dextran sulfates - 10 kDa LS , CAS No.9011-18-1

CAS: 9011-18-1 Cat. No.: D397448 Numéro CE: 618-471-1 PubChem CID: 2337

QUALITÉ & PURETÉ 10 kDa LS

Synonyms

4-aminobenzoic acid-ethyl ester | Anaesthesinum | Benzoak | ETHYL4-AMINOBENZOATE | Norcaine | Norcainum | Aethoform | Anaesthin | Bensokain | HSDB 7225 | BENZOCAINE [USP MONOGRAPH] | CAS-94-09-7 | Benzoic acid, 4-amino-, ethyl ester | Chiggerex | Ethoform

Storage

Store at 2-8°C,Argon charged,Desiccated

Shipped In

Wet ice

Vue d’ensemble

Product Description：

Dextran sulfates are produced by sulfation of selected dextran fractions.

The dextran sulfate is supplied as the sodium salt and is stabilised by a small addition of phosphate salts. A certificate of analysis is supplied with each batch. The molecular weight range, sulfur content, moisture etc. are carefully controlled.

Structure

Dextran is a polysaccharide derived from the bacterium Leuconostoc mesenteroides B512F and consists of an α-D-(1 – 6) linear glucan with a low content (ca. 5%) of sidechains linked to the 3-carbon of glucose. Dextran sulfate is a sulfated derivative of selected dextran fraction. The sulfate content of our low sulfated dextran sulfates lies between 8 to 13 %.

Applications

Dextran sulfate have a wide range of applications areas and properties. Some examples are:

Anti-coagulation agent in cell media

Selective precipitation of lipoproteins

Acceleration of DNA hybridisation.

Releasing DNA from DNA-histones complexes

Inhibition tRNA-binding to ribosomes

Inhibition of ribonucleases

Anti-viral properties

Used in cosmetics for anti-inflammation properties and osmotic retention of water

Separation of microorganisms and macromolecules

Adjuvant in vaccines

Studies of perm selectivity of membranes

Spécifications

Synonymes

4-aminobenzoic acid-ethyl ester | Anaesthesinum | Benzoak | ETHYL4-AMINOBENZOATE | Norcaine | Norcainum | Aethoform | Anaesthin | Bensokain | HSDB 7225 | BENZOCAINE [USP MONOGRAPH] | CAS-94-09-7 | Benzoic acid, 4-amino-, ethyl ester | Chiggerex | Ethoform

Spécifications et pureté

10 kDa LS

Conditions de stockage de stockage

Store at 2-8°C,Argon charged,Desiccated

Expédié en

Wet ice

Ce produit nécessite l'expédition en chaîne froide. Les services terrestres et autres services économiques ne sont pas disponibles.

Propriétés du produit

ALogP

1.9

Noms et identifiants

IUPAC Name

ethyl 4-aminobenzoate

InChIKey

BLFLLBZGZJTVJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N

INCHI

1S/C9H11NO2/c1-2-12-9(11)7-3-5-8(10)6-4-7/h3-6H,2,10H2,1H3

Isomères SMILES

CCOC(=O)C1=CC=C(C=C1)N

WGK Allemagne

2

RTECS

HH9290000

PubChem CID

2337

Taxonomic Classification

Taxonomy Tree

• Kingdom Organic compounds
  • Superclass Benzenoids
    • Classe Benzene and substituted derivatives
      • Subclass Benzoic acids and derivatives

• Kingdom: Organic compounds
• Superclass: Benzenoids
• Classe: Benzene and substituted derivatives
• Subclass: Benzoic acids and derivatives
• Intermediate Tree Nodes: Not available
• Direct Parent: Benzoic acid esters
• Alternative Parents: Aminobenzoic acids and derivatives Benzoyl derivatives Aniline and substituted anilines Carboxylic acid esters Amino acids and derivatives Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives Primary amines Organopnictogen compounds Organooxygen compounds Organic oxides Hydrocarbon derivatives
• Molecular Framework: Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds
• Substituents: Aminobenzoic acid or derivatives - Benzoate ester - Benzoyl - Aniline or substituted anilines - Amino acid or derivatives - Carboxylic acid ester - Carboxylic acid derivative - Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives - Amine - Organonitrogen compound - Organooxygen compound - Primary amine - Hydrocarbon derivative - Organic oxide - Organopnictogen compound - Organic oxygen compound - Organic nitrogen compound - Aromatic homomonocyclic compound
• Description: This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzoic acid esters. These are ester derivatives of benzoic acid.
• External Descriptors: substituted aniline - benzoate ester

