등급 & 순도UPSSS grade?UPSSS grade — the highest ultra-pure semiconductor tier in this series. Use for the most contamination-sensitive leading-edge processes.Single metal impurity ≤ 0.01ppb
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as primary alcohols. These are compounds comprising the primary alcohol functional group, with the general structure RCOH (R=alkyl, aryl).
External Descriptors
a short-chain alcohol
1. Djoumbou Feunang Y, Eisner R, Knox C, Chepelev L, Hastings J, Owen G, Fahy E, Steinbeck C, Subramanian S, Bolton E, Greiner R, and Wishart DS. ClassyFire: Automated Chemical Classification With A Comprehensive, Computable Taxonomy. Journal of Cheminformatics, 2016, 8:61.
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Application Protocols
No proprietary or validated application protocols are provided for this item.
Item-specific: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
General laboratory use notes (literature/practice-based):
Drying for moisture-sensitive reactions: add activated 3Å molecular sieves (10–20% w/v), stand or reflux, then decant/filtrate; verify dryness by KF.
LC mobile phase preparation: filter (0.2 µm), degas (helium sparge, sonication, or vacuum); mix with water/buffer by volume; check backpressure and detector baseline stability.
Quenching organometallics: cool reaction, add MeOH dropwise under inert gas with adequate venting to manage H2/alkane evolution; then aqueous workup.
Waste handling: segregate halogen-free alcohol waste; store in approved flammables containers for solvent recovery.
These guidelines are general; adapt to your SOPs and safety rules.
Biological Roles
Item-specific: None provided; this product is for research use only.
Literature/general biology context (no clinical claims):
Endogenous occurrence: trace methanol can arise from demethylation of pectin and other methyl esters in plants and from microbial metabolism (literature).
Microbial metabolism: methylotrophic bacteria and yeasts (e.g., Pichia pastoris) oxidize methanol via alcohol oxidase to formaldehyde and formate, integrating C1 units into central metabolism (literature).
Protein/nucleic acid effects: as a polar protic solvent, methanol perturbs hydrogen-bonding networks, denaturing proteins and affecting nucleic acid conformations; exploited in precipitation/fixation protocols (literature, method-dependent).
Toxicology note: metabolic conversion to formate can inhibit mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase and affect the optic nerve; handle cautiously in lab settings (literature).
Buffer Applications
Applicability: Methanol is not a buffering agent and does not form conventional buffer systems.
Practical lab notes (literature/general):
Mobile phase modifier: Common organic modifier with aqueous buffers in HPLC/LC (adjust pH with appropriate buffer salts in water; methanol itself does not buffer). Viscosity and selectivity differ from acetonitrile—optimize gradients accordingly.
Precipitation/fixation: Frequently used in protein precipitation (e.g., methanol/chloroform) and in methanol-based fixation for some cell assays; conditions are method-specific and outside this product’s specifications.
For buffering needs: Select appropriate buffer systems (e.g., phosphate, acetate, Tris) based on target pH and compatibility with methanol percentage in your method.
Green Alternatives
Balanced view: Methanol is produced at scale (often from syngas; renewable routes from CO2/H2 are emerging). It is biodegradable but toxic and highly flammable. Consider greener or safer substitutes when feasible.
Comparative options (literature-based; selection depends on process needs):
| Option | Pros | Cons | Typical swaps |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ethanol | Lower acute toxicity; renewable bio-ethanol widely available; similar polarity | Higher bp (78 °C); different UV cutoff; slightly less acidic | General solvent replacement; esterifications (ethyl esters) |
| Isopropanol (IPA) | Higher flash point; good solvency; lower toxicity | Less polar; poorer for some LC methods; bp 82.5 °C | Cleaning, extractions, some reductions |
| 2-MeTHF | Biomass-derived; water-immiscible; good for Grignards; greener than THF | Higher bp (80 °C); different polarity; odor | Replace ethers or toluene in organometallics |
| Water | Benign; cheapest; unique reactivity | Solubility limits; may hydrolyze sensitive groups | Biocatalysis, some metal-catalyzed couplings |
Strategy notes (general):
For LC separations, acetonitrile sometimes gives better efficiency and lower viscosity; ethanol is a greener alternative but changes selectivity and backpressure.
For transesterifications yielding methyl esters, switching alcohol alters product (e.g., to ethyl esters with ethanol)—assess downstream implications.
