Spherical Gold Nanoparticles - 50nm, 0.03mg/ml, solvent: ultrapure water , CAS No.7440-57-5

CAS: 7440-57-5 Cat. No.: S359074 분자식: Au 분자량: 196.97 EC 번호: 231-165-9 PubChem CID: 23985

등급 & 순도 50nm, 0.03mg/ml, solvent: ultrapure water

Synonyms

7440-57-5|Au|Gold|Colloidal gold|Gold powder|Gold flake|Gold leaf|Gold, colloidal|Aurum Metallicum|Gold, elemental|HSDB 2125|Gold foil|Gold wire|CI 77480|EINECS 231-165-9|Gold-197|UNII-79Y1949PYO|auride(1-)|gold(0)|79Y1949PYO|C.I. 77480|Gold (e 175)|Au(0)

Storage

Room temperature

Shipped In

Normal

사양

동의어

7440-57-5 | Au | Gold | Colloidal gold | Gold powder | Gold flake | Gold leaf | Gold, colloidal | Aurum Metallicum | Gold, elemental | HSDB 2125 | Gold foil | Gold wire | CI 77480 | EINECS 231-165-9 | Gold-197 | UNII-79Y1949PYO | auride(1-) | gold(0) | 79Y1949PYO | C.I. 77480 | Gold (e 175) | Au(0)

사양 및 순도

50nm, 0.03mg/ml, solvent: ultrapure water

법률 정보

Spherical Gold Nanoparticles Kit component

보관 조건

Room temperature

배송

Normal

이름과 식별자

정식 스마일

[Au]

IUPAC Name

gold

InChIKey

PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N

INCHI

1S/Au

이성체 SMILES

[Au]

PubChem CID

23985

분자량

196.97

Taxonomic Classification

Taxonomy Tree

• Kingdom Inorganic compounds
  • Superclass Homogeneous metal compounds
    • 분류 Homogeneous transition metal compounds

• Kingdom: Inorganic compounds
• Superclass: Homogeneous metal compounds
• 분류: Homogeneous transition metal compounds
• Subclass: Not available
• Intermediate Tree Nodes: Not available
• Direct Parent: Homogeneous transition metal compounds
• Alternative Parents: Not available
• Molecular Framework: Not available
• Substituents: Homogeneous transition metal
• 설명: This compound belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as homogeneous transition metal compounds. These are inorganic compounds containing only metal atoms,with the largest atom being a transition metal atom.
• External Descriptors: elemental gold

Data sources

1. Djoumbou Feunang Y, Eisner R, Knox C, Chepelev L, Hastings J, Owen G, Fahy E, Steinbeck C, Subramanian S, Bolton E, Greiner R, and Wishart DS. ClassyFire: Automated Chemical Classification With A Comprehensive, Computable Taxonomy. Journal of Cheminformatics, 2016, 8:61.

DOI: 10.1186/s13321-016-0174-y

화학 및 물리적 특성

• 끓는점(°C): 2808°C
• 녹는점(°C): 1063°C
• 분자량: 196.966 g/mol
• Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
• Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 0
• Rotatable Bond Count: 0
• Exact Mass: 196.967 Da
• Monoisotopic Mass: 196.967 Da
• Topological Polar Surface Area: 0.000 Ų
• Heavy Atom Count: 1
• Formal Charge: 0
• Complexity: 0.000
• Isotope Atom Count: 0
• Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
• Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
• Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
• Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
• The total count of all stereochemical bonds: 0
• Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1

XLogP3

Application Protocols

Item-specific validated protocols are not provided. Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General protocol outlines for spherical AuNPs (literature/general):

• A. Thiolated DNA conjugation via salt-aging

  1. Reduce disulfide-protected thiolated DNA (e.g., with TCEP), desalt into low-ionic-strength buffer (e.g., 10 mM phosphate, pH 7.4).
  2. Mix AuNP dispersion with thiolated DNA at desired surface coverage; incubate 30–60 min.
  3. Add NaCl in small increments (e.g., +10–30 mM steps up to 0.3–0.7 M) over several hours to days with gentle mixing; include 0.01% Tween 20.
  4. Age overnight; purify by centrifugation or size-exclusion. Verify by LSPR shift and agarose PAGE.

