This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as diphenylmethanes. These are compounds containing a diphenylmethane moiety, which consists of a methane wherein two hydrogen atoms are replaced by two phenyl groups.
1. Djoumbou Feunang Y, Eisner R, Knox C, Chepelev L, Hastings J, Owen G, Fahy E, Steinbeck C, Subramanian S, Bolton E, Greiner R, and Wishart DS. ClassyFire: Automated Chemical Classification With A Comprehensive, Computable Taxonomy. Journal of Cheminformatics, 2016, 8:61.
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Application Protocols
No immunoassay or bioassay application protocols apply to this product. As an analytical standard, protocols are method‑specific and typically defined by regulatory or laboratory SOPs.
General guidance for preparing calibration solutions (literature/best practice)
Equilibrate the container to room temperature in the dark. Accurately weigh a portion of the neat solid into an amber vial (or use gravimetric addition if supplied as solution; not specified for this item).
Dissolve in an appropriate solvent (e.g., pesticide‑grade hexane for GC, acetonitrile for LC). Sonicate if necessary to fully dissolve.
Prepare a serial dilution to cover the calibration range (e.g., 0.5–1000 ng/mL) using class A glassware. Include solvent blanks and matrix‑matched standards if required.
Store aliquots at 2–8 °C protected from light. Verify concentration periodically by response factor checks vs. internal standard/surrogate.
Matrix spike/recovery checks
Spike known quantities into representative matrices (water, soil, food homogenates) prior to extraction. Assess percent recovery and RSD according to your method.
Item-specific tested applications/dilutions: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet and method SOPs.
Biological Roles
The following describes biological and environmental behavior of methoxychlor as reported in the literature; it does not imply any biological testing for this product lot.
Mode of action and interactions (literature)
Methoxychlor is an organochlorine pesticide historically used as an insecticide. It exhibits endocrine‑active properties in multiple test systems. Its benzylic and anisole functionalities lend to metabolic O‑demethylation and formation of phenolic metabolites.
A principal metabolite, HPTE [2,2‑bis(p‑hydroxyphenyl)‑1,1,1‑trichloroethane], arises via O‑demethylation; phenolic species may have altered receptor binding relative to the parent compound.
Absorption, distribution, fate (literature)
Highly hydrophobic (log Kow ~5+), favoring partitioning into lipids and organic phases; low water solubility leads to persistence in sediments/soils.
Biotransformation: oxidative O‑demethylation (CYP‑mediated), dechlorination/dehydrochlorination under some conditions, and conjugation (e.g., glucuronidation/sulfation) of phenolic metabolites.
Ecotoxicology overview (literature)
Very toxic to aquatic organisms with potential for long‑term adverse effects due to persistence and bioaccumulation.
Relevance for lab work
Biological roles inform selection of extraction matrices, cleanup strategies (removal of lipids), and selection of surrogate/internal standards for quantitative analysis.
Item-specific biological/biochemical testing data: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet. This product is for research use only.
Buffer Applications
Methoxychlor is a hydrophobic, neutral organic solid and is not used as a buffering agent or pH control reagent.
Not typically applicable: It lacks acid/base functionality in the operational pH range of aqueous buffers and is essentially insoluble in water.
Practical note: When spiking into aqueous systems for method development, prepare concentrated stocks in a water‑miscible organic co‑solvent (e.g., acetonitrile or methanol), then dilute into the aqueous phase while maintaining sufficient organic content to prevent precipitation.
Item-specific buffer-related specifications: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Green Alternatives
While methoxychlor itself is a legacy organochlorine pesticide and not replaceable within the context of reference standards, greener choices can be made around solvents and workflows when handling this analyte.
Greener solvent choices for standard preparation (literature/guidance)
Prefer cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME), 2‑methyltetrahydrofuran (2‑MeTHF), ethyl acetate, or heptane/iso‑octane over chlorinated solvents where method‑compatible.
For LC‑MS workflows, acetonitrile and methanol are broadly accepted and have more favorable environmental profiles than DCM/chloroform.
Comparison (qualitative)
Hexane/iso‑octane: excellent solubility and GC compatibility; lower toxicity vs. chlorinated solvents but still VOCs with smog potential.
DCM/chloroform: strong solvency but higher toxicity and environmental burden; avoid for routine standards if not required by method.
Ethyl acetate/2‑MeTHF/CPME: good solvency for hydrophobes, reduced toxicity; check for peroxide formation potential (ethers) and method UV/MS background.