Implement solvent recovery/distillation to minimize waste regardless of choice.
Pharmaceutical Uses
Item-specific: No pharmacopeial grade or excipient status is stated for this item; Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet. Product is for research use only.
Literature/general formulation context (no therapeutic claims):
Role: Widely used as a processing solvent/cleaning solvent in API synthesis and in analytical QC. Rarely present in final dosage forms due to toxicity.
Regulatory classification: ICH Q3C designates methanol as a Class 2 residual solvent with a permitted daily exposure and typical residual limit of 3000 ppm in drug products, depending on dose (literature). Compliance is process- and product-specific.
Manufacturing: Employed in crystallizations (antisolvent), esterifications/transesterifications, and as a mobile phase component in pharmacopeial assays (where appropriate).
Safety-by-design: Preference is often given to ethanol or IPA when feasible to reduce toxicity burden; solvent recovery systems mitigate environmental impact.
Physical Properties
Item-specific (from Product Data):
Appearance: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Literature/typical values (for reference; not item-specific specifications):
State: colorless, mobile liquid with characteristic alcohol odor (literature).
Boiling point: ~64.7 °C at 1 atm (literature).
Melting point: ~−97.6 °C (literature).
Density: ~0.791–0.793 g/mL at 20 °C (literature).
Refractive index: nD20 ~1.3284 (literature).
Dielectric constant: ~32.6 at 20 °C (literature).
Viscosity: ~0.59 mPa·s at 20 °C (literature).
Vapor pressure: ~96 mmHg at 25 °C (literature).
LogP (octanol/water): ~−0.77 (literature).
pKa (ROH ⇌ RO− + H+ in water): ~15.5 (literature).
Solubility: miscible with water and many organics (acetone, chloroform, ethers); limited in nonpolars (literature).
UV cutoff: ~205 nm; low background above 210–215 nm (literature; not a UV-grade spec).
Practical notes (general chemistry):
Hygroscopic to a modest extent; absorbs moisture from air over time.
Forms strong H-bonds; disrupts hydrophobic interactions and can denature proteins.
Does not form a low-pressure azeotrope with water; drying typically by 3Å molecular sieves or by generating magnesium methoxide followed by distillation (literature).
Quality and Grades
Item-specific (from Product Data):
Grade/Purity: UPSSS grade (as stated).
Note: Specific assay, water, UV cutoff, metals, and stabilizer details are Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Interpretation and context (general information):
“UPSSS grade” is not a standard, widely recognized solvent-grade acronym across pharmacopeias; consult the product’s CoA/specification for exact acceptance criteria (e.g., assay by GC, water by KF, acidity/alkalinity, UV absorbance at 205–254 nm, nonvolatile residue).
Common solvent grades for methanol include: technical/industrial, ACS/AR, HPLC/LC–MS grade (low UV background, low particulates), Anhydrous (water controlled, often ≤0.005–0.05%), Spectrophotometric (stringent UV cutoff), and Electronic grades (ionic contaminants controlled). These differ in moisture, UV absorbance, ionic/metal impurities, and residue limits (literature overview).
For moisture-sensitive synthesis or LC–MS, choose anhydrous or LC–MS grade respectively; for general synthetic work, ACS/AR grade is typically suitable. Validate against your method requirements.
Quality control suggestions (general best practices):
Verify water by KF before moisture-critical use; polish by 3Å sieves if needed.
Check UV baseline at intended analytical wavelengths if using for spectroscopy or HPLC.
Filter through 0.2 µm for UHPLC to minimize particulates (when compatible).
Reaction and Applications
Representative uses in synthesis (literature; general guidance):
Fischer esterification: carboxylic acids + MeOH, acid catalyst (H2SO4, PTSA) → methyl esters; remove water to drive equilibrium.
Transesterification: exchange of ester alkoxy groups to form methyl esters using acidic or basic catalysts (e.g., sodium methoxide generated in situ).
Acetalization/hemiacetal formation: aldehydes/ketones + MeOH under acid produce dimethyl acetals or methyl hemiacetals (reversible; water-sensitive equilibria).
Mitsunobu methylation: alcohols → methyl ethers using MeOH as the nucleophile under Mitsunobu conditions (DEAD/DIAD, PPh3).
Solvent for reductions: NaBH4 reductions of aldehydes/ketones; control addition due to H2 evolution. Some borane complexes are soluble/reactive in MeOH.
