GRADE & PURITYKD Validation?Knockdown-validated — specificity supported by signal loss after target knockdown. Use when you want functional evidence of antibody specificity.
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Application Protocols
Item-specific tested applications, recommended dilutions, sample preparation, and positive controls: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Important
Follow the Storage & Reconstitution guidance on this page and consult the SDS/CoA for detailed handling, formulation, and validated use information for this SKU.
Biological Roles
Context (literature; background on the antigen GAPDH)
GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) is a key glycolytic enzyme catalyzing the reversible NAD+-dependent oxidation and phosphorylation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. It is typically abundant and cytosolic in mammalian cells, making it a frequent protein-loading control for immunoassays.
Beyond glycolysis, GAPDH participates in diverse cellular processes: nuclear translocation and transcriptional regulation, DNA repair interactions, nitrosylation-dependent signaling, microtubule dynamics, vesicular transport, and apoptosis-related pathways. Its multifunctional “moonlighting” roles can vary with redox state, post-translational modifications (e.g., S-nitrosylation, phosphorylation), and subcellular localization.
Conservation: GAPDH is highly conserved across species, but sequence divergence in termini or loop regions can impact epitope recognition; thus, species cross-reactivity should be confirmed for each antibody clone.
Implications for assay design (general)
While often used as a normalization control, GAPDH expression can vary with metabolic state, hypoxia, differentiation, or drug treatment. Validate stability of GAPDH levels under specific experimental conditions before using it as a control.
Item-specific note
This product is a recombinant GAPDH antibody; epitope, species reactivity, and isotype are not specified for this item. Confirm these parameters in the CoA/Spec Sheet before experimental use.
Buffer Applications
This tab is not directly applicable to an antibody as a standalone buffer component.
Practical note (general)
For assay use, antibodies are typically diluted in PBS or TBS with added protein (e.g., BSA) and optional detergent depending on assay. Buffer composition for this specific product is not specified; consult the CoA/Spec Sheet.
Green Alternatives
Not applicable. This product is a recombinant antibody rather than a volatile organic solvent or reagent where greener solvent substitution would be relevant.
Sustainability note (general)
Minimize waste by aliquoting to extend shelf life and reduce product loss. Use phosphate-based buffers prepared from high-purity salts and follow institutional guidelines for protein waste disposal.
Pharmaceutical Uses
Not applicable. This research reagent is not intended for therapeutic, diagnostic, or in vivo clinical use.
Regulatory note
Research Use Only (RUO). Not for use in humans or animals for medical purposes. No pharmacopeial monograph or excipient use is specified for this item.
Physical Properties
Item-specific facts (from Product Data)
Appearance: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Concentration, formulation, preservative: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Exact molecular weight and isotype: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Typical antibody properties (literature, for context only)
Full-length IgG molecular mass: ~150 kDa (∼50 kDa heavy + ∼25 kDa light chains per arm; heterotetramer). Recombinant fragments (Fab ~50 kDa; scFv ~25–30 kDa) may differ.
Isoelectric point (pI): commonly 6–9 depending on isotype and sequence.
Solubility: high in aqueous buffers (PBS, TBS) with stabilizers (e.g., proteins, sugars) at neutral pH; salt and pH affect colloidal stability.
Stability considerations: susceptible to aggregation at extremes of pH, high temperature, shear stress, and multiple freeze–thaw cycles.
Storage temperature bands: short-term 2–8°C; longer-term ≤ −20°C or −80°C (aliquoted) depending on formulation.
Notes
Exact physicochemical specifications (e.g., concentration, buffer composition, excipients, refractive index) are not provided for this item and should be confirmed on the CoA/Spec Sheet.
Follow the Storage & Reconstitution tab for item-specific handling instructions.
Quality and Grades
Item-specific facts (from Product Data)
Grade/Purity: KD Validation
Research Use: For research use only.
What KD Validation typically implies (general/literature)
KD (knockdown) validation indicates the antibody’s specificity has been assessed by reducing target gene expression (e.g., siRNA/sgRNA/shRNA) followed by immunodetection. A specific antibody shows a corresponding loss/reduction of the target band/signal after knockdown.
Benefits: strengthens confidence in on-target binding and reduces risk of off-target detection in applications such as WB or IF. Complements orthogonal validation (overexpression, peptide competition, IP-MS, or genetic knockout).
Additional quality considerations for recombinant antibodies (general)
Recombinant production improves lot-to-lot consistency versus hybridoma-derived mAbs, enabling reproducible performance across orders.
Sequence-defined reagents remove clonal drift risks and facilitate stable supply.
Important but not specified for this item: isotype, host species, clonality (mono vs. bi- or multispecific), affinity/avidity, and tested applications. Refer to the CoA/Spec Sheet for these specifics.
Documentation
For acceptance criteria (purity by SDS-PAGE, endotoxin, aggregate content, concentration, and residual host cell proteins/DNA), consult the product’s Certificate of Analysis.
Reaction and Applications
This section (synthetic reaction chemistry) is not applicable to an antibody reagent.
Note
For experimental uses, anti-GAPDH antibodies are commonly used as protein-loading controls in immunoassays (WB/IF/IHC); however, no application validations are specified for this item. Refer to the Application Protocols tab and CoA/Spec Sheet for item-specific, tested applications and parameters.