Operational greening
Minimize volumes via microvolumetric preparation and gravimetric dilutions.
Use reusable, dedicated glassware to avoid single‑use plastics that also adsorb hydrophobes.
Consolidate shipments and store at 2–8 °C to extend shelf life, thereby reducing waste.
Item-specific green certifications: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Note: Any solvent substitution must be verified for suitability with your accredited/validated analytical method.
Pharmaceutical Uses
This product is an analytical standard of a legacy pesticide and has no role as an excipient or processing aid in pharmaceutical manufacture.
Not typically applicable: Methoxychlor is not employed in pharmaceutical formulations.
Relevance in regulated labs: Pharmaceutical QC or environmental health laboratories might use methoxychlor standards for monitoring of residual pesticides or contamination in raw materials and water systems, where required by compendial/guideline methods.
Item-specific pharmacopeial status or excipient listing: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Physical Properties
Note: The following values are literature/reference data for methoxychlor and are provided for context only. They are not item-specific specifications for this catalog listing.
Phase/appearance (literature): white to off‑white crystalline solid.
Melting point (literature): ~88–90 °C.
Boiling point (literature): decomposes before boiling at 1 atm; reported bp ~216–217 °C at reduced pressure (approx. 0.5–1 mmHg).
Density (literature): ~1.35 g/cm³ at 20–25 °C (solid bulk density; varies with form).
Vapor pressure (literature): very low; ~1×10⁻⁷ to 3×10⁻⁷ mmHg at 25 °C.
Water solubility (literature): very low; ~0.05–0.1 mg/L at 25 °C.
Solubility in organic solvents (literature): good in nonpolar/aprotic media such as hexane, toluene, dichloromethane, acetone; moderate in acetonitrile and methanol with sonication.
Refractive index: Not applicable to crystalline solid; not typically reported.
UV–Vis (literature): aromatic π–π* absorption with bands near 225–230 nm and 275–285 nm in nonpolar solvents; tailing into ~300 nm due to anisole substituents.
Item-specific values (this product):
Grade/purity, water/peroxide/metal limits, UV cutoff, and exact density/RI: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Quality and Grades
Item-specific details
Grade/purity: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Appearance: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Context for “Standard” designation (general guidance)
Analyte standards are intended for calibration/quality control in analytical workflows (e.g., GC‑MS, GC‑ECD, LC‑MS for pesticide residues). They prioritize identity, assignment of concentration (if solution), and impurity profiling relevant to quantitation.
For neat (solid) standards, key quality aspects typically include verified identity (NMR/HRMS/GC/LC), high chemical purity, low moisture/volatile impurities, and traceable lot documentation with CoA.
For solution standards, value assignment, uncertainty budget, and solvent identity/stability are critical; however, the solvent system for this item is not specified.
What to check on the CoA/Spec Sheet for this item
Purity assay method (e.g., GC‑FID, HPLC‑UV, qNMR) and mass balance of impurities.
Identity confirmation data (e.g., MS fragments characteristic of methoxychlor; retention index vs. literature; 1H/13C NMR).
Residual solvent/moisture levels, and if applicable, stabilizers or preservative content: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Traceability, lot/batch number, and recommended shelf life under 2–8 °C storage.
Practical note
Because methoxychlor is hydrophobic and tends to adsorb to plastics, analytical standards are often aliquoted into amber glass vials with PTFE‑lined caps to ensure stability and accurate delivery.
Reaction and Applications
This product is primarily intended as an analytical reference standard rather than a synthetic reagent.
Calibration/quantitation of methoxychlor residues in environmental matrices (water, soil, sediment), food/feed, plant materials, and indoor dust via GC‑ECD, GC‑MS, or LC‑MS/MS after appropriate extraction and cleanup.
QA/QC roles: system suitability checks, continuing calibration verification (CCV), and control charts in routine monitoring laboratories.
Sample preparation considerations
Extraction: QuEChERS variants, Soxhlet with hexane/acetone (legacy methods), SPE cleanup (Florisil, silica, C18, GCB as needed). Maintain low temperatures/light exposure to limit degradation.
Sorption/partitioning: High log Kow implies strong association with organic matter; homogenization and thorough mixing are critical for representative spiking and recovery.
Carryover control: Use solvent blanks and baked glassware; avoid plastic consumables due to hydrophobic adsorption.
Degradation/transformations studied with this standard (literature)
Photolysis and oxidative degradation kinetics; biotic/abiotic demethylation to HPTE and related metabolites; hydrolytic stability assessments across pH.
