Grapefruit Extracellular Vesicles from Fructification - BioReagent, sterile, EVs ＞1.0E+11 Particles/mL

Cat. No.: G1372952

QUALITÉ & PURETÉ BioReagent, Sterile, EVs ＞1.0E+11 Particles/mL

Synonyms

Grapefruit outer vesicles | Extracellular vesicles | EVs | Exosomes | Plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles | PELNs

Storage

Store at 2-8°C

Shipped In

Wet ice

Vue d’ensemble

  Grapefruit is rich in powerful antioxidant components such as vitamin C, flavonoids, and lycopene. The outer vesicles of grapefruit are lipid membrane nanovesicles extracted from its flesh, which contain proteins, RNA, Lipids and metabolites, have shown great potential in antioxidant, repair, promoting collagen synthesis, and inhibiting melanin deposition.
  This product is suitable for in vitro and in vivo studies, Loading of molecules, Drug delivery system. For research use only. It is not intended for any animal or human therapeutic use, any human or animal consumption, or any diagnostic use.

Spécifications

Synonymes

Grapefruit outer vesicles | Extracellular vesicles | EVs | Exosomes | Plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles | PELNs

Spécifications et pureté

BioReagent, sterile, EVs ＞1.0E+11 Particles/mL

Stabilité et stockage

Store at 4-25℃ (3 years).

Conditions de stockage de stockage

Store at 2-8°C

Expédié en

Wet ice

Ce produit nécessite l'expédition en chaîne froide. Les services terrestres et autres services économiques ne sont pas disponibles.

Grade

BioReagent, Les stériles

Product Line

Produits biologiques

Application Protocols

No manufacturer-verified application protocols, assay validations, or recommended dilutions are provided for this SKU.

General experimental outlines (literature/generic; adapt to your SOPs):

• Fluorescent uptake assay:
  • Label vesicles with a membrane dye at low µM in isotonic buffer; incubate 15–30 min at room temperature; purify by SEC to remove free dye. Treat cells at defined particles/cell (e.g., 1×10^3–1×10^5) for 1–24 h. Analyze by flow cytometry or microscopy with appropriate controls.
• RNA extraction from EVs:
  • Lyse with a detergent-free lysis kit formulated for EVs or validated TRIzol-equivalent workflow; add spike-in controls. Quantify by Bioanalyzer/fragment analyzer and RT-qPCR.
• NTA characterization:
  • Dilute in particle-free buffer to reach 10^7–10^9 particles/mL in the instrument’s linear range. Record multiple videos, analyze for modal size and concentration; report mean ± SD over replicates.

Any item-specific, tested applications (e.g., recommended labeling kits, cell lines, or conditions): Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Biological Roles

Background (literature/general):

• In plants, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are implicated in intercellular communication during development and stress responses. During fructification, vesicle-mediated transport can contribute to remodeling of cell walls, defense compound trafficking, and modulation of signaling molecules within fruit tissues.
• Cargo: Plant EVs carry proteins (including membrane/transport proteins), lipids, metabolites, and nucleic acids (e.g., miRNAs/siRNAs) thought to modulate gene expression and defense pathways in recipient cells.
• Interkingdom interactions: Multiple studies report uptake of plant-derived vesicles by mammalian and microbial cells in vitro, enabling exploratory research on cross-kingdom communication, nutrient transport, and delivery of bioactive cargo under laboratory conditions (no clinical claims).

Research implications:

• Model system for natural nanoparticle biology: Grapefruit EVs provide a tractable system for testing hypotheses about vesicle biogenesis, targeting, and cargo protection from extracellular nucleases/proteases.
• Membrane biophysics: Useful for studying lipid-domain behavior, fusion/fission dynamics, and the effects of ionic strength and pH on bilayer stability.
• RNA stability/transfer: EVs can shield RNA from degradation; experiments can probe release kinetics and intracellular trafficking using imaging and fractionation.

Item-specific biomarker expression (e.g., tetraspanins, plant EV markers), RNA/protein profiles, and fruit developmental stage specifications: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Buffer Applications

This product is not a buffering agent; however, buffer choice is critical for maintaining EV integrity and function in research assays.

