This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as carbazoles. These are compounds containing a three ring system containing a pyrrole ring fused on either side to a benzene ring.
External Descriptors
Not available
1. Djoumbou Feunang Y, Eisner R, Knox C, Chepelev L, Hastings J, Owen G, Fahy E, Steinbeck C, Subramanian S, Bolton E, Greiner R, and Wishart DS. ClassyFire: Automated Chemical Classification With A Comprehensive, Computable Taxonomy. Journal of Cheminformatics, 2016, 8:61.
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Application Protocols
No manufacturer-verified application protocols are provided for this specific item. The following general procedures are commonly used for elliptinium-like compounds in research settings; adapt and validate in your lab.
Stock solution preparation (general):
Dissolve in anhydrous DMSO to prepare a concentrated stock (e.g., 10–50 mM as solubility permits). Vortex and, if needed, sonicate briefly. Filter through 0.22 µm PTFE for optical assays. Aliquot and store protected from light.
DNA intercalation fluorescence titration (general outline):
Prepare buffered DNA solution (e.g., calf thymus DNA in phosphate buffer, pH ~7.4). 2) Add incremental volumes of compound stock to achieve a titration series (keep DMSO constant across samples). 3) Record emission spectra after excitation in the near-UV; monitor intensity/shift vs. concentration. 4) Analyze using Scatchard or nonlinear models to estimate binding parameters.
Cell-based assay seeding (research context only):
Dilute DMSO stocks into culture medium to the desired test range, keeping final DMSO ≤0.1–0.5% v/v. Include vehicle controls. Handle in a biosafety cabinet and follow institutional approvals.
Stability checks:
Monitor UV-Vis absorbance of working solutions over time to detect precipitation or degradation; prepare fresh dilutions as needed.
These are illustrative protocols and do not constitute item specifications.
Biological Roles
The following summarizes general, literature-based properties of elliptinium-class compounds in biochemical systems. These notes are intended for research context only and are not medical or clinical claims.
DNA intercalation: The planar, polycyclic, cationic scaffold enables intercalation between base pairs of duplex DNA, often with preference for GC-rich regions. Intercalation can perturb helical parameters and influence enzymatic processes on DNA (in vitro observations).
Topoisomerase interaction: Elliptinium-type molecules have been reported to interfere with topoisomerase-mediated DNA processing in biochemical assays, consistent with trapped cleavage complexes (literature).
Redox and photophysics: The extended aromatic system can participate in photoinduced and redox processes, affecting fluorescence and potentially generating reactive species under certain conditions (assay-dependent, literature).
Cell biology research: In cultured cells, compounds of this class are frequently used as model cytotoxic intercalators to probe stress responses, DNA damage signaling, and cell-cycle effects (research use only).
Important: Specific binding constants, sequence selectivity, and cellular potencies depend strongly on substitution pattern, counterion, and experimental conditions. For the catalog item, no item-specific biological characterization is provided; optimize and verify in your system.
Buffer Applications
This compound is not a buffering agent and is not used to set or maintain pH.
Practical notes for assay buffers (general, for nucleic acid/intercalation studies):
Use phosphate (pH 6.8–7.4) or HEPES (pH 7.2–7.6) buffers for optical clarity and ionic strength control; include NaCl (50–150 mM) to approximate physiological ionic strength if desired.
Maintain consistent DMSO content (commonly ≤0.1–1% v/v) between samples and controls to avoid solvent artifacts.
Filter (0.22 µm) and degas buffers for sensitive spectroscopic experiments.
Item-specific buffer recommendations are not provided; adjust composition to your biophysical or biochemical assay requirements.
Green Alternatives
As a specialty bioactive small molecule, elliptinium itself does not have a “green substitute” for its mechanism of action. However, greener choices can be made around its handling and use.
Greener solvent choices (general guidance):
Prefer ethanol or water + minimal DMSO for working solutions when assay-compatible, instead of high fractions of DMF or chlorinated solvents.
Use microscale assays (96/384-well plates) to minimize chemical use and waste generation.
Implement closed, light-protected vials to extend solution life and reduce repeat preparations.
Comparison of common solvent options (general):
DMSO: high solubility and stability; consider waste minimization and worker exposure controls.
Ethanol: renewable feedstock, lower toxicity; may provide adequate solubility for lower concentrations.