Item-specific application notes from manufacturer: Not provided in Product Data; general uses above are based on literature and typical laboratory practice for pesticide standards. Always consult your validated method and the product’s CoA/SDS.
Reaction Conditions
Because this product is intended as a reference standard, “reaction conditions” below reflect typical analytical method conditions rather than preparative chemistry.
GC methods (literature/typical)
Columns: 5% phenyl‑methylpolysiloxane (e.g., DB‑5ms) or 35% phenyl for improved aromatic resolution; 30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm common.
Oven: gradient from 70–80 °C hold to 280–300 °C; methoxychlor typically elutes in the mid‑to‑late program due to high boiling character.
Detectors: ECD for sensitivity to organochlorines; MS (EI, 70 eV) for confirmatory identification. Use splitless injection with liner deactivation to limit adsorption.
LC methods (literature/typical)
Columns: C18, phenyl‑hexyl, or biphenyl phases; strong retention requiring high organic content (70–95% ACN/MeOH).
Mobile phases: water with 0–0.1% formic acid or ammonium formate; ACN or MeOH organic modifier. Gradient ramps to high organic for elution.
Detection: UV at ~230–280 nm (aromatic bands) or MS in APCI or ESI (less favored for neutral hydrophobes; APCI often superior).
Sample stability
Stocks in hexane/iso‑octane or ACN are stable refrigerated and protected from light for weeks to months; verify by periodic QC injections. Avoid repeated freeze‑thaw of neat solid; prepare single‑use aliquots.
Item-specific validated conditions, expected recoveries, or shelf life: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet and your method SOP.
Safety and Handling
Item-specific hazard data
GHS classification, signal word, pictograms, and H‑statements: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
Storage conditions (from Product Data): Store at 2–8 °C. Shipped on wet ice.
General safety information (literature/typical for methoxychlor; defer to SDS for authoritative guidance)
Hazards: Harmful if swallowed or inhaled; may cause skin/eye irritation. Very toxic to aquatic life with long‑lasting effects (typical of hydrophobic organochlorines). Avoid environmental release.
Chronic concerns: Literature identifies endocrine‑active properties and bioaccumulation potential. Handle within a fume hood; avoid dermal exposure.
Incompatibilities: Strong oxidizers; strong bases under heated conditions may promote dehydrohalogenation. Avoid prolonged UV exposure that can drive photodegradation.
PPE: Lab coat, safety glasses or chemical splash goggles, and nitrile gloves. Use double‑gloving for extended handling of concentrated standards.
Engineering controls: Certified chemical fume hood; closed transfer for solutions used in trace analysis to prevent lab contamination.
First aid (overview; consult SDS):
Inhalation: Move to fresh air. Seek medical advice if symptoms persist.
Skin contact: Wash with soap and water. Remove contaminated clothing.
Eye contact: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes; remove contact lenses if present and easy to do.
Ingestion: Rinse mouth; do not induce vomiting; seek medical attention.
Spill response: Absorb with inert material (e.g., vermiculite). Prevent entry to drains. Dispose according to hazardous waste regulations.
Waste: Collect as halogenated organic waste; label containers clearly to avoid cross‑contamination of trace‑level analytical labs.
Solvent Selection
Methoxychlor is a highly hydrophobic, nonpolar/aromatic compound. Selecting an appropriate solvent is key for preparing stable stock and working standards without adsorption losses.
Polarity/miscibility profile (literature)
Practically insoluble in water; freely soluble in nonpolar and moderately polar organic solvents.
Effective solvents: hexane, iso‑octane, toluene, dichloromethane (DCM), chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone; soluble with sonication in acetonitrile or methanol.
For LC‑MS, acetonitrile or methanol stocks can be prepared, often diluted into high‑organic mobile phases. For GC/ECD or GC‑MS, hexane or iso‑octane are common to minimize column bleed/background.
Hexane ~1.9 (nonpolar), toluene ~2.4 (aromatic), DCM ~9.1 (chlorinated, polarizable), acetonitrile ~36, methanol ~33 (protic). Despite higher polarity, MeCN/MeOH can dissolve methoxychlor at analytical concentrations (e.g., 10–1000 µg/mL), especially with sonication.
Practical recommendations
For GC methods: Prepare primary stock in pesticide‑grade hexane or iso‑octane. Avoid plastic syringes/PP vials; use glass.
For LC methods: ACN works well for stock; add ≤0.1% formic acid only if method‑validated (acid can affect stability of some organochlorines).