• B. Protein conjugation via EDC/NHS (requires –COOH-functionalized AuNPs)

  1. Activate surface carboxyls with EDC/NHS in MES buffer (pH ~6.0).
  2. Add amine-bearing protein in PBS (adjust ionic strength to maintain stability); incubate 1–2 h at RT.
  3. Quench with ethanolamine; block with BSA; purify by centrifugation/SEC.

• C. Ligand exchange to organodisperse AuNPs

  1. Combine citrate-AuNPs with excess alkanethiol in water/alcohol; gradually add ethanol to aid exchange.
  2. Phase transfer into toluene/chloroform with quaternary ammonium salt if needed; wash and redisperse.

• QC checkpoints

  • UV–Vis: LSPR position and FWHM; aggregation indicated by red-shift/broadening.
  • DLS/TEM: Size distribution; verify monolayer coverage indirectly by hydrodynamic size increase.
  • Surface analytics: XPS/FTIR for ligand confirmation.

Biological Roles

Item-specific biological roles are not defined; this product is for research use only.

General biochemistry context for gold nanoparticles (literature/general; no clinical claims):

• Native biological role of gold: None established in human physiology; elemental gold is not an essential nutrient.
• Interaction with biomolecules
  • Protein corona formation: Upon exposure to biological media, AuNPs rapidly adsorb proteins and lipids, forming a corona that governs cellular interactions, uptake, and biodistribution.
  • Ligand-directed specificity: Surface functionalization with PEG, peptides, aptamers, or antibodies can modulate recognition and reduce nonspecific adsorption.
• Cellular uptake and trafficking
  • Size, shape, charge, and ligand shell influence uptake via clathrin/caveolae-mediated endocytosis or macropinocytosis; typical uptake reported for 10–100 nm spheres depends on cell type.
  • Intracellular fate often involves endo-lysosomal localization; robust Au cores are generally not degraded, while ligands may exchange.
• Optical/thermal interactions
  • LSPR enables photothermal transduction and scattering contrast for imaging; tuning by particle size and aggregation state.
• Biocompatibility considerations
  • Citrate- and PEG-capped AuNPs are commonly used for in vitro assays; surface cleanliness (residual CTAB, halides) and endotoxin levels are critical determinants of cytotoxicity and assay interference.

Note: Any in vitro/in vivo experimentation requires appropriate ethical approvals and adherence to institutional biosafety protocols. No medical or clinical use is implied.

Buffer Applications

No item-specific buffer recommendations are provided. Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet for dispersant and compatibility.

General guidance for working with spherical AuNPs in buffers (literature/general):

• Ionic strength and pH
  • Electrostatic stabilizers (e.g., citrate-capped) are sensitive to salt; start with low ionic strength (≤10 mM) buffers at pH 6–8 and increase salt gradually (salt-aging) during conjugation.
  • Divalent cations (Mg2+, Ca2+) promote aggregation; chelators or reduced concentrations may be necessary.
• Common buffer systems
  • Tris, HEPES, and phosphate buffers (1–10 mM) are frequently used for handling; avoid high phosphate near CTAB-stabilized particles (can cause precipitation/ligand exchange issues).
  • For bioconjugation, add 0.01–0.1% nonionic surfactant (e.g., Tween 20) and 0.1–1% BSA as blockers when compatible with downstream assays.
• DNA–AuNP salt-aging (outline; general)
  • Begin in 0–10 mM phosphate/Tris, pH 7–8; incrementally add NaCl (e.g., up to 0.3–0.7 M over hours–days) while monitoring LSPR to allow dense DNA monolayer formation without aggregation.
• Storage buffers
  • PEGylated AuNPs tolerate higher ionic strength and broader pH; citrate-capped stocks store best at low salt and neutral pH. Add 0.02% NaN3 as preservative if compatible and not precluded by the supplier.

Always verify stability empirically by monitoring UV–Vis LSPR position/FWHM and DLS before and after buffer changes.

Green Alternatives

While elemental gold is inert, the environmental and safety profile of gold nanoparticles depends on synthesis route, stabilizers, and lifecycle. Consider the following greener alternatives and practices (literature/general):

• Greener solvents and reductants for synthesis
  • Replace organic reducers (e.g., NaBH4 in excess) with citrate, ascorbate, tannic acid, or plant polyphenols in water to reduce waste and hazard.
  • Avoid cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) for applications where possible due to aquatic toxicity; use citrate, PVP, or PEG ligands.
• Alternative plasmonic materials
  • Silver nanoparticles: Higher plasmonic quality factor but higher ecotoxicity and oxidation; not necessarily greener.
  • Silica or polymer beads dyed with organic chromophores: Safer for some lateral flow uses but lower molar absorptivity and different surface chemistry.
  • Gold–silica core–shells: Lower metal content per particle and improved stability; potentially lower environmental release of free metal.