Data sources

1. Djoumbou Feunang Y, Eisner R, Knox C, Chepelev L, Hastings J, Owen G, Fahy E, Steinbeck C, Subramanian S, Bolton E, Greiner R, and Wishart DS. ClassyFire: Automated Chemical Classification With A Comprehensive, Computable Taxonomy. Journal of Cheminformatics, 2016, 8:61.

DOI: 10.1186/s13321-016-0174-y

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Mécanismes d'action

Propriétés chimiques et physiques

• Solubilité: readily soluble in water
• Sensibilité: Moisture sensitive
• Rotation spécifique [α]: 93° (C=6,H2O)
• Poids moléculaire: 165.190 g/mol
• XLogP3: 1.900
• Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
• Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
• Rotatable Bond Count: 3
• Exact Mass: 165.079 Da
• Monoisotopic Mass: 165.079 Da
• Topological Polar Surface Area: 52.300 Ų
• Heavy Atom Count: 12
• Formal Charge: 0
• Complexity: 151.000
• Isotope Atom Count: 0
• Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
• Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
• Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
• Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
• The total count of all stereochemical bonds: 0
• Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1

Application Protocols

No manufacturer-tested application protocols are provided for this item. The following general, literature-based procedures are offered as starting points; optimize for your system.

A. Preparing a sterile stock solution

• Weigh desired amount quickly to minimize moisture uptake.
• Add to ~80% of final volume of sterile water or buffer while stirring. Aim for 10–100 mg/mL depending on MW/viscosity.
• Stir until fully dissolved; avoid foaming. Gentle warming (≤40 °C) may help.
• Filter through 0.22 μm low-protein-binding membrane; adjust volume; aliquot.
• Store at 2–8 °C for short term or −20 °C for longer term; avoid repeated freeze–thaw.

B. Layer-by-layer (LbL) film assembly (polycation/polyanion)

• Substrate pretreatment: Clean and activate surface (e.g., oxygen plasma or piranha—observe safety protocols).
• Polycation solution: 0.5–2.0 mg/mL poly-L-lysine (or chitosan, pH ~6.5); Polyanion solution: 0.5–2.0 mg/mL dextran sulfate in 10–100 mM NaCl, pH 7.4.
• Dipping: Immerse substrate for 10 min in polycation; rinse; then 10 min in dextran sulfate; rinse. Repeat to desired bilayers.
• Characterize thickness/roughness by ellipsometry/AFM; adjust ionic strength to tune growth.

C. Periodate activation and amine conjugation (residual diols)

• Dissolve dextran sulfate at 5–20 mg/mL in water; add NaIO4 to 1–5 mM; incubate in dark, 0–25 °C, 30–60 min.
• Quench with ethylene glycol; dialyze extensively.
• Add amine-bearing ligand; adjust pH to 6.5–7.5; react 1–16 h; reduce imines with NaBH3CN; purify by dialysis/SEC.

These protocols are general guidance only and not validated for this SKU.