Avoid long‑term storage in DCM due to volatility and potential leaching of cap liners. Amber glass, PTFE caps, minimal headspace.
Rinse protocols: Precondition glassware with small aliquots of the same solvent to reduce adsorption.
Item-specific solvent specifications: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Storage and Reconstitution
Item-specific instructions (from Product Data)
Storage: Store at 2–8 °C.
Shipping: Shipped on wet ice.
General reconstitution and handling (analytical standard best practices)
If supplied as a neat solid: Allow vial to equilibrate in the dark to minimize condensation upon opening. Weigh quickly to avoid environmental contamination. Dissolve in a validated solvent (e.g., hexane/iso‑octane for GC, acetonitrile for LC). Sonication can assist dissolution; avoid heating.
If supplied as a solution standard: Mix thoroughly by gentle inversion; avoid vigorous shaking that could aerosolize or compromise crimp seals. Document gravimetric/volumetric dilutions with traceability.
Aliquoting: Prepare single‑use amber glass aliquots with PTFE‑lined caps to reduce adsorption and limit freeze‑thaw or repeated vial punctures.
Light/air: Protect from light. Minimize headspace and avoid prolonged exposure to air to limit oxidative processes and solvent loss.
Stability notes (literature/good practice)
Stable for months at 2–8 °C in suitable solvents when protected from light; verify with periodic QC injections. Avoid long‑term storage in highly volatile or reactive solvents (e.g., DCM) if not necessary.
Item-specific concentration, stabilizers, or shelf life: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Research Use Only: As noted by the manufacturer, for research use only.
Structure and Identity
Brief overview: Methoxychlor is a chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbon (organochlorine) with two para‑methoxyphenyl rings on a 1,1,1‑trichloroethane core; commonly used as an analytical reference standard for legacy pesticide residue analysis.
Item-specific (from Product Data)
Product name: Methoxychlor Standard (SKU: M1524106)
CAS: 72-43-5
PubChem CID: 4115
InChIKey: 135840 (as provided)
SMILES: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Molecular formula: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Molecular weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Literature/Computed identifiers (for reference only; not item-specific specs)
Preferred IUPAC name (literature): 1,1,1‑trichloro‑2,2‑bis(4‑methoxyphenyl)ethane (p,p′‑methoxychlor)
Typical molecular formula (literature): C16H15Cl3O2
Core scaffold: gem‑trichloroethane (CCl3–CH–) bearing two para‑methoxyphenyl substituents (bis(4‑anisyl)ethane).
Functional groups: three geminal chlorides (alkyl C–Cl), two anisole ethers (Ar–O–CH3), two para‑substituted phenyl rings.
Stereochemistry: benzylic stereocenter (sp3) at the methine carbon; typically isolated/used as a racemate in standards.
2D description: two para‑methoxyphenyl rings flanking a central methine carbon; a trichloromethyl group attached to the adjacent carbon of the ethane linkage.
Synthetic Utility
As a discrete analyte, methoxychlor is not commonly used as a synthetic building block. However, it is frequently used in mechanistic and degradation studies, which can inform synthetic or environmental chemistry.
Functional group reactivity (literature)
The gem‑trichloromethyl/benzylic framework can undergo dehydrohalogenation or reductive dechlorination under forcing conditions; the anisole ethers are susceptible to oxidative O‑demethylation.
Photochemical pathways: aryl–O or benzylic C–Cl activation under UV irradiation in the presence of photosensitizers has been documented for degradation studies.
Utility in method development
Serves as a hydrophobic, aromatic probe to test extraction efficiency, sorbent interactions (Florisil/silica/C18), and GC‑stationary phase selectivity (e.g., 5% phenyl vs. 35% phenyl polysiloxanes).
Useful as a performance check for electron‑capture detection (ECD) due to its organochlorine content, while also amenable to EI‑MS with characteristic fragments (literature: m/z 227, 212, 169, etc., depending on conditions).
Retrosynthetic perspective
Laboratory syntheses of methoxychlor (for academic studies) typically proceed from anisole derivatives and chloral/CHCl3–acetaldehyde equivalents under acid catalysis (DDT‑type condensation), but such preparations are not relevant to the use of this standard.
Item-specific synthetic-grade attributes: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Target Specificity
Not applicable. This product is a small‑molecule analytical standard, not a biological targeting reagent (e.g., antibody, ligand with defined biomolecular target selectivity for in vitro assays supplied by the manufacturer).
No antigen/epitope, clone, isotype, or species reactivity information applies.
Item-specific targeting data: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
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