Water (buffered): greenest medium; may require co-solvent and pH control.
Operational improvements:
Adopt in situ dilution from concentrated stocks to reduce solvent volumes.
Consolidate analytical runs (e.g., LC–UV) to decrease mobile-phase consumption and sample injections.
Segregate waste streams to facilitate compliant disposal and lower EHS impact.
These recommendations complement, but do not alter, any item-specific instructions. Always balance green choices with data quality and compound stability requirements.
Pharmaceutical Uses
No item-specific pharmacopeial status, excipient role, or GMP suitability is provided for this product; it is supplied strictly for research use only.
General context (non-clinical):
Elliptinium salts have been studied historically as small-molecule intercalators in medicinal chemistry research programs. Any formulation data in the literature are provided in a discovery context and are not applicable to this catalog item’s use.
This product is not qualified as an excipient or API, and no claims are made regarding compliance with pharmacopoeial monographs (USP/EP/JP). If formulation-like studies are pursued for research, solvent selection (e.g., DMSO stocks diluted into aqueous vehicles) and counterion identity should be verified via the CoA.
Always segregate research-use materials from clinical development supply chains and do not use for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.
Physical Properties
Item-specific physical specifications have not been provided.
Appearance: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Melting point / boiling point: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Density, refractive index, logP, pKa: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Solubility (item-specific): Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
General/literature guidance (non-specification):
Physical state: Elliptinium is commonly handled as a solid salt (counterion-dependent), often hygroscopic to mildly hygroscopic.
Solubility tendencies: Elliptinium-type salts are typically soluble in polar organics (DMSO > methanol > ethanol) and variably soluble in water depending on counterion and ionic strength. Free bases (where relevant) are far less water-soluble than their salt forms.
Spectroscopic properties: Polycyclic cations of this class display strong UV absorbance with characteristic bands in the near-UV; fluorescence can be enhanced upon intercalation with polynucleotides (qualitative, literature observation).
Note: Treat all above as qualitative literature descriptions to aid method development. For quantitative use (e.g., formulation, analytical method validation), rely on the Certificate of Analysis (CoA) and product-specific Specification Sheet.
Quality and Grades
Grade/purity (item-specific): Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Stabilizers or counterion identity: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
How to interpret quality information for this product class:
Research-use material: Supplied for research use only (per Product Data). Not intended for human or veterinary use, diagnostics, or therapeutic applications.
Purity reporting: For aromatic cations like elliptinium, purity is commonly established by HPLC/UPLC, NMR, and HRMS. Low levels of polyaromatic impurities can influence fluorescence and binding assays; review chromatographic purity and any listed absorbance/fluorescence background.
Counterion and hydration: Elliptinium is typically provided as a discrete salt. The exact counterion and hydration/solvate state can affect solubility, mass balance, and assay behavior. Verify on the CoA to ensure accurate molarity calculations.
Residual solvents and water: These can modulate handling and dissolution rates. If Karl Fischer or residual solvent data are needed for analytical or formulation work, consult the CoA; do not assume values that are not reported.
Batch traceability: Use the lot-specific CoA for method validation, set acceptance criteria for potency/purity, and document any counterion-specific corrections (e.g., free-base vs salt mass).
Reaction and Applications
This product is positioned as a research small molecule (compound library member) rather than as a commodity reagent. Applications emphasize biochemical/biophysical use rather than serving as a solvent or reactive intermediate.
Research applications (general/literature for elliptinium-type compounds):
DNA/RNA intercalation studies: Probe nucleic acid binding via fluorescence enhancement, thermal melting (ΔTm), viscosity, or competitive displacement assays (e.g., with ethidium bromide analogs).
Topoisomerase assays: Examine effects on DNA topology in cell-free systems (e.g., relaxation/decatenation assays) as a model for enzyme–DNA interactions.
Biophysical method development: Use as a reference intercalator for benchmarking spectroscopic or calorimetric methods (UV-Vis, fluorescence titration, ITC) under controlled conditions.
Screening campaigns: Serve as a positive-control chemotype in phenotypic or biochemical screens focusing on DNA-binding cytotoxins (in vitro, research context only).
Practical tips (general):
Prepare concentrated DMSO stocks and filter (0.22 µm PTFE) to remove particulates prior to sensitive optical measurements.