Biological Roles

Dextran itself is a microbial extracellular polysaccharide (from Leuconostoc/Weissella spp.) composed of α(1→6)‑linked D‑glucose with occasional branches. Sulfation of dextran is a chemical modification that imparts glycosaminoglycan-like negative charge density; dextran sulfates are therefore not native biopolymers but are widely used to interrogate biological interactions (literature):

• Heparin-mimetic behavior: Sulfate ester groups enable electrostatic binding to cationic domains of proteins (e.g., growth factors, chemokines), nucleic acid-binding proteins, and extracellular matrix components. Binding strength depends on degree of sulfation and MW.
• Macromolecular crowding and osmotic balance: As high-MW hydrophiles, dextran sulfates contribute to excluded volume effects, influencing reaction rates, phase behavior, and folding equilibria in vitro.
• Polyelectrolyte complexation: Forms complexes/coacervates with polycations (e.g., poly-L-lysine, chitosan under appropriate conditions), useful to model membraneless organelles and to study charge-driven compartmentalization.
• Enzyme and cell-interaction studies: Can modulate adsorption to surfaces and affect cell attachment in vitro by altering surface charge when used as a coating component or medium additive.
• Transport and diffusion: Their size and charge make them useful probes for size-exclusion behavior, filtration cutoffs, and charge-selective transport in membranes and hydrogels.

Note: Biological effects in experiments are sensitive to polydispersity, charge density, ionic strength, and pH. For reproducibility, report the average molecular weight and degree of sulfation of the material used. No medical or clinical uses are implied; for research use only as stated in the Product Data.

Buffer Applications

Dextran sulfates are commonly prepared and used in aqueous buffers where their anionic sulfate esters remain deprotonated. While they do not themselves form classical buffer systems, they are frequent additives that influence ionic strength, viscosity, and biomolecular interactions.

• Compatible buffer systems (literature):
  • Phosphate (PBS), pH 6.5–7.5
  • HEPES, pH 6.8–8.0
  • Tris, pH 7.0–8.5
  • Acetate, pH ≥4 (avoid strong acid to limit desulfation)
• Typical working concentrations (guidance):
  • Stock solutions: 10–100 mg/mL in water or buffer, filter-sterilized (0.22 μm) if required.
  • Assay use: 1–1000 μg/mL depending on MW and purpose (e.g., protein-binding studies or coacervation screens). Optimize empirically.
• Preparation tips:
  • Add powder gradually to vigorously stirred buffer to avoid lumping; allow full hydration before adjusting volume.
  • Adjust ionic strength (e.g., 50–300 mM NaCl) to tune non-specific electrostatic interactions with proteins and surfaces.
  • Maintain pH above ~3 to keep sulfate groups ionized and minimize hydrolysis.
• Filtration: High-MW, viscous solutions may require larger membrane areas or lower concentrations for sterile filtration. Warm to room temperature and use low-protein-binding membranes.
• Storage of solutions: Short-term at 2–8 °C; for longer storage, aliquot and freeze at −20 °C to limit bioburden (avoid repeated freeze–thaw; literature guidance). Verify stability for your MW/DS.

Note: Item-specific endotoxin/bioburden levels are not specified for this SKU; select appropriate grade for cell culture or sensitive assays.

Green Alternatives

Dextran sulfates are bio-based polymers derived from microbial polysaccharides and sulfation chemistry. While inherently renewable in origin (dextran backbone), their sulfation often uses strong reagents. Depending on your application, alternatives may reduce environmental or safety burdens.

Comparison (general, literature):

• Parameter | Dextran sulfate | Unsulfated dextran | Alginate | Poly(styrene sulfonate)
• Source | Bio-based (microbial dextran) + chemical sulfation | Bio-based | Bio-based (brown algae) | Petrochemical
• Charge | Strong polyanion (sulfate) | Neutral | Polyanion (carboxylate) | Strong polyanion (sulfonate)
• Solvent | Water | Water | Water | Water/mixtures
• Typical hazards | Low; acidic sulfate groups; dust | Low dust hazard | Low dust; Ca2+ crosslinks | Synthetic monomer residuals
• Notes | Heparin mimic; high charge density | Minimal electrostatics; good crowding | pH-sensitive (pKa ~3.4) | Robust, but petroleum-derived

Greener choices by use-case (literature):

• Electrostatic screening or viscosity modulation without sulfate chemistry: Consider dextran or hydroxyethyl cellulose.
• Polyanion for complex coacervation with polycations at neutral pH: Alginate or pectin may suffice; they avoid sulfation reagents but have lower charge density and different binding profiles.
• Affinity surrogate for glycosaminoglycan binding: Heparin or heparan sulfate (animal-derived) can be functionally closer but raise sourcing and ethical considerations.

