, This experiment is from "Compendium Immunology Laboratory Guide".

IgG isolation and purification experiments can be used to: prepare enzyme labeled antibodies or fluorescent antibodies.

Detection of Antibody Production in Vivo by ELISA by J.E. Colligan et al, Translated by Xuitao Cao et al. This experiment is from the "Compendium of Immunology

The normal exercise of trophoblast biological functions is a key component in maintaining a normal pregnancy. After embryo implantation, trophoblast cells divid

Peripheral mature B cells can be divided into several subpopulations. Traditionally, B cells have been divided into two subpopulations, CD5+ B1 cells and CD5 B2

Macrophages (MΦ) are mature cells formed by the migration of blood monocytes into tissues, and are widely distributed in the spleen, liver, abdominal cavity, n

During the immune response, B cells stimulated by different antigens can switch to express different heavy chain constant region genes and change the type of im

Dendritic cells (DCs) are very few in number in vivo (less than 1% of splenic adherent cells), and the time-consuming isolation of DCs from vivo and their low c

Macrophage migration is the primary condition for its immune activity at the site of infection and injury, and macrophage chemotaxis reflects its migration abil

B cells are activated and proliferate upon activation by specific antigens, anti-Ig antibodies, and/or mitogens.

NK cells are usually injected intravenously; in vivo clearance can be achieved by intraperitoneal injection of antibodies against NK cells, such as PK136 monocl

Macrophages can undergo functional activation (polarization) of different nature into M1 and M2 subpopulations with different surface molecular and functional c

Macrophages (MΦ) are mature cells formed by the migration of blood monocytes into tissues, and are widely distributed in the spleen, liver, abdominal cavity, n

There are many membrane molecules on the surface of B cells, including cell surface differentiation antigen and model immunoglobulin (smlg). At different stages

Chemiluminescence (CL) refers to the phenomenon of light radiation that accompanies the process of a chemical reaction. Most chemiluminescence is the luminescen

Antinuclear antibody (ANA) is an autoantibody directed against the nuclear components of cells, with no organ or germline specificity. A positive ANA is indicat

The body has phagocytosis (phagocytosis) function of the cells called phagocytes, including monocyte macrophages and neutrophils two categories. Phagocytes phag

CFSE detection of human peripheral blood T cell expansion in vitro refers to the use of CFSE to fluorescently label live cells, which can be used for the detect

Antibody potency assay is used to test the potency of immune serum. Currently there are three main methods used to determine antibody potency: tube agglutinatio

Endometrial metamorphosis is a critical step for embryo implantation and successful pregnancy. The cellular composition of the metaphase tissue is quite complex

The metaphase immune cell population is the biological basis of maternal-fetal immune tolerance, and its composition is extremely special, mainly composed of sp

The identification of monoclonal antibodies is similar to that of polyclonal antibodies, and the methods used are common; however, the identification of some of

Hybridoma cells are formed by fusing an immune animal B lymphocyte that produces a single antibody with myeloma cells by cell fusion techniques (e.g., PEG-induc

Macrophages are important natural immune cells in vivo, and in vitro detection of their function does not fully reflect their in vivo behavior, while detection

Cytotoxicity of lymphocytes, is the killing of target cells by the release of particles containing perforin and granzyme and/or through the interaction of Fas-F

Immune cell isolation techniques are developing in the direction of more and more "fine", immune cell subpopulation and even micro-immune cell isolation and ide

Several software packages are now available for flow cytometry data analysis. Although each one has a different approach in processing the data, the basic strat

Apoptosis regulates the dynamic balance of cells, and the multiparametric nature of flow cytometry allows for the simultaneous determination of several apoptoti

The two technologies, flow cytometry and gene expression profiling, share many common features: they involve complex, highly sophisticated equipment; they can p

T cells recognize specific antigenic molecules (epitopes) through T cell antigen recognition receptors, and although the body's T cell pool can respond to a var

Cytokineflow cytometry (CFC) is the collective term for flow cytometry that applies anti-cytokine antibodies to analyze cytokines that are markers of cell activ

The Mammalian Protein-Protein Interaction Trap System (MAPPIT) is a two-hybrid system designed based on the understanding of the signaling mechanism of type I c

Hoechst 33342 and Rhodamine123 Staining for Hematopoietic Stem Cell Characterization Given that the in vitro in vivo dyes Rhodamine123 (Rh123) and Hoechst 33342

Detection and enrichment of hematopoietic stem cells by marginal group cell phenotyping is based on the isolation of hematopoietic stem cells from mouse bone ma

The study of various cellular life processes has been made easier by the detection of intermolecular interactions in vivo and in vitro through a variety of meth

Information on cell cycle dynamics can be obtained by labeling 5' BrdUrd, which can be incorporated into the thymidine site of DNA. Detection of BrdUrd in DNA a

Flow cytometry DNA content assays provide a rapid and credible method of analyzing DNA ploidy and cell proliferation scores in tumor specimens. Both preserved a

Phenotypic and functional analysis of CD34NEG hematopoietic precursor cells mobilized from peripheral hematopoietic pools is an experiment to study the modulati

As the need for high-speed sorting of viable, infectious and therapeutic cell samples increases, so does the importance of protecting the flow cytometer operato

Simultaneous DNA and RNA analysis by flow cytometry provides information on the DNA content of the cell and the transcriptional status of the cell. This assay d

Immunoprecipitation is a technique used to enrich or purify specific proteins from complex mixtures, which can then be combined with mass spectrometry to identi

A detection test that utilizes antigens or antibodies to carry out a corresponding specific immune response, and is one of the main methods used in immediate te