Comparison (general trends)

• AuNPs (citrate-capped, aqueous):
  • Pros: Aqueous processing, low-toxicity reagents; excellent stability; robust conjugation.
  • Cons: Gold mining/refining environmental footprint; nanoparticles require responsible disposal.
• Dyes on silica beads:
  • Pros: Reduced heavy metal content; tunable colors; generally benign matrices.
  • Cons: Photobleaching potential; different surface chemistries; lower scattering for some modalities.

Best practices

• Use water-based formulations, low-toxicity ligands, and minimal excess reagents.
• Implement recovery/recycling of gold from waste streams (iodide/iodine leach + reduction; thiourea-free approaches).
• Dispose according to nanoparticle-specific hazardous waste guidance.

Pharmaceutical Uses

No pharmacopeial grade or formulation role is specified for this item. Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General, non-clinical context for professional users (no therapeutic claims):

• Diagnostic and device applications
  • AuNPs are widely used as visible labels in lateral flow immunoassays and other in vitro diagnostic devices due to their intense color and facile conjugation chemistry.
  • As optical contrast agents for benchtop imaging and microfluidic sensors; integration into paper-based diagnostics.
• Excipients and materials roles (research/manufacturing)
  • As functional excipients in experimental formulations (e.g., to study nanoparticle–excipient interactions, rheology modifiers when embedded in hydrogels) — strictly non-clinical research.
  • Incorporated into coatings/electrodes for biosensor development; thiol–gold interfaces serve as standard anchoring chemistry.
• Quality considerations for regulated contexts (general)
  • Endotoxin, bioburden, and residual surfactants (e.g., CTAB) are critical; materials intended for diagnostic manufacturing often specify low endotoxin and provide certificate of sterility testing.
  • Batch-to-batch reproducibility of particle size (TEM), optical density to concentration calibration, and surface functionality validation are essential for QC.

Note: This product is for research use only and is not intended for human or veterinary use, clinical diagnosis, or as an active pharmaceutical ingredient.

Physical Properties

Item-specific specifications are not provided for this nanoparticle dispersion/powder (e.g., diameter, dispersant/ligand, concentration, LSPR peak, zeta potential). Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Literature/general properties of elemental gold and spherical AuNPs:

• Bulk elemental gold (literature/general)
  • Melting point: 1064.18 °C (pure Au)
  • Boiling point: ~2856 °C
  • Density (20 °C): 19.32 g/cm³ (bulk metal)
  • Crystal structure: fcc (a ≈ 4.078 Å)
  • Solubility: Insoluble in water and common organic solvents; dissolves in aqua regia and some halogenating/complexing systems.
• Nanoparticle-specific considerations (literature/general)
  • Size-dependent melting: Nanoscale Au exhibits depressed melting temperatures relative to bulk; extent scales inversely with diameter.
  • Optical properties: Spherical AuNPs exhibit an LSPR band whose maximum is size- and medium-dependent (e.g., ~515–525 nm for ~10–30 nm spheres in water; red-shift with increasing size/refractive index).
  • Colloidal behavior: Stability governed by electrostatic/steric repulsion. Ionic strength, pH, and ligand coverage/control the aggregation threshold.
  • Refractive index: Real and imaginary parts are strongly wavelength dependent (Drude–Lorentz metal); LSPR sensitivity to local refractive index change forms basis of colorimetric sensing.

Important practical note (general): Actual working properties (zeta potential, hydrodynamic diameter, extinction coefficient, dispersant, and concentration) are formulation-specific and must be taken from the item’s CoA.