• Recommended working buffers (general/literature):
  • PBS or HEPES-buffered saline at pH 7.2–7.4; physiological osmolality (~300 mOsm) helps preserve particle stability and prevents osmotic lysis.
  • For downstream enzymatic assays, nuclease/protease inhibitors may be added to protect cargo (validate compatibility with your readouts).
• Avoid:
  • Detergents and chaotropes unless intentionally lysing vesicles.
  • Low-ionic strength water, which can favor aggregation; and extreme pH (<6 or >8) that may destabilize membranes.
• Filtration: Do not 0.22 µm-filter EV stocks intended for nanoparticle work, as this can remove or bias particle populations; if needed, pre-clear solutions before adding EVs.
• Example preparation (literature guidance; adjust to your SOP):
  • 1× PBS, pH 7.4, sterile-filtered; supplement 10–25 mM HEPES for improved buffering during live-cell imaging at ambient CO2.
  • For storage aliquots, some labs include 25–100 mM trehalose as a stabilizer; this is not part of the product specification and should be validated in-house.

Item-specific buffer composition of the supplied suspension is Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Green Alternatives

Plant-derived EVs are, themselves, often considered a more sustainable alternative to vesicles isolated from animal or human cell culture due to renewable sourcing and absence of animal-derived components. Selection should still weigh experimental needs and quality attributes.

Comparison (general/literature):

• Source sustainability:
  • Grapefruit EVs: Derived from agricultural produce; potentially scalable with lower resource intensity than mammalian cell culture.
  • Mammalian exosomes: Require serum-free culture and extensive processing; higher energy/resource footprint.
• Safety and ethical aspects:
  • Grapefruit EVs: No human/animal tissue; reduced biosafety concerns and no animal-welfare issues.
  • Mammalian exosomes: Additional biosafety considerations; ethical sourcing documentation needed.
• Compositional control:
  • Grapefruit EVs: Natural variability due to cultivar, season, and processing.
  • Synthetic liposomes/vesicles: Maximal control over lipid composition and surface chemistry; fully defined.
• Performance trade-offs:
  • Plant EV membranes may differ in lipid/protein composition, influencing uptake and stability in non-plant systems; empirical validation is needed.

Environmental handling:

• Aqueous suspensions reduce use of organic solvents in some workflows; however, downstream labeling or extraction steps may still require solvents—plan to minimize and recover solvents where possible.

Item-specific environmental certifications or green attributes: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Pharmaceutical Uses

No clinical or therapeutic claims are made. For research use only.

Formulation- and process-research context (general/literature):

• Prototype delivery vehicle: Plant-derived EVs are explored in vitro and in preclinical research as natural-lipid vesicles for loading small molecules, nucleic acids, or imaging agents to study delivery principles. They can complement synthetic liposomes in formulation screening.
• Excipients and adjuvants (research): EV suspensions can serve as complex matrices to evaluate interactions between vesicle membranes and candidate excipients (e.g., sugars, amino acids, buffers) during stress testing.
• Analytical method development: Useful as a biological nanoparticle standard for developing NTA/DLS sizing methods, EM workflows, LC–MS lipidomics, and RNA extraction/quantitation pipelines.

Manufacturing/compendial status:

• No pharmacopeial monograph is implied for plant EVs. GMP status, viral safety, and release testing suitable for clinical products are not claimed for this SKU.

Any item-specific data such as residual solvent limits, bioburden/endotoxin specs, or release assays: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Researchers are responsible for risk assessment and suitability determination for their specific non-clinical applications.

Physical Properties

As a biological nanoparticle suspension, conventional single-compound properties do not apply. Where available, use the CoA for item-specific metrics.