Trade-offs: Replacing dextran sulfate may change binding specificity, ionic strength requirements, and rheology. Validate performance and lifecycle impacts experimentally.

Pharmaceutical Uses

No pharmacopeial status, grade, or excipient designation is specified for this item. The following notes describe general formulation-related roles of dextran sulfates in research and development; they are not clinical or therapeutic claims.

• Excipient research (literature):
  • Polyanionic stabilizer: Can modulate protein aggregation via electrostatic screening; effects are protein- and condition-dependent.
  • Viscosity modifier: Adjusts solution rheology for process studies (e.g., filling, spray-drying development).
  • Matrix component: Used in experimental hydrogels or coatings via polyelectrolyte complexation with cationic polymers.
• Drug delivery R&D (literature):
  • Model glycosaminoglycan mimetic to study binding-mediated retention or release.
  • Component in layer-by-layer films for surface charge engineering of particles and devices.
• Impurity and safety considerations:
  • Residual inorganic sulfate, sodium, moisture, and bioburden/endotoxin can impact suitability for biological formulations.
  • Chain length distribution influences filtration, syringeability, and depot behavior.
• Regulatory note: This SKU does not specify compliance with USP/EP/JP or GMP. For any work with regulatory impact, obtain documentation-backed grades and verify critical quality attributes (MW distribution, degree of sulfation, ash, endotoxin, bioburden, metals, solvents), which are Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Use within research/manufacturing development settings only. Confirm compatibility with actives and process equipment before scale-up.

Physical Properties

Item-specific values are not provided for this SKU. The following are general/literature characteristics of dextran sulfates; do not treat them as specifications.

• Appearance: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet. (Typically an off-white to light tan hygroscopic solid, literature.)
• Molecular weight distribution: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet. (Typical research grades span ~5–500 kDa, literature.)
• Solubility (literature): • Highly soluble in water; readily forms clear solutions across a wide concentration range depending on molecular weight.
  • Insoluble or sparingly soluble in most organic solvents (e.g., alcohols, acetone, ethers, chlorinated solvents).
  • Soluble in saline and many physiological buffers.
• Density/bulk density: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• pKa (literature): Sulfate half-ester pKa typically <2; groups are deprotonated and negatively charged at neutral pH.
• Viscosity (literature): Strongly concentration- and MW-dependent; solutions can be Newtonian at low c and low MW, transitioning to non-Newtonian at higher c/MW.
• Optical rotation: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet. (Dextran backbone is dextrorotatory, literature.)
• Hygroscopicity: Often hygroscopic due to ionic sulfate groups (literature). Store desiccated as directed under Product Data.
• Thermal behavior (literature): Non-melting polymeric solid; decomposes upon heating (sulfate ester cleavage and caramelization). No true boiling point.

Always consult the item’s CoA/Spec Sheet for definitive properties relevant to your batch.

Quality and Grades

• Grade/Purity: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Guidance on typical quality dimensions for dextran sulfates (general, literature):

• Molecular weight (MW) specification: Reported as an average (e.g., Mn, Mw, or nominal range). Application performance—viscosity, diffusion, and biological interactions—depends strongly on MW. Verify the MW metric used.
• Degree of sulfation (DS): Average number of sulfate groups per glucose unit (often 1.5–2.5 in research materials). DS modulates charge density, protein binding, and ionic strength requirements.
• Counterion content: Frequently supplied as sodium salts; residual sodium and inorganic sulfate (free SO4 2−) are controlled in higher grades.
• Residuals/impurities: Unmodified dextran, low-MW fragments, ash, and moisture may be limited in analytical or cell-culture grades. Endotoxin and bioburden are critical for sensitive bioassays.
• Optical clarity/UV background: Relevant for spectroscopic assays; higher grades may specify low absorbance in the near-UV.
• Stabilizers: Generally not required; none are specified for this item.