Quality and Grades

Item-specific grade/purity and stabilizer/ligand system are not specified for this product. Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Interpreting quality for spherical gold nanoparticles (general guidance for professional users):

• Critical quality attributes typically reported
  • Mean core diameter (TEM) with coefficient of variation (monodispersity).
  • Hydrodynamic diameter (DLS) vs. core size (ligand shell thickness insight).
  • LSPR peak position and full width at half maximum (FWHM) (optical quality, dispersity).
  • Concentration: As particles/mL and/or as Au mass (mg/mL), plus extinction coefficient calibration method.
  • Surface chemistry: Capping ligand (e.g., citrate, BSPP, CTAB, PVP, PEG-thiol), surface functionality (–COOH, –NH2, –N3, maleimide), and ligand density.
  • Zeta potential and colloidal stability across pH/ionic strength.
  • Residual synthesis byproducts (e.g., halides, CTAB), endotoxin/bioburden (for bio-oriented uses), and metal impurities (ICP-MS) when relevant.
• What different “grades” imply (general)
  • Bio/Conjugation grade: Low endotoxin/bioburden, trace surfactants minimized; validated ligand exchange/conjugation protocols.
  • Catalysis grade: High surface area accessibility; minimal organic capping or thermally removable ligands.
  • Plasmonic/Optical grade: Narrow size distribution for sharp LSPR; spectrophotometric traceability.

Recommendation: Verify that the reported particle diameter, dispersant, and ligand match the intended application (e.g., salt-aging DNA conjugation prefers citrate-capped, low ionic strength stocks). Request a CoA for lot-specific parameters.

Reaction and Applications

Item-specific application notes are not provided beyond “For research use only.” The following summarizes common uses of spherical gold nanoparticles (literature/general):

• Plasmonics and optical readouts
  • Colorimetric assays leveraging LSPR shifts upon aggregation or surface binding (e.g., DNA hybridization, protein–ligand interactions). Sharp, size-controlled LSPR enables sensitive visual detection.
  • Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates or labels; hot-spot generation via controlled aggregation or core–satellite assemblies.
• Bio-conjugation and labeling
  • Robust Au–S chemistry allows attachment of thiolated DNA, peptides, and PEGs. Carboxylate-terminated shells enable EDC/NHS coupling to amines; maleimide handles couple to thiols.
  • Lateral flow and ELISA-like assays use AuNPs as visible reporters due to intense color and ease of functionalization.
• Catalysis and photocatalysis
  • AuNPs catalyze selective oxidations (e.g., alcohol to aldehyde under base, aerobic conditions), alkyne hydration, and CO oxidation; support or ligand environment tunes activity.
  • Plasmon-driven photocatalysis under visible light can accelerate surface reactions via hot carriers and photothermal effects.
• Materials and nanofabrication
  • Seed-mediated growth for nanorods and anisotropic shapes; assembly into metamaterials; e-beam/ion-beam patterning assists.
• Practical tips (general)
  • Maintain colloidal stability during conjugation by controlled salt-aging and pH management.
  • Purify conjugates by centrifugation or size-exclusion; verify by UV–Vis (LSPR), agarose PAGE (for DNA–AuNPs), and DLS/TEM.
  • For catalysis, ligand removal or exchange (e.g., calcination of supported Au, plasma/UV–ozone, or mild chemical stripping) may be required to expose active sites.

Reaction Conditions

No item-specific reaction data are provided. Below are representative literature/general conditions where spherical AuNPs are commonly used. Always optimize for your system.

• Aerobic alcohol oxidation (literature example)
  • Catalyst: AuNPs on metal oxide support (e.g., Au/TiO2), or citrate-capped AuNPs with base.
  • Solvent: Water, toluene, or mixed solvents; base (K2CO3, NaOH) often required.
  • Conditions: 60–120 °C; O2 or air; hours; selectivity toward aldehydes/ketones; avoid overoxidation by tuning base and temperature.
• Alkyne hydration (Markovnikov)
  • Catalyst: AuNPs (supported or ligand-stabilized) with protic solvent.
  • Solvent: Water/MeOH; mild acid may promote activity.
  • Conditions: 40–80 °C; 1–24 h; yields system-dependent.
• Nitroarene reduction
  • Catalyst: AuNPs with NaBH4 or H2 as reductant; aqueous or alcoholic solvent.
  • Conditions: 20–60 °C; minutes to hours; monitor by UV–Vis or GC.
• Plasmon-enhanced transformations
  • Illumination: Visible (e.g., 520–650 nm LEDs/lasers) matched to LSPR; control temperature to separate photothermal from hot-carrier effects.
  • Atmosphere: O2 for oxidations; inert for coupling/polymerizations.
• Bio-conjugation (general)
  • Thiol–Au coupling: pH 7–8 in low-ionic-strength buffer; salt-aging to 0.1–0.7 M NaCl as needed; 4–24 h incubation; validate by shift in LSPR and gel assays.