• Appearance: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Physical form: Aqueous suspension (typical for EV preparations; item-specific buffer Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.)
• Particle size (literature): Modal diameters commonly 30–200 nm (plant EVs), measured by NTA/DLS/EM; polydisperse distributions are typical.
• Zeta potential (literature): Often moderately negative in physiological buffers (e.g., −5 to −30 mV), influenced by lipid/glycan composition and ionic strength.
• Density (literature): Flotation within sucrose/iodixanol gradients around 1.10–1.20 g/mL has been reported for plant EVs; exact banding depends on method.
• Viscosity: Governed by the dispersing medium; EVs contribute minimally at typical concentrations.
• Solubility: Disperse in aqueous buffers; not soluble in organic solvents. Membrane integrity can be compromised by detergents, alcohols, or strong solvents.
• Stability (general): Sensitive to freeze–thaw; aggregation and cargo degradation can occur with repeated cycles. Temperature, ionic strength, and surfactants strongly affect colloidal stability.
• pH tolerance (literature): Best maintained near neutral (pH ~6.8–7.8) to preserve membrane/cargo; acidic or basic conditions can promote fusion/lysis.
• Optical properties: Light scattering correlates with particle size/concentration; fluorescent labeling requires membrane dyes or cargo tagging.

Item-specific quantitative values (concentration, buffer composition, particle count, size/PDI, protein/RNA content) are Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Quality and Grades

• Supplied grade: BioReagent, Sterile (item-specific from Product Data).
  • BioReagent: Indicates suitability for common life-science workflows (e.g., cell culture-compatible research). It does not imply clinical or GMP status.
  • Sterile: Manufactured and/or filtered to be free of viable microorganisms at release. This supports cell-based assays and sensitive molecular biology work. Sterility maintenance after opening depends on user asepsis.

What is NOT specified for this item (refer to CoA/Spec Sheet):

• Endotoxin level, bioburden testing method, mycoplasma status, adventitious agent testing, particle count/concentration, size distribution/PDI, protein or RNA content, specific isolation method (e.g., differential ultracentrifugation, density gradient, SEC), and buffer composition.

Practical implications:

• Sterility allows direct addition to in vitro systems under aseptic technique; nonetheless, pre-filtering is not recommended as it may remove vesicles.
• Absence of an added stabilizer statement means users should assume standard EV fragility; avoid surfactants/detergents unless intentionally lysing.
• Batch-to-batch variability is inherent for biologically sourced EVs. For quantitative studies, record lot number and verify key attributes in-house (NTA size/particle count, protein assay, RNA yield) as required by your SOPs.

Documentation:

• For regulated or publication-quality work, request/consult the lot-specific CoA and any available characterization data (EM images, marker analysis) to define acceptance criteria.

Reaction and Applications

Classical organic reaction chemistry does not apply; instead, consider experimental applications in cell/molecular biology and nanobiotechnology.

Typical research applications (literature/generic):

• Uptake studies: Compare internalization of plant EVs by mammalian or microbial cells; quantify via fluorescent membrane dyes (e.g., DiO/PKH; validate dye-only controls) or labeled cargo.
• Cargo profiling: Proteomics, lipidomics, metabolomics, and small RNA sequencing to characterize endogenous contents.
• Cargo loading (research use): Passive incubation (hydrophobic drug intercalation), pH-gradient loading (when applicable), electroporation, sonication, or saponin-assisted methods; benchmark loading efficiency and integrity by NTA/EM and functional assays.
• Stability/interaction assays: Assess effects of pH, salts, enzymes (RNase/protease), or serum proteins on vesicle integrity and cargo protection.
• Comparative delivery: Benchmark grapefruit EVs versus synthetic liposomes or mammalian exosomes in vitro for reporter transfer, while avoiding clinical claims.

Practical tips:

• Work cold (2–8°C) for handling to reduce aggregation and enzymatic degradation; equilibrate to assay temperature just prior to use.
• Minimize vortexing; mix gently by inversion or slow pipetting with wide-bore tips.
• Include appropriate controls: dye micelles alone, lysed EVs, EV-depleted media, and dose–response particle counts (particles/mL via NTA).