How to select a grade (practical):

• Analytical/biochemical assays: Choose defined MW and DS, with low endotoxin/bioburden if cells are involved.
• Preparative use (e.g., precipitation of nucleic acids, heparin-mimetic studies): Broader specs may suffice.
• Regulatory/formulation work: Seek pharmacopeial or GMP documentation—this item does not specify such status. Always confirm with the CoA/Spec Sheet for this SKU.

Reaction and Applications

This product is primarily a biochemical reagent rather than a small-molecule building block. Typical research applications (literature) exploit its strong polyanionic character and glycan backbone:

• Biomolecular interaction studies:
  • Heparin-mimetic polyanion used to probe binding of cationic proteins, growth factors, and peptides.
  • Competitive inhibition/affinity experiments to assess electrostatic contributions to protein–ligand interactions.
• Nucleic acid precipitation/complexation: Polyanionic environment can modulate phase behavior with cationic polymers and salts; dextran sulfate is used in hybridization accelerants and certain precipitation protocols.
• Cell biology workflows:
  • Macromolecular crowding agent and charge modulator in select in vitro assays (viscosity/ionic strength tuning).
  • Coacervate/phase separation studies with polycations (e.g., poly-L-lysine) to model membraneless compartments.
• Materials science:
  • Template for nanostructure formation; component in polyelectrolyte multilayers via layer-by-layer assembly.
  • Precursor for further chemical modification on residual hydroxyls to create functional polyelectrolytes.

Practical notes (literature):

• Degree of sulfation and MW control binding strength and solution rheology; titrate these parameters for reproducibility.
• Ionic strength buffers (e.g., 50–300 mM NaCl) often used to tune non-specific electrostatics.
• Avoid strong acids/bases and oxidants during reactions to preserve sulfation and chain integrity.

This item’s Manufacturer Applications are not specified; the above expands on common research uses of dextran sulfates.

Reaction Conditions

Because dextran sulfates are macromolecular polyelectrolytes, “reaction conditions” typically refer to aqueous-phase modifications or assembly processes rather than classical small-molecule synthesis. The following are general, literature-derived guidelines; adjust to your specific MW and degree of sulfation. These are not specifications.

• Dissolution and handling:
  • Solvent: DI water or desired buffer (pH 6–8).
  • Temperature: Ambient; gentle warming up to ~40 °C may speed dissolution. Avoid prolonged heating.
  • Concentration: 1–100 mg/mL typical for processing; viscosity rises rapidly with MW and c.
• Polyelectrolyte complexation (layer-by-layer films):
  • Partner: Poly-L-lysine, poly(allylamine), chitosan (protonated).
  • Conditions: pH 6–7.5; ionic strength 10–150 mM NaCl to tune film thickness and roughness.
  • Contact times: 5–15 min per layer; rinse between steps.
• Oxidative activation of residual diols (partial periodate oxidation):
  • Reagents: NaIO4 (0.5–10 mM) in water, dark, 0–25 °C, 15–120 min depending on target substitution.
  • Quench excess periodate (e.g., with ethylene glycol), dialyze, then conjugate amines via Schiff base formation and reduce (NaBH3CN or NaBH4, appropriate safety measures).
• Stability boundaries (literature):
  • Acidic pH <3 or basic pH >10 can cause desulfation or glycosidic hydrolysis; limit exposure time.
  • Strong oxidants (beyond controlled periodate) and high temperatures accelerate degradation.
• Expected outcomes: Yields in polymer modification are reported as degrees of substitution or functional density, rather than molar yields; confirm by elemental analysis, NMR (where feasible), or colorimetric assays (e.g., TNBS for amines after derivatization).

Always confirm integrity by SEC/MALS or intrinsic viscosity before and after processing.

Safety and Handling

Safety details specific to this item are not provided in the Product Data and may vary by molecular weight and counterion. The following is general guidance; consult the SDS for authoritative information.