Monitor catalyst/colloid integrity by UV–Vis (LSPR shift/broadening), DLS (hydrodynamic size), and TEM. For supported catalysts, check for sintering via TEM/XRD after reaction.

Safety and Handling

GHS classification, pictograms, and H-statements are not specified for this item; refer to SDS for authoritative safety data.

General safety guidance for gold nanoparticles (literature/general):

• Hazards
  • Bulk gold is chemically inert and not classified as hazardous; however, nanoscale gold may present unique risks related to respirable particulates and high surface reactivity.
  • Inhalation of dry nanoparticle aerosols should be avoided; fine powders can be mechanically irritating. Dispersions can generate aerosols during sonication/spraying.
• PPE and engineering controls
  • Wear lab coat, safety glasses, and appropriate gloves (nitrile). Use a certified fume hood or nanoparticle exposure control enclosure for handling dry powders or procedures that may aerosolize the dispersion.
  • Avoid contact lenses when aerosols possible; consider respiratory protection per institutional EHS guidance.
• Incompatibilities and reactivity (general)
  • Gold is resistant to oxidation but dissolves in aqua regia and halogenating/complexing media (e.g., I2/I−, Br2/Br−, cyanide under oxidizing conditions). Avoid unintended contact.
  • Avoid high ionic strength or multivalent cations that can destabilize colloids (aggregation risk rather than chemical hazard).
• First-aid measures (overview; defer to SDS)
  • Inhalation: Move to fresh air; seek medical attention if symptoms occur.
  • Skin/eye contact: Rinse with water; remove contaminated clothing; obtain medical advice as needed.
  • Ingestion: Rinse mouth; do not induce vomiting; seek medical attention.
• Spill/cleanup (general)
  • For dispersions: Contain with absorbent pads; collect as hazardous waste.
  • For powders: Avoid dry sweeping; dampen and HEPA-vacuum. Prevent release to drains.

Solvent Selection

This product’s dispersion medium is not specified. Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General solvent/medium considerations for spherical AuNPs (literature/general):

• Polarity and miscibility
  • Most research-grade AuNPs are supplied in water or low-ionic-strength buffers if citrate- or PEG-capped. CTAB-stabilized particles are typically in aqueous CTAB. PVP- or thiol-capped AuNPs can be water- or alcohol-compatible; some alkanethiol monolayers render particles organodispersible (e.g., toluene, chloroform, hexane).
• Ionic strength and pH
  • Electrostatic stabilizers (citrate, CTAB) are sensitive to ionic strength; elevated NaCl or divalent cations (Mg2+, Ca2+) can induce aggregation. Maintain pH and salt within validated windows.
• Additives
  • Low levels of nonionic surfactants (e.g., 0.01–0.1% Tween 20 or Triton X-100) and blockers (e.g., BSA) can mitigate nonspecific adsorption/aggregation in bioassays, depending on ligand.
• Solvent comparison (general)
  • Water (DI): Maximizes LSPR quality; ideal for thiol/DNA conjugation (salt-aging).
  • Alcohols (EtOH, iPrOH): Useful for ligand exchange or precipitation; may affect colloidal stability.
  • Nonpolar solvents: Require hydrophobic ligand shells; useful for self-assembly in organic media and some catalysis.

Practical tips

• Always match solvent polarity and ionic strength to the capping ligand chemistry.
• When changing media, use gradual dialysis, tangential flow filtration, or stepwise solvent exchange to avoid shock aggregation.
• Monitor LSPR during any solvent change (red-shift/broadening indicates interparticle coupling/aggregation).