Any manufacturer-provided application data specific to this SKU: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Reaction Conditions

Conventional reaction parameters (solvent, catalyst, yield) are not applicable. Below are general laboratory conditions relevant to handling and experimental use of EVs (literature/generic guidance):

• Temperature: Maintain 2–8°C during handling to reduce enzymatic degradation and aggregation. Conduct cell-based assays at physiological temperatures (e.g., 37°C for mammalian cells) after equilibrating.
• pH/Ionic strength: Aim for pH 7.2–7.4 and isotonicity (~300 mOsm) to preserve vesicle integrity. Deviations can be used intentionally for fusion or loading, with careful validation.
• Loading methods (examples):
  • Electroporation: Optimize voltage/pulse width to balance loading efficiency and integrity; remove free cargo post-loading (size-exclusion chromatography or ultrafiltration).
  • Passive incubation: Hydrophobic cargo can partition into membranes over 15–120 min at room temperature or 37°C; quantify by extraction and LC–MS.
  • Sonication or freeze–thaw cycles: Can enhance loading but may increase aggregation/lysis; characterize by NTA and EM post-process.
• Labeling: Membrane dyes (e.g., DiI/DiO/PKH) at low micromolar concentrations with subsequent purification to remove dye aggregates; include dye-only controls to avoid false positives.
• Quantitation: Report dose as particles/mL or particles/cell (NTA-based), and optionally as total protein (BCA) or RNA mass. Establish linear ranges for biological readouts.

Any item-specific recommended use conditions are Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Safety and Handling

• GHS classification, signal word, pictograms, and H-statements: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
• Nature of material: Plant-derived extracellular vesicle suspension. Non-volatile, aqueous dispersion. No added preservatives or stabilizers are stated; item-specific additives Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• General laboratory safety: Handle under BSL-1 conditions using aseptic technique to prevent microbial contamination.
  • PPE: Lab coat, disposable nitrile gloves, and safety glasses.
  • Avoid aerosol generation and splashes; work in a clean biosafety cabinet when sterility is critical.
• Incompatibilities/instability:
  • Detergents (e.g., SDS, Triton X-100), organic solvents, and extreme pH/ionic strength can disrupt vesicle membranes.
  • Avoid chelating agents or divalent cation extremes unless required by protocol; membrane protein interactions can be affected.
  • Repeated freeze–thaw may cause aggregation, lysis, and cargo loss.
• First aid (overview; see SDS for authoritative guidance):
  • Inhalation: Not expected route; if aerosol exposure occurs, move to fresh air.
  • Skin/eye: Rinse with water for several minutes; remove contaminated clothing.
  • Ingestion: Rinse mouth; seek medical attention if unwell.
• Waste disposal: Treat as non-hazardous biological laboratory waste unless your risk assessment indicates otherwise; autoclave or use appropriate disinfectants prior to disposal in accordance with institutional and local regulations.
• Allergen note (general): Derived from citrus; personnel with known citrus sensitivities should minimize exposure and avoid aerosols.

Always consult the product’s SDS and your institutional biosafety policies.

Solvent Selection

This product is not a solvent. Selection considerations focus on dispersion buffers and media that preserve EV integrity and function in research assays.

• Compatible media (general/literature):
  • Isotonic, near-neutral buffers such as PBS (pH 7.2–7.4) or HEPES-buffered saline help maintain colloidal stability.
  • For cell culture, serum-free or EV-depleted serum media minimize background vesicles; supplement osmolality and nutrients as needed.
• Avoid:
  • Detergents/surfactants (unless lysing for analytics), alcohols, chloroform, and strong chaotropes, which disrupt membranes.
  • Extreme ionic strength or pH that can induce aggregation or lysis.
• Additives (use-dependent):
  • Mg2+/Ca2+ can influence vesicle-cell interactions and aggregation; use only if protocol requires and validate effects.
  • Cryo-/lyoprotectants (e.g., trehalose, sucrose) are sometimes used in research to reduce freeze–thaw damage (literature), but are not part of this item’s specification.

When to choose this product vs alternatives:

• Choose grapefruit EVs for studies of plant-derived nanovesicle biology, interkingdom uptake, and natural-lipid vesicle delivery comparisons.
• Consider synthetic liposomes/exosomes from other sources if strict composition control or specific membrane markers are required.

Item-specific buffer composition and osmolality: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Storage and Reconstitution

• Storage conditions (from Product Data): Store at 2–8°C. Ship on wet ice.
• Form at receipt: Presumed aqueous suspension; exact buffer and concentration are Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Handling guidelines (general):

• Upon receipt, inspect for container integrity and turbidity changes. Mix gently by slow inversion; avoid vortexing and foaming.
• Aliquot under aseptic conditions to minimize contamination and freeze–thaw (if freezing is contemplated). Note: Freezing is not generally recommended for EV suspensions without cryoprotectants due to aggregation/lysis.
• If freezing is necessary for long-term storage (research choice), consider adding validated cryoprotectants (e.g., trehalose) and store at −80°C; re-validate size distribution and functionality after thaw. This is not part of the product specification.
• Avoid repeated freeze–thaw cycles. Keep on ice during experimental setup and return promptly to 2–8°C.