Borrowing-hydrogen catalysis: MeOH can serve as C1 methyl source for N-methylation under Ru/Ir/Ni catalysts (literature).
Quench medium: efficient for quenching reactive organometallics (Grignards, alkyllithiums) with controlled addition and cooling.
LC mobile phase: widely used with water and buffers in reversed-phase LC (literature; check instrument/material compatibility).
Practical tips:
Drying: activate 3Å sieves; alternatively, generate magnesium or sodium methoxide and distill under inert gas (literature practice).
Avoid unintended methanolysis: acid chlorides/anhydrides and activated esters will react; select non-protic solvents when preserving such functionalities.
Corrosion: can attack certain plastics/elastomers; verify materials of construction (PTFE/SS preferred).
Reaction Conditions
General literature guidance (illustrative; optimize per substrate):
Fischer esterification: carboxylic acid (1.0 equiv), MeOH (solvent/reagent, 5–20 equiv), catalytic H2SO4 or PTSA (1–10 mol%), reflux (65 °C) 2–24 h; remove water (molecular sieves or azeotropic removal with co-solvent). Typical conversions: good to excellent for unhindered acids.
Base-catalyzed transesterification: ester (1.0 equiv), MeONa (0.05–0.2 equiv, generated in MeOH), MeOH as solvent, 25–60 °C, 1–6 h; quench with acid and extract. Useful for FAME preparation from triglycerides.
Acetalization: carbonyl (1.0 equiv), MeOH (5–20 equiv) with catalytic acid (HCl gas, H2SO4, Amberlyst-15), 0–25 °C to reflux, molecular sieves; monitor by GC/NMR.
NaBH4 reductions: substrate (1.0 equiv), NaBH4 (1.1–1.5 equiv) in MeOH at 0–25 °C; slow addition to control H2 evolution; quench with acetone then water.
Mitsunobu methylation: ROH (1.0 equiv), MeOH (nucleophile, solvent or co-solvent), PPh3 (1.2 equiv), DIAD/DEAD (1.2 equiv), 0 °C to rt, 1–12 h; byproducts require careful workup.
Solvent/system considerations:
Water content significantly affects equilibria; for moisture-sensitive steps, dry MeOH (sieves) and inert atmosphere are beneficial.
Material compatibility: prefer PTFE, glass, or 316L SS; avoid materials that stress-crack in alcohols.
These are literature norms, not specifications for this item.
Safety and Handling
Item-specific (from Product Data):
Storage conditions: Room temperature.
Shipped in: FedEx DG Service.
Research use: For research use only.
GHS classification / Signal word / H-statements / Pictograms: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
Literature-based hazard profile for methanol (for reference; consult SDS for this item):
Classification (typical): Highly flammable liquid and vapor (Flam. Liq. 2); Acute toxicity (oral, dermal, inhal.); STOT SE (causes damage to organs, e.g., optic nerve) (literature).
Common GHS elements: Signal word Danger; H225, H301/311/331, H370; pictograms GHS02 (flame), GHS06 (skull), GHS08 (health) (literature).
Exposure routes: inhalation, ingestion, dermal absorption. Early symptoms may be delayed; metabolic conversion to formate can cause metabolic acidosis and visual effects (literature).
Handling and PPE (general guidance):
Use in a fume hood; avoid breathing vapors and skin contact.
Ground/bond containers; keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces.
Wear splash goggles, solvent-resistant gloves (e.g., butyl rubber, laminate), lab coat; consider face shield for large transfers.
Incompatibilities and reactivity (general):
Strong oxidizers (e.g., chromates, permanganates), strong reducing agents (active metals), acid chlorides/anhydrides (violent methanolysis), bases that form alkoxides.
First-aid overview (general):
Inhalation: move to fresh air; oxygen if needed; seek medical attention.
Skin/eyes: rinse with water for 15+ min; remove contaminated clothing; seek medical advice.
Ingestion: do not induce vomiting; seek immediate medical attention. Always defer to the product SDS.
Nucleophilic substitution scenarios where a polar protic medium stabilizes carbocations (SN1) yet can still support many SN2 processes with suitable bases/nucleophiles.
Reductions with NaBH4 or borane complexes (manage H2 evolution); organometallic quench medium.
Chromatography: common modifier in normal-phase and reversed-phase LC mobile phases (literature; confirm instrument compatibility).
When to choose alternatives:
Need lower toxicity or higher flash point: ethanol or isopropanol.