Storage and Reconstitution

Item-specific storage condition provided: Room temperature. Shipped under normal conditions. Additional details (e.g., whether supplied as aqueous dispersion or dry powder, ligand system, and preservatives) are not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General guidance for spherical AuNPs (literature/general):

• Storage
  • Aqueous dispersions: Store at 4–25 °C away from light; avoid freezing unless validated (freeze–thaw can aggregate particles). Keep containers tightly closed to minimize evaporation and contamination.
  • Dry powders/films: Store desiccated at room temperature; avoid mechanical stress that may sinter particles; protect from halogenating vapors.
  • Preservatives: Low concentrations of NaN3 (e.g., 0.02%) are commonly used in research stocks if compatible; verify supplier formulation first.
• Handling and re-dispersion
  • Gently invert or roll to homogenize; avoid vigorous vortexing that may induce foaming/aerosols. If minor settling occurs, mild bath sonication (1–5 min) can aid re-dispersion; monitor LSPR to confirm integrity.
  • For concentrated stocks, avoid prolonged contact with bare glass (adsorption losses); pre-block surfaces (e.g., BSA) or use low-bind plastics when appropriate.
• Stability checks
  • Periodically record UV–Vis spectra to track LSPR position and bandwidth; significant red-shift/broadening indicates aggregation.
  • DLS can reveal early-stage aggregation not visible by eye.

Always follow the SDS and lot-specific CoA for definitive storage and handling instructions.

Structure and Identity

Spherical gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are nanoscale colloids of elemental gold with a predominantly face-centered cubic (fcc) crystal structure.

• Item-specific identifiers (from Product Data)
  • SKU: S359074
  • Product name: Spherical Gold Nanoparticles
  • CAS: 7440-57-5
  • PubChem CID: 23985
  • InChIKey: 273698 (as provided)
  • Storage: Room temperature; shipped under normal conditions
  • Research use note: For research use only
• Structural description (general chemistry knowledge)
  • Composition: Elemental gold (Au, oxidation state 0) aggregated into near-spherical particles.
  • Crystal lattice: fcc; low-index facets {111}, {100} typically dominate; particle curvature rounds edges/corners.
  • Surface: Metallic Au(0) atoms capable of binding soft ligands (e.g., thiols, phosphines) via Au–S or Au–P coordination; native surface may carry weakly bound anions from synthesis (e.g., citrate) when present.
  • Geometry: Spherical morphology leads to a single dominant dipolar localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) band whose position depends on particle diameter, ligand shell, and medium (literature/general).
• Molecular identifiers (literature/general values)
  • Elemental formula: Au
  • Atomic weight (standard atomic weight): ~196.96657 g/mol (IUPAC; literature)
  • SMILES: Not applicable for elemental metal nanoparticles (no canonical SMILES)
  • InChI (elemental gold atom): InChI=1S/Au (literature); note: nanoparticulate form has no unique discrete InChI.

2D/“line” description in words: Each nanoparticle can be conceptualized as a dense cluster of Au atoms arranged in an fcc lattice, presenting a convex spherical surface available for ligand coordination and interparticle interactions.

Synthetic Utility

Although elemental and not a molecular building block, spherical AuNPs offer unique synthetic utility in catalysis, templating, and surface chemistry (literature/general):

• Surface functionalization platform
  • Robust Au–S and Au–Se bonds enable dense self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of thiols/thiolates for constructing functional interfaces (e.g., –COOH, –NH2, –PEG, biotin), facilitating bioconjugation and materials assembly.
  • Click-ready handles (azide/alkyne) on ligands allow CuAAC or SPAAC coupling on particle surfaces.
• Catalysis
  • Unsupported and supported AuNPs catalyze selective transformations: aerobic oxidation of alcohols and aldehydes, alkyne hydration (Markovnikov), nitroarene reductions (with suitable co-catalysts/reductants), and CO oxidation at low temperature.
  • Plasmonic enhancement under visible light can promote oxidations, coupling reactions, or substrate activation in proximity to the Au surface.
• Nanotemplating and seed growth
  • Serve as seeds for anisotropic growth (nanorods, bipyramids) using seed-mediated protocols; size/monodispersity of spherical seeds dictates anisotropy and LSPR tuning.
• Retrosynthetic/materials perspective
  • AuNPs act as modular nodes that translate solution-phase chemistry into nanoscale architectures (core–satellite, layer-by-layer shells) with emergent optical/electronic properties.

Practical notes

• Catalytic performance depends on ligand coverage and access to active sites; consider ligand stripping/exchange and supports (TiO2, CeO2, Al2O3, carbon).
• Confirm surface chemistry by XPS, TGA, and FTIR; quantify loading via ICP-OES/MS.
• Monitor reaction progress and particle integrity (UV–Vis/TEM) to detect sintering or aggregation.

Target Specificity

Not applicable. This product is a nanomaterial, not a biological affinity reagent. No antigen, epitope, clone, isotype, or species reactivity is defined for this item.