Reconstitution: Not applicable unless the product is supplied lyophilized (not indicated). If lyophilized material is provided in certain lots, follow lot-specific instructions on the CoA/Spec Sheet.

Stability/shelf life: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Always maintain sterility: Use sterile, low-binding plastics; pre-clear buffers of particulate contaminants (ultracentrifugation or 0.1 µm filtration) before mixing with EVs to reduce background particle counts.

Structure and Identity

Grapefruit extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale, lipid-bilayer particles naturally secreted during fruit development (fructification). They are heterogeneous biomolecular assemblies rather than a single defined chemical entity.

• Identity: Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (grapefruit; Citrus × paradisi) isolated from fruit tissue/juice during fructification (general description; item-specific isolation method Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.)
• Composition (general/literature):
  • Lipid bilayer enriched in phospholipids, glycolipids, and sterols typical of plant membranes; often high in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine.
  • Protein cargo (plant membrane/vesicle-associated proteins), small RNAs (miRNA/siRNA), metabolites, and polysaccharide remnants.
• Particle nature (literature): Spherical to cup-shaped in EM due to dehydration artifacts; lumen enclosed by a single lipid bilayer.
• Molecular formula: Not applicable (heterogeneous mixture). Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Molecular weight: Not applicable for a population of particles. Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• SMILES / InChIKey: Not applicable; EVs are not a single molecule.
• Structural features (descriptive):
  • Outer leaflet primarily phospholipids/glycolipids with embedded proteins; hydrophilic exterior, hydrophobic core of fatty acyl chains.
  • Encapsulated aqueous lumen that can carry hydrophilic cargo; membrane can intercalate lipophilic dyes or drugs (research use).
• Morphology/size (literature): Typically polydisperse nanoparticles; nominal size ranges reported for plant EVs are ~30–200 nm, sometimes extending to 300 nm depending on isolation.

Note: Definitive, item-specific identity attributes (size distribution, polydispersity, protein markers, isolation workflow) are Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Synthetic Utility

Classical small-molecule synthesis utility does not apply. Instead, consider the utility of grapefruit EVs as biological nanocarriers and complex lipid assemblies in experimental design.

• Membrane platform: Natural bilayers permit studies of membrane-associated processes, protein–lipid interactions, and fusion/fission mechanics under controlled conditions.
• Cargo encapsulation: Evaluate techniques for loading hydrophilic cargo into the lumen (electroporation, transient permeabilization) and hydrophobic cargo into the membrane (passive intercalation), benchmarking against synthetic liposomes.
• Surface modification: Non-covalent adsorption or covalent conjugation (e.g., click chemistry after introducing reactive lipids) can be explored to modulate colloidal behavior or targeting in vitro. Validate effects on integrity and size distribution.
• Analytical workflows: Serve as complex matrices for method development (lipidomics, proteomics, RNA-Seq), including extraction protocols that discriminate vesicle-associated cargo from co-isolated contaminants.

Limitations and controls:

• Heterogeneity and natural variability require rigorous controls and characterization (NTA, EM, protein/RNA assays) for quantitative studies.
• Detergent sensitivity precludes some surface chemistry until conditions are optimized to avoid lysis.

Item-specific functionalization or modification guidance is Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Target Specificity

This section typically applies to antibodies or affinity reagents. It is not applicable to grapefruit extracellular vesicles, which do not possess a defined antigen-binding specificity.

• Item-specific targeting ligands, receptor affinities, or engineered surface markers: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

For studies of cellular uptake, determine apparent specificity empirically using competitive binding, temperature dependence, and receptor-blocking assays as part of your experimental design.

Foire aux questions

How is this product shipped?

This product ships chilled on wet ice. Unpack on arrival and transfer it to the storage condition stated above.