Water-sensitive reactions requiring very low water content and higher boiling solvent: acetonitrile, toluene, 2-MeTHF.
Poor substrate solubility in MeOH: consider mixed solvents (MeOH/THF, MeOH/DCM) or switch to acetonitrile/THF.
Practical selection tips:
Drying: 3Å sieves or chemical drying then distillation (literature).
For base-catalyzed reactions, convert to sodium methoxide in situ for greater nucleophilicity.
Be mindful of competitive methanolysis of acid chlorides/anhydrides and sensitive protecting groups.
Storage and Reconstitution
Item-specific (from Product Data):
Storage conditions: Room temperature.
Shipped: FedEx DG Service.
Physical state/reconstitution: Not applicable—neat liquid; no reconstitution required.
General storage guidance (literature/best practice):
Keep tightly closed in original container; store in a cool, well-ventilated flammables cabinet away from ignition sources.
Protect from strong oxidizers and reactive acid derivatives (acid chlorides/anhydrides). Avoid prolonged exposure to air to limit water uptake.
For anhydrous applications: after opening, backfill headspace with dry inert gas and add activated 3Å molecular sieves; verify water content by KF before critical use.
Container compatibility: glass or metal; PTFE-lined caps preferred. Some plastics may swell/permeate.
Freeze–thaw/stability: Not applicable; store at ambient as specified. If crystallization occurs at low temperature (near −98 °C), warm to room temperature to dissolve uniformly.
Always consult the product’s CoA and SDS for definitive handling and storage information for this specific item.
Structure and Identity
Brief overview: Methanol is the simplest aliphatic alcohol (a one‑carbon primary alcohol) featuring a hydroxyl group bound to a methyl carbon.
Item-specific (from Product Data):
Product name: Methanol (SKU: M1523840)
CAS: 67-56-1
PubChem CID: 887
InChIKey: 260406 (as provided)
SMILES: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Literature/Computed identifiers (for reference; not item-specific specs):
Functional groups: primary alcohol (–CH3 attached to –OH).
2D structure description: a methyl carbon (sp3) bonded to three hydrogens and a hydroxyl oxygen; oxygen bears one hydrogen and two lone pairs; no rings, no stereocenters.
Hydrogen-bonding: donor (via –OH) and acceptor (via O lone pairs).
Polarity: polar protic; significant dipole due to O–H and C–O bonds.
Common synonyms: methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol (literature).
Synthetic Utility
Functional behavior (literature/general):
Nucleophile after activation: Deprotonation forms methoxide (MeO−), a hard nucleophile useful for methyl ester formation and etherification under appropriate conditions.
Electrophile partner via derivatization: Under Mitsunobu conditions, MeOH converts alcohols to methyl ethers; under acid catalysis, it forms dimethyl acetals from carbonyls.
Solvent effects: As a polar protic solvent, it stabilizes ions, can accelerate SN1 processes, and influences selectivity in reactions involving charged intermediates.
Typical transformations:
Carboxylic acids ⇌ methyl esters (Fischer/transesterification; acid/base catalysts, removal of water/ROH to drive equilibrium).
Acyl chlorides/activated esters → methyl esters (rapid methanolysis; useful for derivatization but can be an undesired side-reaction otherwise).
Reductions: NaBH4 reductions proceed in MeOH with evolution of H2; adjust stoichiometry and addition rate.
Carbonyl protection: aldehydes/ketones → dimethyl acetals (acidic conditions, Dean–Stark with co-solvent or molecular sieves).
C1 source: catalytic N-methylation with MeOH under borrowing-hydrogen/transfer hydrogenation manifolds (Ru/Ir/Ni catalysts; literature).
Retrosynthetic value:
Convenient handle to install/remediate methyl groups as esters/acetals that can later be exchanged or hydrolyzed.
Readily removed by hydrolysis or transesterification, facilitating protecting-group strategies for acids and carbonyls.
Target Specificity
This product is a small-molecule solvent/reagent, not a biological targeting reagent (e.g., antibody or probe).
Item-specific: No antigen/epitope/clone/isotype information is applicable.
For biochemical selectivity data (e.g., enzyme binding/inhibition), consult primary literature specific to your system; such data are not part of this catalog listing.
Products are supplied to verified businesses, institutions, and qualified professionals for research and development use only. Not for use in humans, animals, diagnosis, or therapy.