Control DMSO content and ionic strength/pH in assays; intercalation readouts are highly sensitive to buffer composition and nucleic acid source/sequence.
Protect from strong light when conducting fluorescence-based experiments to minimize photoinduced changes.
Note: No item-specific application testing is provided; optimize conditions empirically for your system.
Reaction Conditions
As supplied, elliptinium is intended for use as a research small molecule and probe. If derivatization or analytical processing is undertaken, consider the following general, literature-based guidance for this class of compounds:
Solvents: Polar organics (DMSO, DMF, MeOH, EtOH) are typical for dissolution. For salt metathesis or crystallization, acetonitrile/alcohol mixtures or alcohol/ether systems can be effective.
Temperature: Many aromatic substitution or salt-exchange operations proceed at ambient to moderate temperatures (20–60 °C). Avoid prolonged heating in strongly basic media, which may induce decomposition.
Atmosphere: Generally tolerant of air; exclude strong light for photolabile operations and use amber glassware for fluorescence work.
Acid/base sensitivity: The cationic form is stabilized under mildly acidic conditions; exposure to strong base can alter ionization and promote side reactions.
Analytical monitoring: HPLC/UPLC with UV detection (multiple wavelengths in the near-UV) is effective; MS provides confirmation of the cation mass and counterion where detectable.
These conditions are provided as general guidance and are not item-specific specifications. Optimize for your particular synthetic or analytical objective.
Safety and Handling
Authoritative safety information is provided in the product SDS. The following summarizes available item data and general best practices.
Item-specific hazard data:
GHS classification: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
Signal word: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
H-statements / pictograms: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
General laboratory precautions (good practice for polycyclic, DNA-interacting small molecules):
PPE: Laboratory coat, nitrile gloves (double-glove for extended handling), and splash-resistant safety goggles. Use a fume hood to avoid inhalation of dust/aerosols.
Avoid exposure: Prevent skin contact and inhalation; avoid generating dust. Consider handling as a potential mutagenic agent based on literature reports of DNA intercalation activity for elliptinium-type structures (general information; not an item-specific classification).
Incompatibilities: Strong oxidizers; strong acids/bases may alter ionization state and solubility. Segregate from foodstuffs and incompatible chemicals.
First aid (overview; defer to SDS): In case of skin/eye contact, rinse with water for ≥15 minutes; remove contaminated clothing. If inhaled, move to fresh air. If ingested, rinse mouth; do not induce vomiting; seek medical attention.
Spill management: Avoid dust; dampen and collect with inert absorbent. Dispose of as hazardous organic waste per institutional and local regulations.
Environmental: Prevent release to the environment; collect all waste solutions, especially those containing DMSO/organic co-solvents.
Solvent Selection
Elliptinium-type salts are polar, aromatic cations. Solvent choice primarily balances solubility, stability, and downstream assay compatibility.
Practical solvent guidance (general/literature):
Stock solutions: Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is commonly used due to high solubility and stability; methanol or ethanol can be alternatives for spectroscopic work.
Aqueous work: For biological assays, dilute DMSO stocks into buffered saline (e.g., phosphate or HEPES) with final DMSO typically ≤0.1–1% v/v to minimize biological confounds. Salt form and pH can markedly influence aqueous solubility.
Avoid: Nonpolar solvents (hexanes, toluene) generally provide poor solubility; chlorinated solvents may be used for analytical sample prep but add EHS burden.
Polarity/miscibility (general):
Polarity class: High polarity (as a cationic polyaromatic salt).
Miscibility: Freely miscible in DMSO; good in polar protic solvents (MeOH, EtOH). Water miscibility depends on counterion and ionic strength.
Quick comparison (general, non-specification):
DMSO: maximum solubility, excellent for screening; consider cryoprotective aliquoting.
Methanol/Ethanol: good for spectroscopy; faster evaporation for thin-film deposition.
Aqueous buffer: required for bioassays; may need slight acidification or co-solvent to reach target concentration.
Note: Validate exact solubility and stability for your lot (counterion-dependent). For quantitative assays, prepare fresh working dilutions and verify concentration by UV-Vis where feasible.
Storage and Reconstitution
Storage (item-specific): Room temperature (per Product Data). Protect from moisture and excessive light. For long-term stability of prepared solutions, colder storage may be beneficial; validate empirically.