Reaction Conditions
Not applicable. This product is not used in chemical reactions. For immunoassay conditions (e.g., WB, IHC, IF), item-specific tested dilutions, incubation temperatures, and times are not provided for this SKU; refer to the CoA/Spec Sheet.
Safety and Handling
Item-specific facts (from Product Data)
Storage conditions: Store at −20°C; avoid repeated freezing and thawing.
Shipping: Ice chest + ice pads.
GHS classification, signal word, pictograms, H-statements: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
General safety guidance for antibodies (literature/practice)
Handle using standard laboratory PPE: lab coat, safety glasses, and disposable nitrile gloves. Avoid aerosol generation and ingestion.
Biological origin but recombinant research reagent; treat as potentially bioactive protein. Do not use in humans or animals for therapeutic/diagnostic purposes.
Avoid freeze–thaw cycles to minimize aggregation and loss of binding activity; work on ice, keep capped, and store in aliquots.
Incompatibilities: avoid strong oxidizers and extremes of pH; avoid prolonged exposure to elevated temperatures or UV.
First-aid overview (general)
Skin/eye contact: rinse with water for several minutes; remove contaminated clothing. If irritation persists, seek medical attention.
Inhalation/ingestion: move to fresh air; rinse mouth; seek medical advice if unwell.
Authoritative reference
For definitive hazard, spill, disposal, and transport information, consult the product-specific SDS and institutional EHS policies.
Solvent Selection
This section is not typically applicable to an antibody reagent.
Practical notes (general)
Antibodies are formulated and diluted in aqueous buffers, not organic solvents. Common diluents include PBS or TBS with protein/carbohydrate stabilizers and a nonionic detergent for some applications.
For blocking/dilution in assays, select buffers compatible with the detection system (e.g., BSA- or milk-based buffers for WB). Refer to the Application Protocols/CoA for item-specific buffer recommendations (not provided for this item).
Storage and Reconstitution
Item-specific facts (from Product Data)
Storage: Store at −20°C. Avoid repeated freezing and thawing.
Shipping: Ice chest + ice pads.
Reconstitution and formulation details (buffer, concentration, preservative): Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
General guidance (literature/practice; verify against CoA for this item)
Upon receipt, briefly centrifuge the vial to collect contents. If lyophilized, reconstitute with sterile, antibody-grade water or buffer to the desired concentration; mix gently by slow inversion. If liquid, maintain cold chain and proceed to aliquoting.
Aliquoting: Prepare single-use aliquots to prevent freeze–thaw; use low-protein–binding tubes. Typical storage after aliquoting: −20°C for medium term; −80°C for long term. Avoid frost-free freezers.
Short-term handling: Keep on ice during setup. For working solutions, store at 2–8°C and use within a few days, per CoA guidance if available.
Do not vortex vigorously; avoid foaming. Filter sterilize only if formulation supports it (0.22 μm, low-protein–binding), as filtration can reduce recovery for dilute solutions.
Stability after reconstitution and compatible diluents are product-specific; consult the CoA/Spec Sheet for definitive instructions.
Structure and Identity
Item-specific facts (from Product Data)
Type: Recombinant antibody against GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase)
CAS: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
InChIKey / SMILES: Not applicable to antibodies.
Molecular formula: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Molecular weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
General structure description (literature)
Most research antibodies supplied for GAPDH detection are IgG-class immunoglobulins composed of two heavy and two light chains (~150 kDa total for full-length IgG). Some products may be recombinant fragments (e.g., scFv, Fab) with lower mass; format for this specific item is not specified.
IgG features: two antigen-binding fragments (Fabs) with variable domains recognizing an epitope on GAPDH, and one Fc region mediating constant-region functions (for full-length IgG). Disulfide bonds stabilize the quaternary structure.
Antigen: GAPDH is a highly conserved cytosolic enzyme; epitopes used for anti-GAPDH antibodies frequently map to mid-sequence regions; exact epitope for this item is not specified.
Synthetic Utility
Not applicable. As a recombinant antibody, this product is not a synthetic building block or reagent for chemical transformations.
Clone, isotype, host species, epitope, species reactivity, and cross-reactivity: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
General guidance (literature)
Anti-GAPDH antibodies commonly recognize conserved internal epitopes and are used for detection of a ~36–38 kDa band in mammalian lysates by Western blot. However, exact epitope and species cross-reactivity are clone-dependent and must be verified experimentally.
Foire aux questions
What does KD Validation mean?
KD Validation indicates the product has been validated for use in rigorous antibody validation workflows. Validation may include positive/negative control samples, signal-to-noise testing, and protocol-specific QC. Lot-specific test data is published on the Certificate of Analysis where available.
How should this product be stored?
Store at ?20 °C. Avoid repeated freeze–thaw cycles. Aliquot into single-use volumes before freezing.
How is this product shipped?
This product ships in an insulated container with ice pads. Unpack on arrival and transfer it to the storage condition stated above.
What documentation is provided?
Available product documentation, including Certificates of Analysis (COA), Safety Data Sheets (SDS), and specification sheets, is shown in the product document area. Document availability and access follow the current site policy.
Need help choosing the grade?
Our grade selection guide covers purity, stabilizer status, and application suitability for all variants in our catalog.
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Products are supplied to verified businesses, institutions, and qualified professionals for research and development use only. Not for use in humans, animals, diagnosis, or therapy.