• GHS classification, signal word, pictograms, H-statements: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
• Expected hazards (general, literature): Low volatility solid; may cause eye/skin irritation and respiratory irritation as dust/aerosol. Hygroscopic polyanion; may affect osmolarity if large exposures to solutions occur.
• Special risks:
  • Dust formation: Avoid inhalation of fine powders; handle in a fume hood or with local exhaust during weighing.
  • Endotoxin/bioburden concerns: For cell-based work, consider sterile filtration and low-endotoxin grades if required by your application.
  • Incompatibilities: Strong oxidizers can degrade polysaccharides; strong acids/bases and elevated temperature can hydrolyze glycosidic bonds or desulfate (literature).
• Recommended PPE: Safety glasses, lab coat, and appropriate gloves (e.g., nitrile). Use respiratory protection if dust cannot be controlled.
• First aid (general):
  • Inhalation: Move to fresh air; seek medical advice if symptoms persist.
  • Skin/eye contact: Rinse with water for several minutes; remove contaminated clothing; obtain medical attention if irritation continues.
  • Ingestion: Rinse mouth; do not induce vomiting; seek medical attention as needed.
• Handling tips: Minimize moisture uptake by working quickly and resealing container under dry inert gas as directed. Prepare solutions with deionized water; filter sterilize if sterility is required.

Always defer to the SDS and your institutional EHS guidance.

Solvent Selection

Dextran sulfates are highly polar, ionic polysaccharides. Solvent choice revolves around achieving full dissolution, controlling ionic strength, and preserving polymer integrity.

• Primary solvents (literature):
  • Water (Milli-Q/DI): Excellent solubility across a broad concentration range.
  • Aqueous buffers (e.g., phosphate, Tris, HEPES): Compatible; maintain pH >3 to keep sulfate groups ionized and avoid acid hydrolysis.
  • Saline (e.g., 0.15 M NaCl): Improves solution behavior for some protein-binding assays by screening charge.
• Poor/unsuitable solvents: Alcohols (MeOH, EtOH, IPA), acetone, ethers, chlorinated solvents—lead to precipitation or swelling without dissolution (literature).
• Polarity/miscibility (literature): Strongly hydrophilic; essentially immiscible with non-aqueous organic solvents. Can salt-out in high-organic mixtures.
• Practical dissolution tips:
  • Slowly sprinkle powder into vigorously stirred water to avoid clumping.
  • Warm gently (room temperature to ~40 °C) if needed; avoid prolonged heating.
  • Degas if foaming interferes with downstream work; filter sterilize (0.22 μm) for cell applications, mindful of viscosity.

Comparison (literature):

• Dextran (unsulfated): Less ionic, different protein interactions; higher solubility in certain mixed aqueous organics.
• Heparin/Heparan sulfate: Higher charge density, specific protein affinities; may require higher ionic strength to modulate binding.
• Poly(styrene sulfonate): Synthetic polyanion with organic backbone; different hydrophobic interactions and salting behavior.

Select aqueous media and pH that suit your biomolecular system; avoid dehydrating solvents that collapse the polyanionic coil.

Storage and Reconstitution

Storage conditions for this item (from Product Data):

• Store at 2–8 °C.
• Argon charged.
• Desiccated.
• Shipped on wet ice.

Practical guidance:

• After receipt: Allow container to equilibrate to room temperature before opening to prevent condensation. Open under dry atmosphere if possible; promptly reseal and re-establish inert gas headspace.
• Moisture control: Dextran sulfates are hygroscopic; maintain desiccant in secondary containment. Minimize time with cap open during weighing.
• Light/temperature: Ambient handling is acceptable; avoid prolonged exposure to elevated temperature. Refrigerated storage limits bioburden and preserves polymer integrity.

Reconstitution (general, literature):

• Solvent: Sterile water or appropriate buffer (e.g., PBS, HEPES).
• Concentration: Prepare 10–100 mg/mL stock solutions as needed, accounting for viscosity and your MW grade (Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet).
• Method: Add powder gradually to stirred solvent; allow complete dissolution before sterile filtration (0.22 μm) if required. Gentle warming (≤40 °C) can aid dissolution.
• Aliquoting: Dispense into single-use volumes to avoid repeated freeze–thaw of solutions. For extended storage, freeze at −20 °C; thaw at 2–8 °C and mix gently to homogenize.

