Techniques for detecting, quantifying and localizing antigens and antibodies — ELISA, Western blotting, immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Below are the protocols, FAQs and technical articles in our knowledge base tagged with this topic.
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease caused by insufficient insulin secretion, insulin resistance, or a combination of both. Natural products possess diverse structural classes and multiple biological targets and can be used in studies of glucose-metabolism regulation, bioactive ...
Metabolic disorders involve multiple abnormalities, including insulin resistance, dysregulated glucose and lipid metabolism, chronic inflammation, and oxidative stress. Natural products possess diverse structural classes and molecular targets and can improve metabolic homeostasis by regulating ...
The superoxide anion radical (O₂•⁻) participates in redox signaling and also serves as an important precursor of hydrogen peroxide, peroxynitrite, and other reactive species. Because it is short-lived and highly reactive, detection results depend strongly on probe specificity, the reaction ...
The core of selenoprotein research is to clarify how redox reactions involving selenocysteine affect antioxidant defense, mitochondrial homeostasis, inflammatory responses, and cell death. Combined detection of selenoproteins such as GPX, TXNRD, and SELENOP with SOD, CAT, PRDX, GSH/GSSG, ROS, ...
Oxidative stress research has shifted from the concept of “ROS excess causing damage” toward “precise regulation of redox signaling.” ROS can damage proteins, lipids, and DNA, but they can also participate in cell fate regulation, metabolic reprogramming, immune escape, and disease ...
Cerebral infarction is focal ischemic injury of brain tissue caused by interruption or marked reduction of cerebral blood flow. Its core pathological process is not a single vascular occlusion event, but an ischemic cascade initiated after insufficient blood perfusion.
Malondialdehyde (MDA) is an important small-molecule aldehyde product formed during lipid peroxidation. It is commonly used to evaluate oxidative stress and membrane lipid oxidative damage in cells, tissues, or body-fluid samples. The key to MDA detection is not only obtaining absorbance or ...
Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is a key enzyme system that catalyzes the conversion of L-arginine into nitric oxide (NO) and L-citrulline. It participates in vascular homeostasis, neural signaling, immune inflammation, and redox regulation. NOS research should not focus only on changes in NO ...
Polyphenols, flavonoids, phenolic acids, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, terpenoids, alkaloids, polysaccharides, and other components in plant extracts may all contribute to antioxidant activity. Evaluation of antioxidant activity should not rely on a single assay. Instead, free radical ...
Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) is a class of oxidoreductases that use NAD+ or NADP+ as cofactors and mainly catalyze the oxidation of aldehyde substrates into corresponding carboxylic acids. Aldehydes can originate from ethanol metabolism, lipid peroxidation, sugar oxidation, drug metabolism, and ...
Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used in antibacterial therapy and cell culture contamination control. Because it can induce oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, lysosomal abnormalities, apoptosis, and necrosis-like injury, gentamicin is often used to construct injury models in ...
The antioxidant enzyme defense system is an important barrier by which cells resist reactive oxygen species-induced damage. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px/GPx) form a continuous reaction chain that removes superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide, and ...
Protein carbonyls are among the most commonly used and most stable endpoint markers of oxidative protein damage. Compared with transient free radicals or short-lived oxidative intermediates, protein carbonyls are more suitable for quantitative comparison of oxidative injury in cells, tissues, ...
Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are not two independent events, but rather a continuous process driven by the mutual reinforcement of reactive oxygen species accumulation, membrane-potential fluctuation, mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening, and calcium-homeostasis ...
Flavonoid natural products are not merely general free-radical-scavenging constituents, but important regulatory molecules capable of acting simultaneously on reactive oxygen species generation, redox buffering, inflammatory sensing, signal transduction, and inflammatory execution.
One-carbon metabolism is not merely a matter of folate nutrition, but rather a metabolism-signaling integrated system jointly constituted by the folate cycle, the methionine cycle, and the transsulfuration pathway. On the one hand, this system sustains nucleic acid synthesis and methylation ...
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is one of the most important antioxidant defense enzymes in biological systems. It catalyzes the dismutation of superoxide anion radicals (O2•−) to generate hydrogen peroxide and molecular oxygen, thereby suppressing the amplification of reactive oxygen species and ...
Cocoa and cocoa-derived products constitute a typical natural multi-component system. Their compositional profile is mainly defined by flavanol polyphenols (represented by (−)-epicatechin and proanthocyanidins), methylxanthine alkaloids (predominantly theobromine, with caffeine as a secondary ...
Techniques often explored alongside immunological experiments.