Shipping: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
General guidance (non-specification):
Solid material: Store in a tightly closed, amber vial with desiccant. Allow container to equilibrate to room temperature before opening to prevent condensation. Record open date and lot number.
Reconstitution:
Prepare concentrated DMSO stock solutions (commonly 10–50 mM as solubility allows). Label with concentration, solvent, date, and lot.
For aqueous assays, dilute into buffer immediately before use. Maintain consistent co-solvent across all samples and controls.
Aliquoting and freeze–thaw:
Aliquot stock solutions to single-use volumes to avoid repeated freeze–thaw and adsorption losses. Store aliquots at ≤–20 °C, protected from light, when extended storage is needed (general practice).
Stability checks: Inspect for precipitation, color change, or spectral shifts prior to critical experiments. Verify concentration by UV-Vis where possible.
For definitive handling and stability limits, always consult the lot-specific Certificate of Analysis and SDS.
Structure and Identity
Elliptinium is a planar polycyclic heteroaromatic cation from the ellipticine family, supplied here as a research-grade small molecule.
Item-specific identifiers (from Product Data):
SKU: E667902
CAS: 58337-34-1
PubChem CID: 42723
InChIKey: 451123 (as provided)
SMILES: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Molecular formula: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Molecular weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Structural features (general/literature description for elliptinium-type cations):
Fused polycyclic ring system comprising an indole-like fragment fused to a quinolinium-like ring, yielding a rigid, nearly planar scaffold conducive to π–π stacking.
Cationic nitrogen (quaternized) embedded in the polycycle; the permanent positive charge is typically counterbalanced by an anion (e.g., chloride, acetate; specific counterion not specified for this item).
Aromaticity extends across the polycyclic framework; no stereogenic centers and thus no configurational stereochemistry.
Substitution pattern on the core can modulate electronic properties and DNA-binding propensity (exact substitution for this catalog item is not specified; consult CoA).
Synthetic Utility
Elliptinium is primarily a bioactive end-product scaffold rather than a general synthetic building block. Nonetheless, several synthetic/derivatization avenues are noted in the literature for this class:
Quaternization and counterion exchange: The cationic form and its counterion can be tuned via salt metathesis to adjust solubility and crystallinity (e.g., halide ↔ acetate/mesylate), aiding purification or formulation in research settings.
Electrophilic substitution on the polycycle: Activated positions on the aromatic framework may undergo electrophilic substitution (e.g., nitration, halogenation) under controlled conditions, enabling late-stage diversification; reactivity is position-dependent and requires careful condition screening.
Oxidation/reduction manipulations: Redox transformations on heteroaromatic systems (e.g., N-oxide formation on precursors, followed by rearrangement) are used in the assembly of ellipticine/elliptinium cores (route development literature).
Conjugation strategies: Installation of linkers (via halogenation then cross-coupling on suitably functionalized analogs) can provide probes for biophysical studies (e.g., fluorescent tags, biotin), though such modifications typically require precursor engineering rather than direct functionalization of the salt.
Note: These are general synthetic considerations from literature precedents. No item-specific reactivity or derivatization data are provided for this product.
Target Specificity
This catalog item is a small-molecule research compound, not an antibody or affinity reagent; therefore, typical immuno-specific parameters (antigen, clone, isotype, species reactivity) do not apply.
General/literature notes for this class (in vitro context):
Elliptinium-type polycyclic cations are known to bind duplex DNA via intercalation, with sequence preferences influenced by base composition and local structure (often stronger interactions with GC-rich domains). They may also interact with nucleic-acid-processing enzymes indirectly via DNA-binding events.
No item-specific binding constants, cellular targets, or selectivity data are provided for this product. Users should determine target engagement empirically under their experimental conditions.
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How should this product be stored?
Store at room temperature.
What are the CAS number, molecular formula and molecular weight?
The CAS Number is 58337-34-1, the molecular formula is C18H17N2O?, and the molecular weight is 277.3 g/mol. InChIKey YZQRAQOSAPWELU-UHFFFAOYSA-O.
What documentation is provided?
Available product documentation, including Certificates of Analysis (COA), Safety Data Sheets (SDS), and specification sheets, is shown in the product document area. Document availability and access follow the current site policy.
Products are supplied to verified businesses, institutions, and qualified professionals for research and development use only. Not for use in humans, animals, diagnosis, or therapy.