Stability notes:

• Avoid strong acids/bases and oxidants during storage.
• Inspect solutions periodically for turbidity, color changes, or microbial growth; discard if compromised.

For precise shelf-life, moisture, and endotoxin specifications: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Structure and Identity

Dextran sulfates are polyanionic, sulfated polysaccharides derived from dextran (an α(1→6)-linked D-glucan with possible α(1→3) branches) in which some or many hydroxyl groups are converted to sulfate half‑esters.

• SKU: D397448
• Product name: dextran sulfates
• CAS: 9011-18-1 (polymeric substance)
• PubChem CID: 2337 (dextran sulfate, literature)
• InChIKey: 27766 (as provided)
• Molecular formula: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Molecular weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
  • Note: Dextran sulfates are polydisperse; typical average molecular masses encountered in research range from ~5 kDa to >500 kDa (literature).
• SMILES: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Structural features (general, literature):

• Backbone: Linear α-D-glucopyranose residues connected predominantly by α(1→6) glycosidic bonds; occasional α(1→3) branching possible depending on source dextran.
• Substitution: Sulfate ester groups (–OSO3−) at C2, C3, and/or C4 positions of glucose units; degree of substitution (DS) varies with preparation.
• Counterions: Commonly supplied as sodium salts in research use; exact counterion for this item is not specified.
• 2D description: Repeating six-membered pyranose rings with equatorial/axial hydroxyls; a fraction converted to –O–SO3− substituents conferring high charge density along the polymer chain.

Identity notes:

• As a polymeric, variably sulfated material, exact stereochemistry is defined at the glucose monomers (D-series), while substitution pattern and chain length are distributions rather than single structures (literature).

Synthetic Utility

Dextran sulfates are not typically used as small-molecule building blocks, but they possess functional attributes valuable in synthetic and materials chemistry (literature):

• Functional groups:
  • Sulfate half-esters (–OSO3−): Strongly acidic/ionic, generally stable under neutral conditions; labile to strong acids/bases and high temperatures.
  • Residual hydroxyl groups: Depending on degree of substitution, remaining –OH groups on the dextran backbone can be derivatized.
• Typical transformations:
  • Carbodiimide-mediated coupling is not directly applicable to sulfate esters; instead, activate residual hydroxyls (e.g., via tosylation, CDI, or epoxide formation) for subsequent nucleophilic substitution to introduce functionalities.
  • Periodate oxidation of vicinal diols (on unsulfated segments) creates aldehydes for Schiff-base formation and reductive amination, enabling conjugation of amines.
  • Click-style approaches: Propargylation/azidation of residual hydroxyls followed by CuAAC to append labels or crosslinkers.
• Materials integration:
  • Layer-by-layer assembly with polycations (e.g., poly(allylamine), chitosan) to engineer thin films and coatings.
  • Crosslinking (e.g., with multivalent cations or di-functional reagents) to form hydrogels; sulfate groups modulate swelling and ion exchange.
• Catalysis/templating: As a polyanion, dextran sulfate can template nanoparticle nucleation or influence micellar/capsule formation in aqueous media.

Caveats: Harsh conditions can desulfate or depolymerize the chain; maintain near-neutral pH and moderate temperatures during modifications. Item-specific DS and MW—Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet—will determine feasible derivatization density and processing.

Target Specificity

This SKU is a chemical reagent (dextran sulfates), not a biological affinity reagent such as an antibody or ligand with defined target specificity. Therefore:

• Antigen/epitope, clone, isotype, and species reactivity: Not applicable.

General note (literature): Dextran sulfates can bind various cationic proteins via electrostatics; however, such interactions are non-specific and depend on degree of sulfation, molecular weight, and buffer conditions. Any observed “specificity” must be empirically determined for a given system and should not be assumed to be selective.